UNit 1^J2^J3 Notes wb

Q)Client-Server Computing Explained
1. What is Client-Server Computing?

Client-server computing is a network architecture where two
types of computers work together:
• Client: A device or software that requests services or
resources.
• Server: A powerful device or software that provides
those services or resources.
Example:
• When you use a browser (client) to access a website,
your browser sends a request to the web server hosting
the website. The server processes the request and
sends back the data (e.g., HTML, CSS files).
Hindi Style (English Alphabets):
Client-server computing ek aisa architecture hai jisme do
components milke kaam karte hain:
• Client: Jo service ya resource maangta hai.
• Server: Jo service ya resource provide karta hai.
Example: Jab aap browser se ek website kholte ho, toh
browser client hai aur website ka server request ka jawab
deta hai.
2. How Does Client-Server Computing Work?

1. Request: The client sends a request to the server over a
network (like the internet).
2. Processing: The server processes the request and
retrieves the necessary data.
3. Response: The server sends the data back to the client.
4. Display: The client displays the response to the user.
Example:
• You log in to Facebook.
o The client (your app/browser) sends your username
and password to the Facebook server.
o The server checks your details in its database and
sends back the homepage if your details are
correct.
1. Request: Client server ko request bhejta hai (internet ke
zariye).
2. Processing: Server us request ko process karta hai aur
data retrieve karta hai.
3. Response: Server response client ko wapas bhejta hai.
4. Display: Client data ko user ko dikhata hai.
Example:
• Jab aap Facebook login karte ho, app/browser request
bhejta hai.
• Server database check karta hai aur homepage wapas
bhejta hai agar details sahi hain.
3. Types of Client-Server Computing

1. One-Tier Architecture:
o The client and server are on the same machine.
o Example: Standalone applications like Microsoft
Word.
2. Two-Tier Architecture:
o The client and server are on separate machines.
o Example: Banking systems where an app
communicates with a database server.
3. Three-Tier Architecture:
o Involves three layers:
▪ Client
▪ Application Server
▪ Database Server
o Example: E-commerce websites like Amazon.
4. N-Tier Architecture:
o Has multiple layers for scalability and modularity.
o Example: Complex systems like Netflix.
1. One-Tier Architecture:
o Client aur server ek hi machine pe hote hain.
o Example: MS Word jaisa standalone software.
2. Two-Tier Architecture:
o Client aur server alag-alag machines pe hote hain.
o Example: Banking apps.
3. Three-Tier Architecture:
o Isme teen layers hoti hain:
▪ Client
▪ Application Server
▪ Database Server
o Example: Amazon jaise e-commerce websites.
4. N-Tier Architecture:
o Multiple layers hoti hain scalability ke liye.
o Example: Netflix jaise complex systems.
4. Example of Client-Server Model

• Client: Your smartphone or computer using Gmail.
• Server: Google’s email servers store your emails and
send/receive them when you use Gmail.
Process:
1. You open Gmail (client).
2. Gmail sends a request to Google’s server for your inbox.
3. Server processes and sends back your emails.
4. You see the emails on your screen.
• Client: Aapka smartphone ya computer jo Gmail use
karta hai.
• Server: Google ka email server jo aapke emails store
karta hai aur bhejta hai.
Process:
1. Aap Gmail kholte ho (client).
2. Gmail server ko inbox ke liye request bhejta hai.
3. Server request process karta hai aur emails bhejta hai.
4. Aapke screen pe emails dikhte hain.
Q) What is HTML?
Definition
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard
language used to create and design web pages. It tells a
browser how to display content like text, images, links, and
videos on a webpage.
Simple Explanation
HTML is like the "skeleton" of a website. Just like our body
needs a skeleton for structure, a webpage needs HTML to
structure and organize its content.
Example:
If a webpage is like a book, HTML is the language that
defines the chapters, headings, paragraphs, and images in it.
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) ek standard language
hai jo webpages banane ke liye use hoti hai. Yeh browser ko
batata hai ki content (jaise text, images, links) kaise dikhana
hai.
Simple Explanation:
HTML ek website ka "skeleton" hai. Jaisa humare sharir ko
structure ke liye skeleton chahiye, waise hi webpage ko
structure ke liye HTML chahiye.
Example:
Agar ek webpage ek kitab hai, toh HTML us kitab ke
chapters, headings, paragraphs, aur images define karta hai.
Why is HTML Important?

1. Foundation of Websites
Every website starts with HTML. Without HTML, a browser
wouldn't know how to display anything.
2. Easy to Learn
HTML is beginner-friendly and forms the base for learning
other web development languages like CSS and JavaScript.
3. Compatibility
HTML works on all browsers, so you can build websites
accessible to everyone.
4. Search Engines
Search engines like Google use HTML tags to understand the
content of a webpage, which helps with SEO (Search Engine
Optimization).
1. Foundation of Websites: Har website ki shuruaat HTML
se hoti hai. HTML ke bina browser kuch dikhana nahi jaanta.
2. Easy to Learn: HTML seekhna asaan hai aur yeh CSS aur
JavaScript jaise languages seekhne ke liye base banata hai.
3. Compatibility: HTML har browser pe kaam karta hai, isse
websites sabke liye accessible banti hain.
4. Search Engines: Google jaise search engines HTML tags
use karke webpage ka content samajhte hain, jo SEO mein
help karta hai.
Basic Example of HTML

Here’s a simple HTML code that creates a basic webpage:
html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My First Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to My Website</h1>
<p>This is a simple webpage using HTML.</p>
<a href="https://www.google.com">Click here to visit
Google</a>
</body>
</html>
Explanation of the Code
1. <!DOCTYPE html>: Declares that this is an HTML
document.
2. <html>: The root of the webpage.
3. <head>: Contains metadata like the title of the page.
4. <title>: Sets the title of the webpage (appears on the
browser tab).
5. <body>: Contains the visible content of the webpage.
6. <h1>: A heading tag for the title.
7. <p>: A paragraph tag for text.
8. <a>: Creates a hyperlink (a clickable link).
Output
• Heading: "Welcome to My Website"
• Paragraph: "This is a simple webpage using HTML."
• Link: A clickable link to Google.

Basic Example of HTML:
Yeh ek simple code hai jo ek basic webpage banata hai:
html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meri Pehli Website</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Meri Website Mein Swagat Hai</h1>
<p>Yeh ek simple HTML webpage hai.</p>
<a href="https://www.google.com">Google jaane ke liye
yahaan click karein</a>
</body>
</html>
Code ka Explanation:
1. <!DOCTYPE html>: Yeh batata hai ki document HTML ka
hai.
2. <html>: Webpage ka root element hai.
3. <head>: Metadata rakhta hai jaise title.
4. <title>: Browser tab mein dikhne wala title set karta hai.
5. <body>: Jo content user ko dikhai dega, wo yahan hota
hai.
6. <h1>: Heading ke liye tag.
7. <p>: Paragraph ke liye tag.
8. <a>: Ek hyperlink banata hai (click karne wala link).
Output:
• Heading: "Meri Website Mein Swagat Hai"
• Paragraph: "Yeh ek simple HTML webpage hai."
• Link: Ek clickable link Google ke liye.
Why Learn HTML First?

1. Easy Start: It’s the easiest coding language for
beginners.
2. Foundation for Web Development: Learning HTML
opens the door to advanced topics like CSS, JavaScript,
and frameworks.
3. Practical Use: You can create webpages and even your
own portfolio.
1. Easy Start: Beginners ke liye sabse asaan coding
language hai.
2. Foundation for Web Development: HTML seekhne ke
baad aap CSS, JavaScript aur frameworks jaise
advanced topics seekh sakte ho.
3. Practical Use: Aap webpages aur apna khud ka
portfolio bana sakte ho.
Q) HTML
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) uses tags to structure

and display content on the web. Tags are enclosed in angle
brackets < > and often come in pairs: an opening tag <tag>
and a closing tag </tag>. Some tags are self-closing,
meaning they don’t require a closing tag.
Here's a categorized list of common HTML tags:
1. Basic Structure Tags

These define the skeleton of an HTML document:
• <html>: Defines the HTML document.
• <head>: Contains metadata (not visible to users).
• <title>: Sets the page's title (shown in the browser tab).
• <body>: Contains the content displayed on the
webpage.
2. Text Formatting Tags
Used to style or format text:
• <h1> to <h6>: Headings, <h1> is the largest, <h6> is the
smallest.
• <p>: Paragraph.
• <b> or <strong>: Bold text.
• <i> or <em>: Italic text.
• <u>: Underlined text.
• <small>: Smaller text.
• <mark>: Highlighted text.
• <br>: Line break (self-closing).
• <hr>: Horizontal line (self-closing).
3. Links and Media

• <a>: Anchor tag to create hyperlinks.
html
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<a href="https://example.com">Visit Example</a>
• <img>: Adds images (self-closing).
html
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<img src="image.jpg" alt="Description of image">
• <video>: Embeds videos.
html
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<video controls>
<source src="video.mp4" type="video/mp4">
</video>
• <audio>: Embeds audio.
html
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<audio controls>
<source src="audio.mp3" type="audio/mp3">
</audio>
4. Lists
• Ordered list (numbered): <ol>, with <li> for each item.
html
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<ol>
<li>First item</li>
<li>Second item</li>
</ol>
• Unordered list (bulleted): <ul>, with <li> for each item.
html
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<ul>
<li>First item</li>
</ul>
5. Tables
Used to create tables:
html
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<table>
<tr>
<th>Heading 1</th>
<th>Heading 2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Data 1</td>
<td>Data 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
6. Forms
Used to collect user inputs:
html
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<form action="/submit" method="post">
<label for="name">Name:</label>
<input type="text" id="name" name="name">
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
7. Semantic Tags
These improve the meaning of content:
• <header>: Defines a header.
• <footer>: Defines a footer.
• <section>: Defines sections of content.
• <article>: Represents an article.
• <nav>: Navigation links.
• <aside>: Sidebar or related content.
• <main>: Main content of the page.
8. Multimedia and Interactive Tags

• <iframe>: Embeds external content (like YouTube
videos).
html
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<iframe src="https://example.com"></iframe>
• <canvas>: For drawing graphics using JavaScript.
• <svg>: Scalable Vector Graphics for shapes and
drawings.
1. XML: Document Type Definition (DTD)

What is DTD?
• DTD stands for Document Type Definition.
• It defines the rules and structure for an XML
document.
• DTD specifies which elements, attributes, and their
relationships are allowed in the XML file. It ensures the
XML is valid (follows the rules).
Example of DTD
a) Standalone DTD (Internal DTD)
The DTD is embedded inside the XML file:
xml
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<!DOCTYPE note [
<!ELEMENT note (to, from, heading, body)>
<!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>
]>
<note>
<to>Ayush</to>
<from>Shobhit</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget the project meeting!</body>
</note>
b) External DTD
The DTD is defined in a separate file:
File: note.dtd
xml
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<!ELEMENT note (to, from, heading, body)>
<!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>
File: note.xml
xml
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<!DOCTYPE note SYSTEM "note.dtd">
<note>
<to>Ayush</to>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget the project meeting!</body>
</note>
Why Use DTD?
• To ensure the XML file has a proper structure.
• Makes it easier to share and validate XML documents.
Q). XML Schemas
What is XML Schema?

English:
XML Schema is like a rulebook for your XML file. It
defines:
1. What tags (elements) are allowed.
2. What type of data (e.g., text, numbers, dates) each
tag can contain.
3. Whether a tag is required or optional.
It is more advanced and powerful than DTD because:
• It supports data types (like numbers, strings, etc.).
• It is written in XML format, so it’s easier to
understand.
Hindi (WhatsApp style):
XML Schema ek rulebook ki tarah hai jo batata hai ki:
1. XML file me kaunse tags (elements) allowed hain.
2. Har tag ke andar kaunsa data (e.g., text, number,
date) hoga.
3. Koi tag zaruri hai ya optional.
Yeh DTD se zyada advanced hai kyunki:
• Data types ko support karta hai (e.g., numbers,
strings, etc.).
• Yeh XML ke format me likha jata hai, jo samajhne me
asaan hota hai.
Example of XML Schema

Schema File: note.xsd
xml
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<xs:schema
xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
<xs:element name="note">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="to" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="from" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="message" type="xs:string"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
</xs:schema>
XML File: note.xml
xml
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<note xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-
instance"
xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="note.xsd">
<to>Ayush</to>
<message>Reminder for project meeting.</message>
</note>
Why Use XML Schema?

English:
1. Ensures data is in the correct format (e.g., numbers
for age).
2. Allows specifying optional or mandatory fields.
3. Supports namespaces for better organization.
4. Better integration with modern tools and software.
1. Data ka format sahi ensure karta hai (jaise, age me
sirf number).
2. Batata hai kaunsa field zaruri hai aur kaunsa
optional.
3. Namespace ko support karta hai, jo organization
better banata hai.
4. Modern tools aur software ke saath better work karta
hai.
Q) What are Object Models?

English:
Object Models are representations of data in an XML
document. These models help you interact with XML data in
a structured way. They allow you to access, modify, and
navigate the elements of an XML document as if they were
objects in a program.
In simpler terms, object models convert XML data into a
format that your program can easily work with. There are two
main types of object models for processing XML:
1. DOM (Document Object Model)
2. SAX (Simple API for XML)
1. DOM (Document Object Model)

English:
DOM is a way to load the entire XML document into
memory as a tree-like structure, with each XML element as
a node in the tree. This makes it easy to access, modify, or
delete any part of the XML document.
How DOM works:
• Tree structure: The entire XML file is loaded into
memory, and it is represented as a tree of nodes (like
branches and leaves).
• Read and Write: You can modify or update the XML
content.
Example of DOM:
xml
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<person>
<name>Ayush</name>
<age>21</age>
<email>[email protected]</email>
</person>
In DOM, this XML would be represented as a tree with the
following structure:
less
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person
├── name (Ayush)
├── age (21)
└── email ([email protected])
English Example with JavaScript:
javascript
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// Parsing the XML with DOMParser
const xmlString =
`<person><name>Ayush</name><age>21</age><email>ay
[email protected]</email></person>`;
const parser = new DOMParser();
const xmlDoc = parser.parseFromString(xmlString,
"application/xml");
// Accessing XML content
console.log(xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName("name")[0].tex
tContent); // Output: Ayush
DOM ek tarika hai jisme poora XML document ko memory
mein load kiya jata hai aur usse ek tree-like structure mein
represent kiya jata hai. Har XML element ko ek node ke roop
mein socha jata hai. Isse aap XML document ke kisi bhi hisse
ko easily access, modify, ya delete kar sakte hain.
DOM kaise kaam karta hai:
• Tree structure: Poora XML file memory mein load hota
hai, aur woh tree jaisa dikhta hai.
• Read aur Write: Aap XML content ko modify ya update
kar sakte hain.
DOM Example (JavaScript):
javascript
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// XML ko parse karna DOMParser ke saath
const xmlString =
`<person><name>Ayush</name><age>21</age><email>ay
[email protected]</email></person>`;
const parser = new DOMParser();
const xmlDoc = parser.parseFromString(xmlString,
"application/xml");
// XML content ko access karna

console.log(xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName("name")[0].tex
tContent); // Output: Ayush
2. SAX (Simple API for XML)

English:
SAX is an event-driven, read-only model that reads the XML
document line by line (or element by element) and
processes it as it goes. It’s faster and more memory-
efficient than DOM but cannot modify the document. SAX
is better for large XML files.
How SAX works:
• Event-driven: As SAX reads the XML, it triggers events
like startElement, endElement, characters, etc., which
you can handle with custom code.
• No tree structure: Unlike DOM, SAX doesn't build a
tree. It processes the XML sequentially.
Example of SAX:
xml
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<person>
<name>Ayush</name>
<age>21</age>
<email>[email protected]</email>
</person>
In SAX, this XML would be processed line-by-line:
1. Start with <person>
2. Read <name>Ayush</name>
3. Process content inside <name>
4. Continue to <age>21</age>
5. Process content inside <age>
6. Continue to <email>[email protected]</email>
7. Finish with </person>
English Example with Python (SAX):
python
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import xml.sax
class MyHandler(xml.sax.ContentHandler):
def startElement(self, name, attrs):
print(f"Start Element: {name}")
def characters(self, content):
print(f"Content: {content.strip()}")
def endElement(self, name):
print(f"End Element: {name}")
parser = xml.sax.make_parser()
parser.setContentHandler(MyHandler())
xml_data =
"""<person><name>Ayush</name><age>21</age><email>a
[email protected]</email></person>"""
import io
parser.parse(io.StringIO(xml_data))
Output:
mathematica
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Start Element: person
Start Element: name
Content: Ayush
End Element: name
Start Element: age
Content: 21
End Element: age
Start Element: email
Content: [email protected]
End Element: email
End Element: person
SAX ek event-driven, read-only model hai jo XML document
ko line-by-line (ya element-by-element) padhke process
karta hai. Yeh DOM se zyada fast aur memory-efficient hai,
lekin XML ko modify nahi kar sakta. SAX large XML files ke
liye accha hai.
SAX kaise kaam karta hai:
• Event-driven: Jab SAX XML ko padhta hai, to events
trigger hoti hain jaise startElement, endElement,
characters, etc., jinko aap handle kar sakte hain apne
code se.
• No tree structure: DOM ke unlike, SAX XML ko
sequentially process karta hai, bina tree banaye.
SAX Example (Python):
python
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import xml.sax
class MyHandler(xml.sax.ContentHandler):
def startElement(self, name, attrs):
print(f"Start Element: {name}")
def characters(self, content):
print(f"Content: {content.strip()}")
def endElement(self, name):
print(f"End Element: {name}")
parser = xml.sax.make_parser()
parser.setContentHandler(MyHandler())
xml_data =
"""<person><name>Ayush</name><age>21</age><email>a
[email protected]</email></person>"""
import io
parser.parse(io.StringIO(xml_data))
Output:
mathematica
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Start Element: person
Start Element: name
Content: Ayush
End Element: name
Start Element: age
Content: 21
End Element: age
Start Element: email
Content: [email protected]
End Element: email
End Element: person
Comparison: DOM vs SAX

Feature DOM SAX
Uses less memory
Memory Uses more memory
(processes line-by-
Usage (entire document)
line)
Speed Slower for large files Faster for large files
Cannot modify the
Modification Can modify the XML
XML
Small to medium
Best For Large files
files
Summary
English:
• DOM is a memory-intensive, tree-based model that
loads the entire document into memory and allows for
read/write operations.
• SAX is an event-driven model that reads the document
sequentially, making it more memory-efficient and
faster for large files but doesn’t allow modifications.
• DOM ek memory-intensive, tree-based model hai jo
poora document memory mein load karta hai aur
read/write operations allow karta hai.
• SAX ek event-driven model hai jo document ko
sequentially padhta hai, isliye yeh large files ke liye
zyada memory-efficient aur fast hai, lekin modifications
allow nahi karta.
UNIT -2 (CSS)
Q) What is CSS? (Cascading Style Sheets)
CSS is a language used to style and format the layout of web
pages. It controls the design, such as colors, fonts, spacing,
and positioning of elements on a webpage. Without CSS,
websites would look plain and unstyled.
Types of CSS
There are three types of CSS:
1. Inline CSS
o Written directly in an HTML element using the style
attribute.
o Example:
html
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<h1 style="color: blue;">Hello World</h1>
2. Internal CSS
o Defined in the <style> tag inside the <head>
section of an HTML document.
o Example:
html
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<html>
<head>
<style>
h1 {
color: red;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello World</h1>
</body>
</html>
3. External CSS
o Written in a separate .css file, linked to the HTML
file.
o Example:
html
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
Properties in CSS
CSS properties define how the elements should be styled.
Here are some common properties:
1. Color
o Defines the color of text or background.
o Example:
css
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p{
color: green;
}
2. Font-family
o Specifies the font of text.
o Example:
css
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h1 {
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
}
3. Margin
o Defines the space outside the element.
o Example:
css
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div {
margin: 20px;
}
4. Padding
o Defines the space inside the element, between the
content and border.
o Example:
css
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div {
padding: 10px;
}
5. Background-color
o Sets the background color of an element.
o Example:
css
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body {
background-color: lightblue;
}
6. Border
o Adds a border around an element.
o Example:
css
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p{
border: 2px solid black;
}
Example of a Simple Webpage with CSS

Here’s an example of a basic webpage with HTML and CSS:
html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,
initial-scale=1.0">
<title>My Webpage</title>
<style>
body {
background-color: lightgray;
}
h1 {
color: darkblue;
font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif;
}
p{
color: green;
font-size: 16px;
padding: 10px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to My Webpage!</h1>
<p>This is a simple webpage styled with CSS.</p>
</body>
</html>
Basic Things to Know About CSS

1. Selectors
o Used to select the HTML element(s) to style. For
example:
▪ p {} targets all <p> tags.
▪ #id {} targets an element with a specific id.
▪ .class {} targets all elements with a specific
class.
2. Cascading Rule
o CSS stands for "Cascading" because multiple rules
can apply to a single element. The rules "cascade"
from the most specific to the most general.
WhatsApp-style Hindi Explanation

CSS kya hai?
CSS ek language hai jo web pages ko style karne ke liye use
hota hai. Matlab, jo elements (jaise text, images, buttons)
tum dekhte ho, unka design control karta hai CSS. Jaise
color, font, spacing, aur positioning.
CSS ke types:
1. Inline CSS:
HTML mein hi directly likha jata hai style attribute se.
Example:
<h1 style="color: blue;">Hello World</h1>
2. Internal CSS:
HTML ke <head> section mein likha jata hai <style> tag
ke andar.
Example:
html
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<style>
h1 {
color: red;
}
</style>
3. External CSS:
Alag se ek .css file mein likha jata hai aur HTML ke saath
link hota hai.
Example:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
CSS Properties:
1. Color: Text ka rang set karta hai.
2. Font-family: Text ka font set karta hai.
3. Margin: Element ke bahar ka space define karta hai.
4. Padding: Element ke andar ka space define karta hai.
5. Background-color: Element ka background color set
karta hai.
6. Border: Element ke aas-paas ek border create karta hai.
CSS ka basic knowledge:
• Selectors se hum decide karte hain kaunse HTML
elements ko style karna hai.
• Cascading rule se agar multiple CSS rules ek hi
element pe lag rahe hain, toh sabse specific rule kaafi
hota hai.
Q) CSS Styling
1. Background Styling
In CSS, you can style the background of an element using
several properties, including color, images, gradients, and
more. Let’s look at the most commonly used background
properties:
• background-color
Sets the background color of an element.
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div {
}
• background-image
Sets an image as the background of an element. You
can use URLs for external images or local file paths.
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div {
background-image: url('background.jpg');
}
• background-size
Controls the size of the background image.
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div {
background-size: cover; /* Makes sure the image covers the
whole area */
}
• background-repeat
Determines whether the background image should
repeat.
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div {
background-repeat: no-repeat; /* Prevents image repetition
*/
}
• background-position
Positions the background image.
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div {
background-position: center; /* Positions image at the
center */
}
• background
A shorthand property to combine all background-
related properties.
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div {
background: lightblue url('background.jpg') no-repeat
center/cover;
}
2. Text Formatting
CSS allows you to format the text in many ways, including
controlling font style, size, alignment, color, and more.
• font-family
Specifies the font type for text. You can list multiple
fonts as fallbacks.
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p{
}
• font-size
Controls the size of the text.
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p{
font-size: 18px;
}
• font-weight
Controls the thickness of the text (bold, normal, etc.).
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p{
font-weight: bold;
}
• font-style
Specifies the style of the text (italic, normal, etc.).
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p{
font-style: italic;
}
• text-align
Aligns the text inside an element (left, right, center).
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p{
text-align: center;
}
• line-height
Sets the distance between lines of text.
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p{
line-height: 1.5;
}
• text-transform
Controls the capitalization of text (uppercase,
lowercase, capitalize).
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p{
text-transform: uppercase;
}
• color
Sets the color of the text.
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p{
color: red;
}
• letter-spacing
Sets the spacing between letters.
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p{
letter-spacing: 2px;
}
• text-decoration
Adds decorations like underline, line-through, or none.
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a{
text-decoration: underline;
}
3. Controlling Layout and Formatting

CSS also provides various ways to control the layout and
formatting of elements, including spacing, borders, and
positioning.
• margin
Defines the space outside an element (outside the
border).
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div {
margin: 20px; /* Adds space outside the element */
}
• padding
Defines the space inside an element (between the
content and the border).
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div {
padding: 10px; /* Adds space inside the element */
}
• border
Adds a border around an element. You can specify the
width, style, and color.
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div {
border: 2px solid black; /* Creates a solid black border */
}
• width & height
Control the dimensions of an element.
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div {
width: 300px;
height: 200px;
}
• display
Specifies how elements are displayed in the layout
(block, inline, flex, etc.).
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div {
display: flex; /* Use flexbox to control child elements */
}
• position
Controls the position of an element on the page (static,
relative, absolute, fixed).
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div {
position: absolute;
top: 50px;
left: 100px;
}
• overflow
Controls the content overflow when it exceeds the
bounds of the element.
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div {
overflow: auto; /* Adds scrollbars if content overflows */
}
1. Background Styling
CSS se hum element ke background ko style kar sakte hain.
Jaise ki background-color, background-image, ya gradients.
Example:
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div {
background-color: lightblue; /* Background color set karta
hai */
background-image: url('image.jpg'); /* Image set karta hai */
background-size: cover; /* Image ko pura area cover karne
ke liye set karta hai */
}
2. Text Formatting
CSS se text ko format karne ke liye kai properties hain:
• font-family se font set karte hain.
• font-size se text ka size control karte hain.
• font-weight se bold karte hain.
• text-align se text ko left, right ya center mein align karte
hain.
• line-height se line ke beech ka space badhate hain.
Example:
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p{
font-size: 18px;
color: red;
text-align: center;
line-height: 1.5;
}
3. Controlling Layout
Layout ko control karne ke liye hum margin, padding,
border, width, height, aur position properties use karte
hain.
• margin: Element ke bahar ka space.
• padding: Element ke andar ka space.
• border: Border add karte hain.
• width & height: Element ki size set karte hain.
• position: Element ki position set karte hain.
Example:
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div {
margin: 20px;
padding: 10px;
width: 300px;
height: 200px;
}
Q) Working with Lists :
In HTML, there are three main types of lists:

1. Ordered Lists (<ol>)
o Displays items in a numbered order.
o Example:
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<ol>
<li>First item</li>
<li>Third item</li>
</ol>
2. Unordered Lists (<ul>)
o Displays items with bullet points.
o Example:
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<ul>
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Banana</li>
<li>Orange</li>
</ul>
3. Definition Lists (<dl>)
o Displays terms and their definitions.
o Example:
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<dl>
<dt>HTML</dt>
<dd>Hypertext Markup Language</dd>
<dt>CSS</dt>
<dd>Cascading Style Sheets</dd>
</dl>
Styling Lists with CSS

You can customize lists with CSS using properties like list-
style, padding, margin, etc.
• Changing List Style
You can change the default bullet or numbering style
using list-style-type.
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ul {
list-style-type: square; /* Changes the bullet to a square */
}
• Removing Bullets
To remove the default bullets, use list-style-type: none.
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ul {
list-style-type: none; /* Removes bullets */
}
• Customizing List with Images
You can also use an image as a bullet point.
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ul {
list-style-image: url('bullet.png'); /* Uses an image as a
bullet */
}
• Spacing and Indentation
Use padding and margin to control the space around list
items.
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ul {
margin: 20px;
padding: 10px;
}
Q) Working with Tables
HTML tables are used to display data in rows and columns.

Here's how to work with tables:
• Basic Table Structure
A table consists of the <table>, <tr>, <td>, and <th>
elements:
o <table>: Defines the table.
o <tr>: Defines a row in the table.
o <td>: Defines a cell (data).
o <th>: Defines a header cell.
Example of a table:
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<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Age</th>
<th>City</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>John</td>
<td>25</td>
<td>New York</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Alice</td>
<td>30</td>
<td>Los Angeles</td>
</tr>
</table>
Styling Tables with CSS

• Table Borders
Use border to add borders to your table and cells.
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table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black; /* Adds border to table and cells */
border-collapse: collapse; /* Ensures borders don’t overlap
*/
}
• Padding and Text Alignment
Use padding to add space inside cells, and text-align to
align text inside the cells.
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th, td {
padding: 10px; /* Adds space inside cells */
text-align: center; /* Centers text */
}
• Table Background Color
Use background-color to add colors to table rows or
cells.
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th {
background-color: #f2f2f2; /* Light gray background for
header */
}
• Alternating Row Colors
You can add alternating colors to rows for better
readability.
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tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #f2f2f2; /* Adds alternating background
color */
}
Example: Complete List and Table

Here’s an example that includes both lists and a table styled
with CSS:
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,
initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Lists and Tables</title>
<style>
/* Styling for Lists */
ul {
list-style-type: square; /* Changes the bullet to square */
margin: 20px;
padding: 10px;
}
/* Styling for Tables */

table, th, td {
border-collapse: collapse;
}
th, td {
padding: 10px;
text-align: center;
}
th {
background-color: #f2f2f2;
}
tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #f9f9f9; /* Alternating row colors */
}
</style>
</head>
<body>


<ul>
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Banana</li>
<li>Orange</li>
</ul>


<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Age</th>
<th>City</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>John</td>
<td>25</td>
<td>New York</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Alice</td>
<td>30</td>
<td>Los Angeles</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

1. Working with Lists
HTML mein teen tareeke ke lists hoti hain:
1. Ordered List (<ol>): Numbered list.
2. Unordered List (<ul>): Bullet point list.
3. Definition List (<dl>): Terms aur unke definitions.
Example:
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<ul>
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Banana</li>
<li>Orange</li>
</ul>
2. Styling Lists with CSS
• List Style Type: List ke bullet ka style change karte hain.
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ul {
list-style-type: square; /* Square bullet points */
}
• Remove Bullets: Agar bullets ko hataana ho toh:
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ul {
list-style-type: none; /* Removes bullets */
}
3. Working with Tables
HTML mein tables banane ke liye <table>, <tr>, <td>, aur
<th> tags use hote hain.
Example of a table:
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<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Age</th>
<th>City</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>John</td>
<td>25</td>
<td>New York</td>
</tr>
</table>
4. Styling Tables with CSS
• Table Border:
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table, th, td {
border-collapse: collapse; /* Border overlap nahi hoga */
}
• Padding aur Alignment:
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th, td {
padding: 10px;
text-align: center;
}
Q) Class Id & Class in CSS :

Class in CSS: In CSS, a class is a way to apply styles to
multiple elements on a web page. A class is defined with a
period (.) followed by the class name. You can apply a class
to any HTML element using the class attribute.
Class ID in CSS: The "Class ID" isn't a standard term in CSS.
However, if you're referring to the "ID" in CSS, it’s a unique
identifier for an element, which is defined with a hash (#)
followed by the ID name. Unlike classes, IDs are meant to be
unique to each page and can only be applied to one
element.
Example:
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/* Class */
.button {
background-color: blue;
color: white;
}
/* ID */
#header {
font-size: 24px;
color: black;
}
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<button class="button">Click Me</button>
<div id="header">Welcome to the Page</div>
Key Differences:
• Classes can be used multiple times on a page, while
IDs should be used only once.
• Classes are selected using a dot (.) while IDs use a hash
(#).
Q) CSS box model :
The CSS Box Model is a fundamental concept in web design

that defines how elements on a webpage are structured and
how their size is calculated. Every element in CSS can be
thought of as a box, which consists of four parts: content,
padding, border, and margin. Understanding how these parts
work helps in controlling the layout of a webpage.
Box Model Components
1. Content:
o This is the actual area where the text or images are
placed. It’s the innermost part of the box.
o Property: width, height
2. Padding:
o The space between the content and the border. It
creates space inside the box, but still inside the
element.
o Property: padding
3. Border:
o The line surrounding the padding (and content).
You can customize the border's width, color, and
style.
o Property: border
4. Margin:
o The space outside the border. It creates distance
between this element and others around it.
o Property: margin
Types of Box Models
There are two types of box models:
1. Content-box (default):
o The width and height properties apply only to the
content area. Padding, border, and margin are
added outside of the width/height you set.
2. Border-box:
o The width and height properties include the
content, padding, and border. This means when
you set width: 100px, it includes padding and
borders.
Example:
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/* Example of Box Model using content-box */
.box {
width: 200px;
height: 100px;
padding: 20px;
margin: 30px;
}
Diagram:
First Diagram :
Second Diagram :
Hindi (in English):

Box Model CSS mein ek important concept hai, jo define
karta hai ki webpage ke elements kaise arrange hote hain aur
unki size kaise calculate hoti hai. Har element ko hum ek box
ke roop mein samajh sakte hain, jisme 4 parts hote hain:
content, padding, border, aur margin.
Box Model ke Components
1. Content:
o Ye wahi area hai jahan text ya images rakhe jaate
hain. Ye box ka andar ka hissa hota hai.
o Property: width, height
2. Padding:
o Ye content aur border ke beech ka space hota hai.
Ye space andar hota hai, lekin element ke andar hi.
o Property: padding
3. Border:
o Ye padding (aur content) ke around ek line hoti hai.
Border ka width, color aur style change kiya ja
sakta hai.
o Property: border
4. Margin:
o Ye border ke bahar ka space hota hai. Ye doosre
elements se distance banata hai.
o Property: margin
Box Model Types
1. Content-box (Default):
o Isme width aur height sirf content area ke liye hoti
hai. Padding, border, aur margin alag se add kiye
jaate hain.
2. Border-box:
o Isme width aur height content, padding, aur border
ko include karte hain. Matlab agar aap width: 100px
set karte hain, toh isme padding aur borders bhi
included hote hain.
Example:
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/* Box Model ka example content-box ke sath */
.box {
width: 200px;
height: 100px;
padding: 20px;
margin: 30px;
}
1. CSS Advanced Grouping
What is it? CSS grouping allows you to apply the same
styles to multiple elements at once, without repeating your
code. You can group selectors to target multiple elements
that share the same styling.
How to do it: You can group selectors by separating them
with commas.
Example:
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h1, h2, h3 {
color: blue;
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
}
This will apply the same color and font to all <h1>, <h2>, and
<h3> elements.
Hindi Explanation: CSS mein grouping ka matlab hai ek hi
style ko kai elements par apply karna bina code ko repeat
kiye. Aap selectors ko comma se separate karke group kar
sakte hain.
2. CSS Dimensions:
What is it? Dimensions refer to the size of elements, such
as width and height. CSS provides properties like width,
height, min-width, max-width, min-height, and max-height to
control these.
Example:
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.box {
width: 300px;
height: 200px;
min-width: 150px;
max-height: 500px;
}
This sets the width to 300px, but it can never be smaller than
150px and will never exceed 500px in height.
Hindi Explanation: Dimensions ka matlab hai elements ka
size. Aap CSS ke width, height, min-width, max-width, min-
height, max-height properties se element ka size control kar
sakte hain.
Q) CSS Display Property:
The display property in CSS defines how an element is
displayed on the webpage. It controls the layout behavior of
elements in relation to other elements around it. The display
property is one of the most important CSS properties
because it can drastically change how elements are
positioned and arranged.
Common Values for display Property:
1. block
o What it does: Makes the element a block-level
element. Block-level elements take up the full
width of their parent container and appear on a
new line.
o Examples of block elements: <div>, <p>, <h1>,
etc.
Example:
css
div {
display: block;
width: 100%;
}
o Behavior: The div will take up the full width of the
container and push the next element below it.
2. inline
o What it does: Makes the element an inline
element. Inline elements only take up as much
width as their content and do not start on a new
line.
o Examples of inline elements: <span>, <a>,
<strong>, etc.
Example:
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span {
display: inline;
color: red;
}
o Behavior: The span element will stay in the same
line as the surrounding text.
3. inline-block
o What it does: Makes the element behave like an
inline element, but allows you to set width and
height (unlike inline elements).
Example:
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.box {
display: inline-block;
width: 150px;
height: 100px;
background-color: lightgreen;
}
o Behavior: The element behaves like an inline
element but can still be sized (width and height).
4. none
o What it does: Hides the element entirely. The
element will not take up any space in the layout.
Example:
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.hidden {
display: none;
}
o Behavior: The element will not appear on the page,
and it will not affect the layout.
5. flex
o What it does: Makes the element a flex container.
This is used for creating flexible layouts where the
children of this element are flex items, and you can
control their alignment and distribution.
Example:
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.container {
display: flex;
justify-content: space-between;
}
o Behavior: The child elements inside .container will
be arranged in a row (by default) with space
between them.
CSS Positioning: Explained in Simple Terms

CSS positioning controls the placement of an element on a
webpage. It determines how an element is positioned in
relation to other elements. By changing the position
property, you can control whether an element stays in its
default position, moves relative to its normal place, or stays
fixed to a certain spot on the page.
Types of Positioning in CSS:
1. static (default)
o What it does: This is the default positioning for all
elements. The element is positioned according to
the normal flow of the document (from top to
bottom and left to right).
o Example:
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.static {
position: static;
top: 10px; /* This will not work */
left: 20px; /* This will not work */
}
▪ Behavior: The top and left properties do not
affect the position because it’s static.
2. relative
o What it does: The element is positioned relative to
its normal position. It can be moved around using
top, right, bottom, and left properties.
o Example:
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.relative {
position: relative;
top: 20px; /* Moves 20px down from its normal position */
left: 30px; /* Moves 30px right from its normal position */
}
▪ Behavior: The element is moved 20px down
and 30px to the right, but it still occupies its
original space in the layout.
3. absolute
its nearest positioned ancestor (any ancestor with
a position other than static). If no positioned
ancestor exists, it is positioned relative to the initial
containing block (usually the <html> element).
o Example:
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.absolute {
position: absolute;
top: 50px;
left: 50px;
}
▪ Behavior: The element will be placed 50px
from the top and 50px from the left of its
nearest positioned ancestor.
4. fixed
the viewport (the visible area of the web page), not
its parent or any other ancestor. This means it stays
in the same position even when you scroll the page.
o Example:
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.fixed {
position: fixed;
bottom: 10px; /* 10px from the bottom of the page */
right: 20px; /* 20px from the right edge of the page */
}
▪ Behavior: The element stays fixed at the
bottom-right corner of the viewport, even
when you scroll.
5. sticky
o What it does: The element is treated as relative
until it reaches a specified point (usually defined by
top, bottom, left, or right), after which it becomes
fixed and stays in place while scrolling.
o Example:
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.sticky {
position: sticky;
top: 0;
}
▪ Behavior: The element will scroll with the
page until it reaches the top of the viewport, at
which point it will stay stuck at the top.
Examples in Action:
Relative Positioning Example:
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<div class="relative">This is a relative element</div>
CSS:
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.relative {
position: relative;
top: 50px;
left: 50px;
}
• The .relative element will move 50px down and 50px to
the right, but it will still occupy the space it originally
would have in the document flow.
Fixed Positioning Example:
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<div class="fixed">I stay fixed at the bottom-right
corner!</div>
CSS:
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.fixed {
position: fixed;
bottom: 10px;
right: 10px;
background-color: lightgreen;
}
• The .fixed element will stay in the same position at the
bottom-right corner of the viewport, even when the
page is scrolled.
In Hindi (in English alphabets):

CSS Positioning: Simplified
CSS positioning ka kaam hai kisi element ko webpage par
kahan position karna hai, yeh decide karna. Jab hum
position property ko change karte hain, toh hum element ki
position ko control kar sakte hain ki woh apne default
position par rahe, ya move ho, ya ek specific point par fix ho
jaye.
Positioning Ke Types:
1. static (default)
o Kya karta hai: Yeh default positioning hai. Element
normal document flow ke according position hota
hai.
o Example:
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.static {
position: static;
top: 10px; /* Yeh kaam nahi karega */
left: 20px; /* Yeh bhi kaam nahi karega */
}
2. relative
o Kya karta hai: Yeh element ko apni normal position
ke relative position par rakhta hai. Hum top, left,
right, bottom properties se move kar sakte hain.
o Example:
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.relative {
position: relative;
top: 20px; /* 20px neeche move karega */
left: 30px; /* 30px daayein move karega */
}
3. absolute
o Kya karta hai: Yeh element apne nearest
positioned ancestor (koi ancestor jiska position
static ke alawa kuch ho) ke relative position par
place hota hai.
o Example:
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.absolute {
position: absolute;
top: 50px;
left: 50px;
}
4. fixed
o Kya karta hai: Yeh element viewport ke relative
position par rehta hai. Matlab, page scroll hone ke
baad bhi element apni position par rehta hai.
o Example:
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.fixed {
position: fixed;
bottom: 10px; /* Bottom se 10px door */
right: 20px; /* Right se 20px door */
}
5. sticky
o Kya karta hai: Yeh element initially relative hota hai
jab tak ek specific point pe nahi pohuchta, aur phir
woh fixed ho jaata hai aur scroll karte waqt apni
position pe stick ho jaata hai.
o Example:
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.sticky {
position: sticky;
top: 0;
}
Is tarah se CSS positioning aapko webpage par elements ko
precise tarike se position karne mein madad karti hai.
1. Floating (CSS Float)

The float property in CSS is used to position elements to the
left or right of their container, allowing text or other elements
to wrap around them.
Values of Float:
1. left: Floats the element to the left side of its container.
2. right: Floats the element to the right side of its
container.
3. none: Default value; no floating is applied.
4. inherit: Inherits the float value from the parent element.
Example:
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<div class="container">
<img src="image.jpg" class="float-left" alt="example
image">
<p>This text will wrap around the floated image.</p>
</div>
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.float-left {
float: left;
margin-right: 10px;
}
Clear Property:
The clear property is used to stop elements from wrapping
around a floated element.
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.clearfix {
clear: both; /* Stops wrapping on both sides */
}
2. Align
The text-align property in CSS aligns the text horizontally
within its container.
Values of Text Alignment:
1. left: Aligns text to the left.
2. right: Aligns text to the right.
3. center: Centers the text.
4. justify: Stretches the text so that each line has equal
width.
Example:
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<p class="center">This is centered text.</p>
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.center {
text-align: center;
}
Vertical Alignment:
You can use the vertical-align property for inline elements or
table cells.
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.vertical {
vertical-align: middle;
}
3. Pseudo-class
A pseudo-class is a keyword added to selectors that
specifies a special state of the element.
Common Pseudo-classes:
1. :hover: Applies styles when the user hovers over an
element.
2. :focus: Applies styles when an element is focused.
3. :first-child: Targets the first child of an element.
4. :last-child: Targets the last child of an element.
5. :nth-child(n): Targets the nth child of an element.
Example:
html
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<a href="#" class="hover">Hover over me</a>
css
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.hover:hover {
color: red;
text-decoration: underline;
}
4. Navigation Bar
A navigation bar (navbar) is a section of a website that
contains links for navigation.
Example of a Simple Navbar:
html
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<nav>
<ul class="navbar">
<li><a href="#home">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#about">About</a></li>
<li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
css
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.navbar {
list-style-type: none;
background-color: #333;
padding: 10px;
overflow: hidden;
}
.navbar li {
float: left;
}
.navbar a {
display: block;
color: white;
text-decoration: none;
padding: 10px 20px;
}
.navbar a:hover {
}
5. Image Sprites
Image sprites combine multiple images into one image file,
reducing the number of HTTP requests for faster loading.
How to Use Image Sprites:
1. Use background-position to display different parts of
the sprite image.
2. Set the width and height of the element to match the
desired sprite.
Example:
html
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<div class="icon icon-home"></div>
<div class="icon icon-contact"></div>
css
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.icon {
background-image: url('sprites.png');
background-repeat: no-repeat;
display: inline-block;
}
.icon-home {
background-position: 0 0;
width: 50px;
height: 50px;
}
.icon-contact {
background-position: -50px 0;
width: 50px;
height: 50px;
}
6. Attribute Selector
Attribute selectors allow you to style elements based on
their attributes and attribute values.
Syntax:
1. [attribute]: Selects elements with the specified
attribute.
2. [attribute="value"]: Selects elements with the specified
attribute and value.
3. [attribute^="value"]: Selects elements with attributes
that start with the specified value.
4. [attribute$="value"]: Selects elements with attributes
that end with the specified value.
5. [attribute*="value"]: Selects elements with attributes
that contain the specified value.
Example:
html
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<input type="text" class="field">
<input type="password" class="field">
css
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input[type="text"] {
border: 2px solid blue;
}
input[type="password"] {
border: 2px solid red;
}
In Hindi (in English Alphabets)

1. Floating
CSS float property ka use kisi element ko left ya right
position karne ke liye hota hai aur text ya doosre elements ko
uske around wrap karne ke liye.
Example:
css
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.float-left {
float: left;
margin-right: 10px;
}
2. Align
Text alignment ka kaam hai text ko horizontally ya vertically
align karna.
Example:
css
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.center {
text-align: center; /* Center alignment */
}
3. Pseudo-class
Pseudo-class ek special state ko represent karta hai, jaise
:hover, :focus.
Example:
css
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a:hover {
color: red;
}
4. Navigation Bar
Navigation bar ek website ka section hota hai jo links provide
karta hai.
Example:
css
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.navbar {
list-style: none;
overflow: hidden;
}
5. Image Sprites
Multiple images ko ek hi file mein combine karke sprites
banaya jaata hai.
Example:
css
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.icon-home {
background-position: 0 0;
}
6. Attribute Selector
Attributes ke basis par elements ko style karne ke liye use
hota hai.
Example:
css
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input[type="password"] {
border: 2px solid red;
}
Unit 3 (java script ) :
Explanation of JavaScript (JS)

In English:
What is JavaScript?
JavaScript is a programming language used to make
websites interactive. It runs in the browser and allows users
to interact with web pages, such as clicking buttons, filling
out forms, or even playing games on a website. It works
alongside HTML (for structure) and CSS (for design) to make
websites dynamic and engaging.
How does JavaScript work?
JavaScript is executed by the browser's JavaScript engine
(like V8 in Chrome). Here's how it works:
1. Write the Code: JavaScript code is added to the HTML
page using <script> tags.
2. Browser Reads the Code: When you open the web
page, the browser reads and executes the JS code line
by line.
3. Interaction Happens: JavaScript reacts to user actions
(like clicks or typing) and updates the page without
reloading it.
Example:
If you click a "Like" button on a social media post, JavaScript
can immediately update the count without refreshing the
whole page.
Features of JavaScript:
1. Lightweight: It runs directly in the browser without
needing heavy software.
2. Cross-platform: Works on almost all devices and
operating systems.
3. Dynamic Typing: You don’t need to specify the type of
data (e.g., string, number) while declaring variables.
4. Event-driven: JS listens to events (like clicks, scrolls)
and reacts to them.
5. Interactive: Can create dynamic features like
slideshows, forms, games, etc.
6. Works with APIs: JavaScript can fetch data from other
websites or servers (like weather info).
WhatsApp-style explanation in Hinglish:

JavaScript kya hai?
JavaScript ek programming language hai jo websites ko
interactive banata hai. Iska kaam hai HTML aur CSS ke saath
milkar users ke liye ek engaging experience banana. Jaise,
agar tumhe ek button dabana ho ya form bharna ho, toh JS
uss cheez ko handle karta hai.
Kaise kaam karta hai JS?
1. Code likho: HTML page mein <script> tags ke beech JS
code likhte hain.
2. Browser execute karega: Jab tum page open karte ho,
browser line-by-line JS code run karta hai.
3. Interaction hoti hai: JavaScript bina page reload kiye
user ke actions ka response deta hai.
Example:
Tumne kabhi social media pe "Like" button dabaya hai? Jo
turant number badh jaata hai bina page reload kiye, woh
JavaScript ka kaam hai.
JavaScript ki Features:
1. Lightweight: Direct browser mein chalti hai, heavy
software ki zarurat nahi.
2. Cross-platform: Almost sabhi devices aur OS pe kaam
karti hai.
3. Dynamic Typing: Variables ka type define karne ki
zarurat nahi hoti.
4. Event-driven: User ke actions (jaise click, scroll) par
response deti hai.
5. Interactive: Slideshow, games, forms jaise features
banata hai.
6. APIs ke saath kaam: Dusre websites ya servers se data
fetch kar sakti hai.
Q) What is JavaScript DOM (Document Object

Model)?
English Explanation:
The DOM (Document Object Model) is a programming
interface for web documents. It represents the structure of a
web page as a tree of objects. Each element in the HTML
document becomes a node in this tree. Using JavaScript,
you can access and manipulate these elements
dynamically. This allows developers to update content,
styles, and structure of the page without reloading it.
For example:
• You can change the text of a heading.
• You can hide or show an element like a button or image.
• You can add animations or effects.
Think of the DOM as a bridge between your HTML file and
JavaScript. When a browser loads a webpage, it creates this
DOM tree, and JavaScript uses it to "talk" to and change the
webpage.
How it works:
1. HTML to DOM: When a webpage is loaded, the browser
converts the HTML into a DOM tree structure.
2. JavaScript Access: JavaScript accesses this DOM tree
using methods like getElementById, querySelector, or
properties like innerHTML.
3. Manipulation: You can modify the DOM by:
o Changing content (element.innerHTML = "New
Content";)
o Modifying styles (element.style.color = "red";)
o Adding or removing elements
(document.createElement, element.remove()).
WhatsApp-style English:
Bro, DOM is like a map of your HTML file. Browser reads your
webpage and makes a tree structure of it, like family tree .
Each tag (like <div>, <h1>) becomes a node. JavaScript uses
this tree to control the page. Example:
• Want to change heading text? DOM helps.
• Want to hide an image? DOM helps.
Easy way to talk to and update the page without
refreshing.
Hindi in English Alphabets (WhatsApp Style):

DOM (Document Object Model) kya hota hai?
DOM ek structure hai jo browser banata hai jab bhi ek HTML
page load hota hai. Samajh lo ki browser tumhare HTML ko
ek tree structure me badal deta hai. Us tree ka har node ek
HTML element hota hai. Aur JavaScript is DOM tree ka use
karke page ko change kar sakta hai, jaise:
• Heading ka text change karna
• Button ko hide/show karna
• Animation add karna
Kaise kaam karta hai?
1. HTML to DOM: Page load hote hi browser HTML ko DOM
tree me convert kar deta hai.
2. JavaScript Access: JS methods like getElementById se
DOM tree ke elements ko access karta hai.
3. Manipulation: Uske baad tum JS se content, styles, aur
elements ko modify kar sakte ho.
Example: element.innerHTML = "Naya Text"; or
element.style.color = "blue";.
1. JavaScript Document :
The document object in JavaScript is the entry point for
interacting with the web page. It represents the entire
webpage loaded in the browser. Using the document object,
you can access and manipulate any part of the webpage,
including elements, forms, styles, and content.
• Examples of Document Methods/Properties:
o document.title → Get or set the title of the
webpage.
o document.getElementById() → Access an element
by its ID.
o document.querySelector() → Select elements using
CSS selectors.
o document.body → Access the <body> part of the
webpage.
2. Forms in JavaScript :
A form in HTML is used to collect user inputs, such as text,
emails, passwords, etc. JavaScript can interact with forms
to:
• Validate user inputs (e.g., ensure the email is in a proper
format).
• Access or modify form fields (e.g., get or change the
value entered by a user).
• Handle form submissions (e.g., prevent the page from
refreshing and send the data to a server using
JavaScript).
Q) What is a Statement in JavaScript?

A statement in JavaScript is a piece of code that performs
an action or tells the computer to do something. It’s like a
complete sentence in a language — it conveys a full idea. In
JavaScript, statements are the building blocks of a program,
and they are executed one after the other.
Each statement usually ends with a semicolon (;), though it’s
optional in many cases. For example:
javascript
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let x = 10; // A statement that declares a variable and assigns
it a value
console.log(x); // A statement that prints the value of 'x'
Types of Statements in JavaScript

1. Declaration Statements:
Used to declare variables or constants.
Example:
javascript
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let name = "Ayush";
const age = 21;
2. Expression Statements:
Assign values or perform calculations.
Example:
javascript
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let sum = 10 + 20;
3. Control Flow Statements:
Used to make decisions or repeat actions.
o Conditional Statement (if/else):
javascript
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if (age > 18) {
console.log("You are an adult.");
} else {
console.log("You are a minor.");
}
o Loops (for/while):
javascript
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for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
console.log(i);
}
4. Function Statements:
Define reusable code blocks.
javascript
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function greet() {
console.log("Hello, Ayush!");
}
greet(); // Calls the function
5. Jump Statements:
Used to break or continue loops, or to return from
functions.
javascript
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for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
if (i === 3) break; // Stops the loop when i is 3
console.log(i);
}
WhatsApp-Style English
Bro, statements in JavaScript are like sentences you write to
tell the computer what to do. Each statement does
something specific — like declaring variables, running loops,
or making decisions.
Examples:
1. let age = 21; → Declare and assign a variable.
2. if (age > 18) { console.log("Adult"); } → Check if someone
is an adult or not.
3. for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) { console.log(i); } → Print numbers
from 0 to 4 in a loop.
Simply put:
• Statements = Instructions for your program.
• End with ; most of the time.
Hindi in English Alphabets (WhatsApp Style)

Statements kya hai?
Statements JavaScript ke wo pieces hote hain jo computer
ko action karne ko kehte hain. Samajh lo jaise ek sentence
hota hai jo ek complete idea convey karta hai, waise hi JS me
statement ek kaam karwata hai.
Types of Statements:
Variables ko declare karte hain. Example:
javascript
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let name = "Ayush";
const age = 21;
2. Conditional Statements:
Decisions lene ke liye use hote hain. Example:
javascript
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if (age > 18) {
console.log("Adult");
} else {
console.log("Minor");
}
3. Loop Statements:
Repeat karne ke liye kaam aate hain. Example:
javascript
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for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
console.log(i);
}
Reusable code likhne ke liye. Example:
javascript
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function greet() {
console.log("Hello Ayush!");
}
greet();
Simple baat: Statements = Code ke instructions jo
computer follow karega
What is a Statement in JavaScript?
A statement in JavaScript is a piece of code that performs
an action or tells the computer to do something. It’s like a
complete sentence in a language — it conveys a full idea. In
JavaScript, statements are the building blocks of a program,
and they are executed one after the other.
Each statement usually ends with a semicolon (;), though it’s
optional in many cases. For example:
javascript
CopyEdit
let x = 10; // A statement that declares a variable and assigns
it a value
console.log(x); // A statement that prints the value of 'x'
Types of Statements in JavaScript

Used to declare variables or constants.
Example:
javascript
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let name = "Ayush";
const age = 21;
2. Expression Statements:
Assign values or perform calculations.
Example:
javascript
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let sum = 10 + 20;
3. Control Flow Statements:
Used to make decisions or repeat actions.
o Conditional Statement (if/else):
javascript
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if (age > 18) {
console.log("You are an adult.");
} else {
console.log("You are a minor.");
}
o Loops (for/while):
javascript
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for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
console.log(i);
}
Define reusable code blocks.
javascript
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function greet() {
console.log("Hello, Ayush!");
}
greet(); // Calls the function
5. Jump Statements:
Used to break or continue loops, or to return from
functions.
javascript
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for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
if (i === 3) break; // Stops the loop when i is 3
console.log(i);
}
WhatsApp-Style English
Bro, statements in JavaScript are like sentences you write to
tell the computer what to do. Each statement does
something specific — like declaring variables, running loops,
or making decisions.
Examples:
1. let age = 21; → Declare and assign a variable.
2. if (age > 18) { console.log("Adult"); } → Check if someone
is an adult or not.
3. for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) { console.log(i); } → Print numbers
from 0 to 4 in a loop.
Simply put:
• Statements = Instructions for your program.
• End with ; most of the time.
Hindi in English Alphabets (WhatsApp Style)

Statements kya hai?
Statements JavaScript ke wo pieces hote hain jo computer
ko action karne ko kehte hain. Samajh lo jaise ek sentence
hota hai jo ek complete idea convey karta hai, waise hi JS me
statement ek kaam karwata hai.
Types of Statements:
Variables ko declare karte hain. Example:
javascript
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let name = "Ayush";
const age = 21;
2. Conditional Statements:
Decisions lene ke liye use hote hain. Example:
javascript
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if (age > 18) {
console.log("Adult");
} else {
console.log("Minor");
}
3. Loop Statements:
Repeat karne ke liye kaam aate hain. Example:
javascript
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for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
console.log(i);
}
Reusable code likhne ke liye. Example:
javascript
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function greet() {
console.log("Hello Ayush!");
}
greet();
Simple baat: Statements = Code ke instructions jo
computer follow karega
Functions in JavaScript
Functions are reusable blocks of code that perform a
specific task. They help reduce repetition, make the code
modular, and improve readability.
Types of Functions
1. Function Declaration (Named Function)
A function that is defined with a specific name.
2. Function Expression
A function assigned to a variable.
3. Arrow Function (ES6)
A compact way of writing functions.
4. Anonymous Function
A function without a name, usually used inside other
code like event handlers.
5. Immediately Invoked Function Expression (IIFE)
A function that is executed as soon as it is defined.
1. Function Declaration (Named Function)

Syntax:
javascript
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function functionName(parameters) {
// code to be executed
return result;
}
Example:
javascript
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function addNumbers(a, b) {
return a + b;
}
console.log(addNumbers(5, 10)); // Output: 15

Explanation (Hindi)
Ye ek function hai jo addNumbers naam ka hai. Jab hum is
function ko call karte hain aur do values (parameters) dete
hain, toh ye unka sum return karta hai.
2. Function Expression
Syntax:
javascript
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const variableName = function(parameters) {
return result;
};
Example:
javascript
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const multiplyNumbers = function(a, b) {
return a * b;
};
console.log(multiplyNumbers(5, 10)); // Output: 50

Explanation (Hindi)
Yahan humne ek function ko variable multiplyNumbers mein
assign kiya hai. Jab is variable ko call karte hain, tab function
ka code execute hota hai.
3. Arrow Function (ES6)

Syntax:
javascript
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const functionName = (parameters) => {
return result;
};
Example:
javascript
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const subtractNumbers = (a, b) => a - b;
console.log(subtractNumbers(10, 5)); // Output: 5
Explanation (Hindi)
Arrow functions short aur modern syntax provide karti hain.
Upar wale example mein subtraction kiya gaya hai.
4. Anonymous Function
Example:
javascript
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setTimeout(function() {
console.log("This runs after 2 seconds");
}, 2000);
Explanation (Hindi)
Anonymous function ka naam nahi hota. Iska use jyadatar
temporary tasks ke liye hota hai, jaise event handling ya
callbacks.
Q) AJAX Explanation
English:
AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. It is a
technique used in web development that allows a web page
to update parts of its content without reloading the entire
page. This makes web applications faster, smoother, and
more user-friendly.
WhatsApp-style:
Bro, AJAX helps update parts of a webpage without
refreshing the whole page. Fast and smooth experience for
users!
Hindi (English Alphabets):

AJAX ka full form hai Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. Ye
ek technique hai jo web pages ka content bina pura page
reload kiye update karne ki facility deti hai. Isse websites fast
aur user-friendly ban jaati hain.
WhatsApp-style:
Bhai, AJAX se bina pura page refresh kiye parts update ho
jaate hain. Speed aur smoothness ka mazza!
Why We Use AJAX?

English:
1. Speed: It reduces the need to reload the entire page,
saving time and bandwidth.
2. User Experience: Provides a smoother and more
interactive experience.
3. Dynamic Content: Allows updating only the necessary
parts of a web page, making the app feel more
responsive.
4. Real-time Updates: Fetches new data (e.g., live scores)
without disrupting the user.
1. Speed: Pura page reload karne ki zarurat nahi hoti, time
aur bandwidth dono save hote hain.
2. User Experience: Smoother aur interactive experience
milta hai.
3. Dynamic Content: Sirf zarurat wale part ko update
karta hai, pura page nahi.
4. Real-time Updates: Live data (e.g., cricket score) bina
disturbance ke fetch kar sakte hain.
Real-Life Example
English:
Imagine you’re chatting on WhatsApp Web. When a new
message arrives, the chat window updates with the message
without refreshing the entire page. This is done using AJAX.
Socho, tum WhatsApp Web pe chat kar rahe ho. Jab naya
message aata hai, chat window update ho jata hai bina pura
page reload kiye. Ye sab AJAX ki wajah se hota hai.
How AJAX Works?

1. User Action: The user performs an action, like clicking a
button or scrolling.
(Example: Clicking a "Load More" button on a blog.)
2. AJAX Request: JavaScript sends an HTTP request to the
server asynchronously.
(Means: The request is sent in the background without
affecting the current page.)
3. Server Processing: The server processes the request
and sends a response back.
(Example: It might send new blog posts as JSON data.)
4. AJAX Response: The browser receives the response
(usually in formats like JSON or XML).
5. Update Page: JavaScript updates the relevant part of
the page with the new data.
WhatsApp-style English:
1. User clicks "Load More."
2. JS sends a hidden request to the server.
3. Server processes it and sends data.
4. Browser gets the data and updates the page. Fast and
clean, no refresh!
1. User ne "Load More" pe click kiya.
2. JavaScript background me server ko request bhejta hai.
3. Server request process karke data wapas bhejta hai.
4. Browser new data lekar page ke us part ko update kar
deta hai. Fast aur clean, no refresh!
Example Code
html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>AJAX Example</title>
<script>
function loadData() {
// Create an XMLHttpRequest object
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
// Define what happens when response is ready

xhr.onload = function () {
if (xhr.status === 200) {
document.getElementById("content").innerHTML =
xhr.responseText;
}
};
// Open a GET request

xhr.open("GET", "example.txt", true);
// Send the request

xhr.send();
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>AJAX Demo</h1>
<button onclick="loadData()">Load Data</button>
<div id="content">Click the button to load content
here...</div>
</body>
</html>
How It Works (English):
1. Click the button → loadData() function runs.
2. JavaScript sends an HTTP GET request to example.txt.
3. Server responds with content from example.txt.
4. JavaScript updates the content div without refreshing
the page.
1. Button click karo → loadData() function chalega.
2. JavaScript example.txt ke liye GET request bhejega.
3. Server example.txt ka content wapas bhejega.
4. JavaScript page refresh kiye bina content div ko update
karega.
Math Object:
1. Math.abs(x) – Absolute value of x.
2. Math.round(x) – Rounds x to the nearest integer.
3. Math.floor(x) – Rounds x down to the nearest integer.
4. Math.ceil(x) – Rounds x up to the nearest integer.
5. Math.max(...values) – Returns the largest number.
6. Math.min(...values) – Returns the smallest number.
7. Math.random() – Returns a random number between 0
and 1.
8. Math.pow(base, exponent) – Returns base raised to
the power of exponent.
9. Math.sqrt(x) – Returns the square root of x.
Date Object:
1. new Date() – Creates a new date object (current date
and time).
2. getFullYear() – Gets the year.
3. getMonth() – Gets the month (0-based index).
4. getDate() – Gets the day of the month.
5. getHours() – Gets the hours.
6. getMinutes() – Gets the minutes.
7. getSeconds() – Gets the seconds.
8. getMilliseconds() – Gets the milliseconds.
9. getDay() – Gets the day of the week (0 for Sunday, 1 for
Monday, etc.).
10. setFullYear(year) – Sets the year of the date.
11. toLocaleString() – Converts the date to a localized
string.
12. toISOString() – Converts the date to ISO format.
What is an IP Address?
An IP Address (Internet Protocol Address) is like your
home address on the internet. It helps other computers
know where to send data, similar to how letters are delivered
to a house. Every device connected to the internet, such as a
computer, phone, or server, has a unique IP address.
Types of IP Addresses:
There are two main types of IP addresses:
1. IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4):
This is the most common type, written as four sets of
numbers separated by dots (e.g., 192.168.1.1). It allows
about 4 billion unique addresses, but with the growth
of the internet, these addresses are running out.
2. IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6):
This is a newer type, written in hexadecimal (numbers
and letters), and it allows for a huge number of
addresses (about 340 undecillion). It looks something
like this: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334.
IP Address Classes:
IP addresses are divided into classes based on their range.
These classes help to organize and manage IP addresses.
• Class A:
Used for large networks (like big companies or ISPs).
The IP range is 1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255. The first part
is for the network, and the rest is for the hosts (devices).
• Class B:
Used for medium-sized networks. The range is
128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255. It gives more addresses
than Class A but is smaller than Class A.
• Class C:
Used for smaller networks. The range is 192.0.0.0 to
223.255.255.255. Often used by small businesses or
home networks.
• Class D:
Used for multicasting, where data is sent to multiple
recipients. The range is 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255.
• Class E:
Reserved for experimental or future use. The range is
240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.
Host and Network Part of an IP Address:
An IP address is divided into two main parts:
1. Network Part:
Identifies which network the device belongs to.
2. Host Part:
Identifies the specific device or host within that
network.
For example, in the IP address 192.168.1.1:
• The 192.168.1 part is the network address.
• The 1 part is the host address (the specific device on
that network).
Private vs Public IP Address:
• Private IP Addresses are used within a private network
(like your home Wi-Fi), and they aren't visible to the
outside world. Example: 192.168.x.x
• Public IP Addresses are used on the internet, and they
are globally unique. They allow the internet to find and
connect to your network. Example: 8.8.8.8 (Google’s
DNS server).
Example in Hindi (in English Alphabets):
IP address kya hai? IP address ek ghar ka address jaisa
hota hai, lekin yeh internet par hota hai. Jab aap internet
use karte ho, toh har device ka apna ek unique IP address
hota hai, jaise har ghar ka ek unique address hota hai.
IP Address ke Types:
1. IPv4:
Yeh sabse zyada use hota hai, aur 4 sets mein likha
hota hai, jaise 192.168.1.1. Isme 4 billion addresses ho
sakte hain.
2. IPv6:
Yeh naya version hai, jo numbers aur letters se likha
jaata hai, aur ismein bahut zyada addresses ho sakte
hain.
IP Classes:
• Class A: Badi networks ke liye.
• Class B: Medium-sized networks ke liye.
• Class C: Chhoti networks ke liye.
• Class D: Multicasting ke liye.
• Class E: Experimentation ke liye.
Host aur Network Part: Har IP address do parts mein
divided hota hai:
• Network Part: Yeh batata hai ki device kis network ka
hissa hai.
• Host Part: Yeh batata hai ki kis specific device ka IP hai.
Private aur Public IP:
• Private IP: Yeh aapke ghar ke network mein hota hai
(example: 192.168.x.x).
• Public IP: Yeh internet par visible hota hai (example:
8.8.8.8).
Q) What is a URL?
A URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is the
address used to locate resources (like websites, images,
files, etc.) on the internet. Think of it as the "address" for a
specific location or resource available on the web.
Just like a home address helps you find a house, a URL helps
you find a particular webpage, image, or file online. When
you type a URL in the browser's address bar, the browser
knows where to go to fetch the content you requested.
Breakdown of a URL
A URL consists of several parts, which help the browser
understand exactly how to connect to the website or
resource. Let’s break down an example:
Example URL: https://www.example.com/page1
1. https://: This is called the protocol or scheme. It
defines how the data should be transferred over the
internet. In most cases, it’s either http or https. The s in
https stands for secure, meaning that the connection is
encrypted and safe from hackers.
2. www.example.com: This is the domain name. It
identifies the website you are trying to access. It’s like
the address of a house. Every website has its own
domain name that tells the browser which server to
connect to.
3. /page1: This is the path. It tells the browser which
specific page or resource on the website to open. If you
don’t include a path, the browser will usually open the
homepage of the website.
Thank you for your feedback! I understand that you want a
more detailed explanation. Let me explain the URL in both
languages with more clarity.
What is a URL? (Proper Explanation)

A URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is the
address used to locate resources (like websites, images,
files, etc.) on the internet. Think of it as the "address" for a
specific location or resource available on the web.
Just like a home address helps you find a house, a URL helps
you find a particular webpage, image, or file online. When
you type a URL in the browser's address bar, the browser
knows where to go to fetch the content you requested.
Breakdown of a URL
A URL consists of several parts, which help the browser
understand exactly how to connect to the website or
resource. Let’s break down an example:
Example URL: https://www.example.com/page1
1. https://: This is called the protocol or scheme. It
defines how the data should be transferred over the
internet. In most cases, it’s either http or https. The s in
https stands for secure, meaning that the connection is
encrypted and safe from hackers.
2. www.example.com: This is the domain name. It
identifies the website you are trying to access. It’s like
the address of a house. Every website has its own
domain name that tells the browser which server to
connect to.
3. /page1: This is the path. It tells the browser which
specific page or resource on the website to open. If you
don’t include a path, the browser will usually open the
homepage of the website.
WhatsApp-Style Explanation (English):

URL ek tarah ka address hota hai jo internet par kisi resource
ya website ko dikhata hai. Jaise ghar ka address hota hai
waise hi website ka address hota hai. Jab tum URL browser
mein type karte ho, toh browser ko pata chal jata hai kis
website ya file ko dikhana hai.
Example:
Agar tum https://www.example.com type karte ho, toh:
• https:// bata raha hai ki connection secure hoga.
• www.example.com website ka naam hai.
• Agar URL mein koi path ho, jaise /page1, toh browser ko
bata raha hai ki kisi specific page ya file ko dikhana hai.
Hindi (In English Alphabets):

URL ka full form hai Uniform Resource Locator, jo internet
par kisi resource ya website ko locate karne ke liye use hota
hai. Ye ek address ki tarah kaam karta hai, jaise tumhare
ghar ka address hota hai, waise hi internet par kisi website
ka address hota hai.
Example:
Agar tum https://www.example.com likhte ho, toh:
• https:// batata hai ki ye ek secure connection hai.
• www.example.com website ka domain hai.
• Agar URL mein path ho jaise /page1, toh iska matlab hai
ki tum ek specific page ya file ki baat kar rahe ho.
Summary:
• URL = The address used to access resources on the
internet.
• It consists of protocol (like https://), domain name (like
www.example.com), and path (like /page1).
• Just like you need a street address to reach a house, you
need a URL to reach a webpage or file on the internet.
Q) Client side validation:
Client-side validation is a process where data entered by the

user into a web form is validated directly in the user's
browser before being sent to the server. This is done using
JavaScript or other client-side technologies, and its main
goal is to ensure that the data is in the correct format or
meets specific conditions (like email format, password
strength, etc.) before submitting it to the server.
Key Points of Client-Side Validation:
1. Prevents Invalid Data from Reaching the Server:
o It checks if the data entered by the user is valid,
reducing the number of requests sent to the server
with invalid data.
o Example: If the user leaves an email field blank or
enters an incorrectly formatted email, client-side
validation can immediately alert them without
submitting the form.
2. Enhances User Experience:
o The user doesn't have to wait for the server to
process the data and return an error. Instant
feedback makes the process faster and smoother.
o Example: If a password is too short or doesn’t meet
security requirements, the user can know
immediately and fix it.
3. Reduces Server Load:
o It helps reduce unnecessary traffic to the server by
catching errors early. Only valid, well-formatted
data is sent, making the process more efficient.
4. Types of Validations:
o Required Fields: Ensures that mandatory fields
are filled in.
o Length Validation: Ensures the input meets
minimum and maximum length requirements (e.g.,
password length).
o Pattern Matching: Validates fields based on
specific patterns (e.g., checking if an email follows
the correct format).
o Range Validation: Ensures that numeric inputs are
within a certain range (e.g., age between 18 and
99).
o Comparison Validation: Compares values
between two fields (e.g., confirming that
"Password" and "Confirm Password" match).

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Q)Client-Server Computing Explained

1. What is Client-Server Computing?

2. How Does Client-Server Computing Work?

3. Types of Client-Server Computing

4. Example of Client-Server Model

Why is HTML Important?

Basic Example of HTML

Hindi Style (English Alphabets):

Why Learn HTML First?

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) uses tags to structure

1. Basic Structure Tags

3. Links and Media

8. Multimedia and Interactive Tags

1. XML: Document Type Definition (DTD)

Q). XML Schemas

What is XML Schema?

Example of XML Schema

Why Use XML Schema?

Q) What are Object Models?

1. DOM (Document Object Model)

// XML content ko access karna

2. SAX (Simple API for XML)

Comparison: DOM vs SAX

Example of a Simple Webpage with CSS

Basic Things to Know About CSS

WhatsApp-style Hindi Explanation

3. Controlling Layout and Formatting

Q) Working with Lists :

In HTML, there are three main types of lists:

Styling Lists with CSS

HTML tables are used to display data in rows and columns.

Styling Tables with CSS

Example: Complete List and Table

/* Styling for Tables */

WhatsApp-style Hindi Explanation

Q) Class Id & Class in CSS :

Q) CSS box model :

The CSS Box Model is a fundamental concept in web design

Hindi (in English):

CSS Positioning: Explained in Simple Terms

In Hindi (in English alphabets):

1. Floating (CSS Float)

In Hindi (in English Alphabets)

Unit 3 (java script ) :

Explanation of JavaScript (JS)

WhatsApp-style explanation in Hinglish:

Q) What is JavaScript DOM (Document Object

Hindi in English Alphabets (WhatsApp Style):

Q) What is a Statement in JavaScript?

Types of Statements in JavaScript

Hindi in English Alphabets (WhatsApp Style)

Types of Statements in JavaScript

Hindi in English Alphabets (WhatsApp Style)

1. Function Declaration (Named Function)

console.log(addNumbers(5, 10)); // Output: 15

console.log(multiplyNumbers(5, 10)); // Output: 50