Closed graph theorem :

Statement :
Let B be a banach space and if T is a linear transformation of B into B´then T is continuous iff
graph of T is closed
Proof :

Let T is continuous and let TG be the graph of T i.e TG ={(x,T(x):x∈B)}⊂B*B´

To show that T͞G =TG
And this proves that TG is closed
Since we know that a set A is closed if A= ͞A = closure of A

Since TG ⊂ T͞G is true , so we will only prove that T͞G ⊂ TG

Let (x,y)∈ TG
Then (x,y) is adherent point of TG

Hence ∃ a sequence (xn ,T(xn)) in TG

Such that (xn ,T(xn)) →(x,y)

Xn →x and T(xn)→y

But T is continuous

Xn →x and T(xn)→T(x) ∴y=T(x)

Which shows that (x,y)=(x,(Tx))∈ TG

so T͞G ⊂ TG

let TG is closed for any x ∈ B

∥x∥1 ≥ ∥x∥+∥T(x)∥ →(1)

(1)Defines a norm on B

let {xn} be a Cauchy sequence on B , then given ε>0 ,∃ positive integer no

such that

∥xn –xm ∥<ε ∀n,m≥no

∥xn –xm ∥+∥T(xn –xm ) ∥<ε ∀n,m≥no

∥xn –xm ∥+∥T(xn) –T(xm ) ∥<ε ∀n,m≥no

∥xn –xm ∥<ε and ∥T(xn ) –T(xm ) ∥<ε

Xn and T (xn) are Cauchy sequence in B and B ´

Since B and B1 are complete

Xn →x ∈B and T(xn)→Y ∈ B1 →(2)

Since TG is closed (2) shows that

(x,y ) ∈ TG so y =T(x)

∥xn -x ∥ 1 = ∥xn -x ∥ + ∥T(xn -x )∥

= ∥xn -x ∥ + ∥T(xn ) -T(x )∥

= ∥xn -x ∥ + ∥T(xn ) -y∥→0

Hence B1 is complete

Applications :

This theorem has wide-ranging applications in functional analysis. It's used to prove
the continuity of inverse operators, establish the Banach Isomorphism Theorem, and
show continuity in various mathematical settings like Fourier transforms.

 The theorem highlights the importance of the closedness property of the graph
in determining the continuity of linear operators, emphasizing the interplay
between algebraic and topological structures
 The Closed Graph Theorem provides a powerful tool for establishing the
continuity of linear operators, particularly when direct verification of continuity
may be difficult

Fourier transforms :
A fourier transform is a mathematical operation that takes a function as input and
outputs a function that describes the frequencies present in the original function. The
output is a complex-valued function of frequency.
The closed graph theorem answers the question of whether a given linear operator is
continuous or bounded.
Proposition 1 Let be a Hausdorff topological vector space. Then, up to equivalence
of norms, there is at most one norm one can place on so that is a Banach space
whose topology is at least as strong as . In particular, there is at most one topology stronger
than that comes from a Banach space norm.
Proof:

Suppose one had two norms on such that and were both Banach
spaces with topologies stronger than . Now consider the graph of the identity
function from the Banach space to the Banach space . This graph is
closed;

indeed, if is a sequence in this graph that converged in the product topology to ,

then converges to in norm and hence in ,

and similarly converges to in norm and hence in . But limits are unique in the
Hausdorff topology , so . Applying the closed graph theorem ,

we see that the identity map is continuous from to ; similarly for the inverse.
Thus the norms are equivalent as claimed.

By using various generalizations of the closed graph theorem, one can generalize the above
proposition to Fréchet spaces, or even to F-spaces. The proposition can fail if one drops the
requirement that the norms be stronger than a specified Hausdorff topology; indeed, if is
infinite dimensional, one can use a Hamel basis of to construct a linear bijection on that is
unbounded with respect to a given Banach space norm , and which can then be used to give
an inequivalent Banach space structure on .

F.Space :

In functional analysis, an F-space is a vector space X over the real or complex numbers
together with a metric d: X*X→R such that

ℝ or ℂ
 Scalar multiplication in X is continuous with respect to d and the standard metric on

 Addition in X is continuous with respect to d

 The metric space (X,d) is complete

Theorem :

Let T be a bounded linear map such that X⊃ D→Y where D is a closed subspace of
X. Then T is closed

Proof :

Suppose (xn) is a sequence of points of D such that

xn →x and T xn →y

since D is closed , the limit of the sequence must be in D, That is x ∈D

The continuity of T implies that T xn →Tx

By the uniqueness of limit, we have

Tx =y

Hence , T is closed

Equivalence to the open mapping theorem

The closed graph theorem is a corollary of the open mapping theorem, and vice versa.

Theorem :

If T:X→Y is a linear operator between Banach spaces then the following are equivalent:

1. T is continuous.
2. The graph of T is closed in the product topology on X*Y

Proof :

The usual proof of the closed graph theorem employs the open mapping theorem. It simply
uses a general recipe of obtaining the closed graph theorem from the open mapping theorem;
see closed graph theorem Relation to the open mapping theorem (this deduction is formal and
does not use linearity; the linearity is needed to appeal to the open mapping theorem which
relies on the linearity
In fact, the open mapping theorem can in turn be deduced from the closed graph theorem as
follows. As noted in Open mapping theorem (functional analysis)St atement and proof, it is
enough to prove the open mapping theorem for a continuous linear operator that is bijective
Let T be such an operator.

Then by continuity, the graph TT is closed , then TT ≃ TT -1 under (x,y)→(y,x)

Hence , by closed graph theorem , T-1 is continuous i.e T is an open mapping
Since the closed graph theorem is equivalent to the open mapping theorem, one knows that
the theorem fails without the completeness assumption. But more concretely, an operator with
closed graph that is not bounded
Theorem :

Let f: X→Y ; let Y be a compact hausdarff . then f is continuous iff Gf ={(x),f(x)|x∈X} is closed
Proof :

Suppose that f: X→Y is continuous and let (x,y )ϵ G͞f

but assume y≠f(x)

as Y is Hausdorff ∃ U,V open in Y and disjoint such that y∈ U and f(x) ∈V

since V is neighbourhood of f (x) and f is continuous ∃ an O ⊆ X that is open and contain x such
that f (O)⊆V

since O*U is an open neighborhood of (x,y) , there must be some (p,q)∈Gf ∩ O*U

this means P ∈O and that f(p) =q∈U . but f(O) ⊆V so U and V must intersect a contradiction
hence y =f (x) and Gf must be closed