Integration

Botswana International University of Science and Technology

July 10, 2019

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Overview

1 Integration Techniques

2 Integration by Substitution

3 Integration by Parts

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Integration Techniques: Substitution

The following provide a basis for an integration technique called

substitution.
Note
u r +1
Z
(A) u r du = + C, assuming r 6= −1.
Z
r +1
(B) e u du = e u + C
1 1
Z Z
(C) du = ln |u | + C ; and du = ln u + C , u > 0
u u
In the above formulas, the variable u usually represents some function of x.

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Example
Z
Find (3x − 4)7 dx.
Suppose we thought the antiderivative was

(3x − 4)8
+ C.
8
If we check by differentiating, we get
1
8· · (3x − 4)7 · 3 = 3(3x − 4)7 not (3x − 4)7 .
8
To correct our antiderivative, lets make this substitution:

u = 3x − 4.
du du
Then = 3 ⇒ du = 3 · dx ⇒ = dx.
dx 3

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Example
With substitution, our original integral, takes the form
du du
Z Z
(3x − 4)7 dx = u7 · dx Substituting u for 3x − 4 and for dx
3 3
1 1
Z
= · u 7 du Factoring out the constant
3 3
1 u 8
= · +C using formula in (A) above
3 8
1
= (3x − 4)8 + C .
24
Through out this section, it is important to recall that
dy
= f 0 (x ) and dy = f 0 (x )dx.
dx

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Class Exercise
Find dy for each function:
2
(a) y = f (x ) = x 3 (b) y = f (x ) = x 3
2
(c) u = g (x ) = ln x (d) y = f (x ) = e x
Z
So far, the dx in f (x )dx has played no role in integration other than
indicate the variable of integration. Now it becomes convenient to make
use of dx. Consider the integral
Z
2
2xe x dx

2 2 2
If we note that 2xe x = e x · 2x, and f (x ) = e x is an antiderivative of
2
f 0 (x ) = 2xe x . How can we find such an antiderivative directly? Suppose
we let
du
u = x 2, ⇒ = 2x we have du = 2xdx.
dx
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We substitute u for x 2 and du for 2xdx:
Z Z
x2 2
2xe dx = e x 2xdx
Z
= e u du
= eu + C
2
= e x + C . Replacing u with x 2

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Class Exercise
Evaluate
2x
Z Z
(a) 3x 2 (x 3 + 1)10 dx (b) dx
1 + x2
ln(3x ) 2xdx
Z Z
(c) dx (d)
x (1 + x 2 )5

Solution
Z
(a) 3x 2 (x 3 + 1)10 dx:
du du
Let u = x 3 + 1 and dx = 3x 2 ⇒ dx = 3x 2
. Thus,

du
Z Z
2 3 10
3x (x + 1) dx = 3x 2 u 10 ·
3x 2
u 11 1
Z
= u 10 du = + C = (x 3 + 1)11 + C .
11 11

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Solution
2x
Z
(b) dx:
1 + x2
du du
Let u = x 2 + 1 and dx = 2x ⇒ dx = 2x . Thus,

2x 2x du
Z Z
dx = ·
1 + x2 u 2x
1
Z
= du = ln |u | + C = ln(x 2 + 1) + C .
u

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The Substitution Rule
If u = g (x ) is differentiable function whose range is an interval I and f is
continuous on I , then
Z Z
f (g (x ))g 0 (x )dx = f (u )du.

When valuating a definite integral by substitution, two methods are

possible. One method is to evaluate the indefinite integral first and then
use the Fundamental Theorem. For instance,
Example
Z 4√
Evaluate 2x + 1dx.
0

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Example
Z √
Solution: We first evaluate 2x + 1dx. Let u = 2x + 1. Then
du = 2dx ⇒ dx = 12 du. Thus the substitution rule gives
Z √ Z
√ 1 1
Z
1
2x + 1dx = u du = u 2 du
2 2
3
1 u2 1 3
= · +C = u2 +C
2 3/2 3
1 3
= (2x + 1) 2 + C .
3
Using the results above
Z 4√ Z √ 4
2x + 1dx = 2x + 1dx
0 0
4
1 3 1 3 1 3
= (2x + 1) 2 = (9) 2 − (1) 2
3 0 3 3
1 26
= (27 − 1) = .
3 3
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Another method, is to change the limits of integration when the variable is
changed. Consider the example below.
Example
Z 4√
Evaluate 2x + 1dx.
0
Solution: Let u = 2x + 1, so dx = 12 du. To find new limits of integration
we note that

when x = 0, u = 2(0) + 1 = 1 and when x = 4, u = 2(4) + 1 = 9.

Therefore
Z 4√
1√
Z 9
2x + 1dx = udu
0 1 2
9
1 2 3 1 3 1 3
= · u 2 = (9) 2 − (1) 2
2 3 1 3 3
1 26
= (27 − 1) = .
3 3
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The Substitution Rule for Definite Integrals
If g 0 is continuous on [a, b ] and f is continuous on the range of u = g (x ), then

Z b Z g (b )
f (g (x ))g 0 (x )dx = f (u )du.
a g (a )

Example
Z 2
1
Evaluate dx.
(3 − 5x )2
1
Solution: Let u = 3 − 5x. Then du = −5dx ⇒ dx = − 15 du. When x = 1,
u = −2 and x = 2, u = −7. Thus,
Z 2 Z −7
1 1 1
dx = − du
1 (3 − 5x )2 5 −2u2
  −7  
1 1 1 1 1
= − − =− − +
5 u −2 5 7 2
1
= .
14
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Example
Z e
ln x
Calculate dx.
x
1
Solution: We let u = ln x because its differential du = x1 dx appears in the
integral. When x = 1, u = ln 1 = 0; when x = e, u = ln e = 1. Thus
1
u2
Z e Z 1
ln x 1
dx = udu = = .
1 x 0 2 0 2

The following results uses Substitution Rule for definite integrals to simplify the
calculation of integrals of functions that posses symmetry properties.

Integrals of Symmetric Functions

Suppose f is continuous on [a, b ].
Z a Z a
(a) If f is even [f (−x ) = f (x )], then f (x )dx = 2 f (x )dx.
−a 0
Z a
(b) If f is odd [f (−x ) = −f (x )], then f (x )dx = 0.
−a

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Proof
We split the integrals into two:
Z a Z 0 Z a Z −a Z a
f (x )dx = f (x )dx + f (x )dx = − f (x )dx + f (x )dx.
−a −a 0 0 0
(1)
In the first integral: Let u = −x. Then du = −dx and when x = −a,
u = a. Therefore
Z −a Z a Z a
− f (x )dx = − f (−u )(−du ) = f (−u )du.
0 0 0

Hence equation (1) becomes

Z a Z a Z a
f (x )dx = f (−u )du + f (x )dx.
−a 0 0

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Proof continuation
(a) If f is even, then f (−u ) = f (u ), thus
Z a Z a Z a Z a
f (x )dx = f (u )du + f (x )dx = 2 f (x )dx.
−a 0 0 0

(b) If f is odd, then f (−u ) = −f (u ), thus

Z a Z a Z a
f (x )dx = − f (u )du + f (x )dx = 0.
−a 0 0

Example
(a) Since f (x ) = x 6 + 1 satisfies f (−x ) = f (x ), it is even and so
Z 2 Z 2
2
(x + 1)dx = 2 (x 6 + 1)dx
−2 0
 2
1 7 128 284
= 2 x + x = 2( + 2) = .
7 0 7 7

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Example
tan x
(b) Since f (x ) = 1+x 2 +x 4
satisfies f (−x ) = −f (x ), it is even and so
Z 1
tan x
dx = 0.
−1 1 + x2 + x4

Class Exercise
Evaluate the definite integrals
Z 1  
π
(1) cos t dt.
0 2
Z 2 1
ex
(2) dx.
1 x2
Z e4
1
(3) √ dx.
e x ln x

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Integration by Parts

The rule that corresponds to the Product Rule for differentiation is called
the rule for integration by parts.
d
[f (x )g (x )] = f (x )g 0 (x ) + g (x )f 0 (x ).
dx
In the notation for indefinite integrals this equation becomes
Z Z Z
[f (x )g 0 (x ) + g (x )f 0 (x )] = f (x )g 0 (x )dx + g (x )f 0 (x )dx = f (x )g (x ).

Rearranging we get
Z Z
f (x )g 0 (x )dx = f (x )g (x ) − g (x )f 0 (x )dx.

This formula is called the formula for integration by parts.

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A note: Let u = f (x ) and v = g (x ). Then du = f 0 (x )dx and
dv = g 0 (x )dx, by substitution, the formula for integration by parts
becomes Z Z
udv = uv − vdu.

Example
Z
(a) Find x sin xdx.
Solution: Let u = x, dv = sin xdx. Then du = dx, v = − cos x and so

u dvu v v du
Z Z z }| { z}|{
z}|{ z }| { z}|{ z }| {
x sin xdx = x (− cos x ) − (− cos x ) dx
Z
= −x cos x + cos xdx = −x cos x + sin x + C .

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Example
Z
(b) Evaluate ln xdx.
Solution: Let u = ln x, dv = dx. Then du = x1 dx, v = x and

1
Z Z
ln xdx = x ln x − x dx
Z x
= x ln x − dx = x ln x − x + C .
Z
(c) Find x 2 e x dx.
Solution: Note that x 2 is simpler when differentiated. Let u = x 2 ,
dv = e x dx. Then du = 2xdx, v = e x and integration by parts gives
Z Z
x 2 e x dx = x 2 e x − 2 xe x dx. (2)

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Example
Z
Here we use integration by parts again on xe x dx. Let u = x and
dv = e x dx. Then du = dx, and v = e x , and
Z Z
x x
xe dx = xe − e x dx = xe x − e x + C .

Putting this in equation (2), we get

Z Z
x 2 e x dx = x 2e x − 2 xe x dx

= x 2 e x − 2(xe x − e x + C )
= x 2 e x − 2xe x + 2e x + C1 , whereC1 = −2C .

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 Z
(d) Find e x sin xdx.
Solution: Note that neither e x nor sin x becomes simpler when
differentiated, but try choosing u = e x , dv = sin xdx. Then du = e x dx,
v = − cos x so integration by parts gives
Z Z
e x sin xdx = −e x cos x + e x cos xdx. (3)

The integral obtain e x cos xdx is no simpler than the original. Let
R
u = e x and dv = cos xdx. Then du = e x dx, v = sin x and
Z Z
x x
e cos xdx = −e sin x − e x sin xdx. (4)

From equation (3) and (4), we get

Z Z
x x x
e sin xdx = −e cos x − e sin x − e x sin xdx.

Collecting like terms and solving for e x sin xdx, we get

R

1 x
Z
e x sin xdx = e (sin x − cos x ) + C .
2
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Combining integration by parts with Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,
we can evaluate definite integrals by parts. That is,

Z b b Z b
0
f (x )g (x )dx = f (x )g (x ) − g (x )f 0 (x )dx
a a a

Example
From above example,
π  π2
1 x
Z
2
x
e sin xdx = e (sin x − cos x )
0 2 0
1 π
= [e 2 − 1]
2

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Class Exercise
1. Evaluate the integral using integration by parts with the indicated
choices of u and
Z dv .
(a) xe 2x dx; u = x, dv = e 2x dx
Z
√ √
(b) x ln xdx; u = ln x, dv = xdx
2. Evaluate the integral.
Z 1
2
(a) x cos πxdx
0
Z 2
(b) y sinh y dy
0
Z 5
ln R
(c) dR
R21
(ln x )2
Z
(d) dx
x2

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