Optical Networks and Satellite Communication
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iamshadow.xyzMAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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inter-2024 EXAMINATION
W
odel Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
M
Subject Name: OPTICAL NETWORKS AND SATELLITE COMMUNICATION Subject Code: 22647
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) Thelanguageerrorssuchasgrammatical,spellingerrorsshouldnotbegivenmoreImportance(Notapplicablefor
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Creditsmaybegivenstepwisefornumericalproblems.Insomecases,theassumedconstantvaluesmayvaryand
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examinerofrelevantanswerbasedon
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) AsperthepolicydecisionofMaharashtraStateGovernment,teachinginEnglish/MarathiandBilingual(English+
Marathi)mediumisintroducedatfirstyearofAICTEdiplomaProgrammefromacademicyear2021-2022.Henceif
the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi),theExaminershallconsiderthe
same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model answer.
.
Q Sub Answer arking
M
No. Q.No Scheme
Q1 AttemptanyFIVE ofthefollowing: 10M
a) ist two types of LED's used as source in Optical Fibre
L 2M
Communication
Ans he basic LED types used for.fiber optic communication.systems are.
T 1M each
◆S urface-emitting LED (SLED),
◆E dge-emitting LED (ELED),
◆I LD(INJECTION LASER DIODE)
b) efine:
D 2M
(i) Acceptance angle
(ii) Acceptance cone
Ans Acceptance half angle is defined as the maximum angle in which external light rays may 1M each
strike the air fiber interface and still propagate down the fiber.
𝒂= 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏𝑵𝑨
𝜽
OR
Rotating the acceptance angle around the fiber axis describes the acceptance cone angle.𝜽𝒊𝒏
= 𝟐𝜽𝒂
(ii) Acceptance cone
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Subject Name: OPTICAL NETWORKS AND SATELLITECOMMUNICATION Subject Code:
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I n fiber optics, a measure of the maximum angle within which light may be coupled from a
source or emitter.
Or
T he cross section of an optical fiber is circular; the light waves accepted by the core are
expressed as a cone.
c) Define Insertion loss in optical network 2M
Ans I nsertion loss is the amount of light that is lost as the signal arrives at the receiving end of the 2M
l ink.
d) List two conditions required for occurrence of Total Internal 2M
Reflection
Ans Two conditions for total internal reflection 1 M each
i . light must travel from a denser medium to a rarer medium
i i. the angle of incidence inside the denser medium must be greater than the critical angle.
e) Define: 2M
(i) Passive Satellite
(ii) Active Satellite
Ans i) A passivesatellite:Itis thereflectingsurfaceorballoonthatjustreflectsthesignalfrom 1 M each
one earth station to other earth station (or stations) without any amplification or
definition
processing.
ii) An active satellite: It is a transponder or microwave repeater which receives a signal
fromEarth(uplinkfrequency)amplifiesit,dosignalprocessingandfrequencyconversion
and retransmits the same signal back to desired Earth station on downlink frequency.
f) List four elements of Transponder 2M
Ans arious elements of the transponder:
V tleast 4
A
1.Input band-pass filter elements
2.Low-noise amplifier (LNA) ½ M
3.An oscillator and a frequency mixer each
4.An output band-pass filter
5.High power amplifier
g) Draw construction of fibre optic cable. 2M
Ans ANY
RELEVA
NT
DIAGRA
M 2M
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OR
Q2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12M
a) Compare Step Index fibre and Graded Index fibre w.r.t. 4M
(i) Data rate
(ii) Ray path diagram
(iii) Material used
(iv) Attenuation of light
Ans M each
1
point
Parameter Step Index fibre Graded Index fibre
Data rate data rate is less higher than step index
Ray path diagram
Material used Plastic or Glass Only glass material is used
Attenuation of light Less More
b) evelop an Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) system to determine losses in
D 4M
optical cable
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Ans Diagram
nopticaltimedomainreflectometeristestequipmentusedtoevaluatethelossofsignal 2
A M
inside an optical fiber by transmitting laser pulses inside the fiber and measuring the
scattered light signal.
typical OTDR consists of a light source and receiver, data acquisition and processing
A
modules, information storage unit and a display.
WORKING PRINCIPLE: xpln
E
2M
1 .Alightpulseislaunchedintothefiberintheforwarddirectionfromaninjectionlaser
using either a directional coupler or a system of external lenses with a beam splitter.
2 . The backscattered light is detected using an avalanche photodiode receiver which
drives an integrator.
3 . Integrator improves the received signal tonoiseratiobygivinganarithmeticaverage
over a number of measurements taken at one point within the fiber.
4 . The signal from the integrator is fed through a logarithmic amplifier and averaged
measurements for successive pointswithinthefiberareplottedonachartrecorder.This
provides location dependent attenuation values which give an overall picture of the optical
loss down the link.
c) Identify the need of WDM in optical network 4M
Ans ● W
DM(wave-lengthdivisionmultiplexing)isafiber-opticcommunicationsdevice 4M
that uses different wavelengths (or colors) of laser light to multiplex a range of
optical carrier signals into a single optical fiber
● W
avelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is an optical networking technology
thatallowsyoutoexpandthecapacityofopticalfibrebyaddingamultiplexerand
a demultiplexer at each end of the fibre.Thisenablesmultipledatastreamstobe
transmitted over different light wavelengths through a single fibre
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● WDM maximizes the usefulness of fiber and helps optimize network investments.
d) Explain the effect of atmospheric drag on satellite motion 4M
Ans ● A tmosphericdragcouldslowdownthemotionofasatellitewhenitsorbitislow 1 M each
enough to be affected by the friction of Earth's atmosphere. point
● Atmospheric drag would slow down the orbiting speed of the satellite.
● Itwillcausethesatellitetode-orbit,decreaseinaltitudeandeventuallyburnupin
the atmosphere through its voyage back to the earth by gravitational force.
● Re-boostsinadvancetomaintainitsorbitcouldextendtheoperationalperiodofa
satellite if it has enough fuel.
Q3 ttempt Any Three of the following:
A 12M
a) Explain V groove splice with neat diagram 4M
Ans
V-groove Splice: Diagram
2M
1 . Mechanical splices may also use either a grooved substrate or positioning rods to form
suitable V-grooves for mechanical splicing. xplanati
E
on 2M
2 . The basic V-grooved device relies on an open grooved substrate to perform fiber
alignment. When inserting the fibers into the grooved substrate, the V-groove aligns the
cladding surface of each fiber end.
. A transparent adhesive makes the splice permanent by securing the fiber ends to the grooved
3
substrate. Figure below illustrates this type of open V-grooved splice
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b) Specify the common carrier frequencies used in satellite communication and their features 4M
Ans M for
4
correct
answer
c) Describe the working of optical switch 4M
Ans
Optical Switches Diagram
2M
1 .An optical switch is a multi-port network bridge, which connects multiple optic fibers to
each other and controls data packets routing between inputs and outputs. Explanati
on 2M
2 .Some optical switches convert light to electrical data before forwarding it and
converting it into a light signal
again.
3 .Other optical switches, which are called All-optical, can route and forward the light
pulses themselves
without any electrical conversion.
4 .An optical switch is a device which can selectively connect or disconnect the light
signals running through optical fibres from one circuit to another
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5 . In fiber optic networks optical switches are required to move the signals between
different fiber parts. Optical switches provides protection in case of failure of any point
6 .Optical switches should be equipped with the ability that can add or delete the wave
channel without any electronic processing search switches are called as wavelength
selective switches
ptical communication use light to achieve high-speed communication. This type of
O
communication also requires high speed when switching between communication paths
Optical switch is a device used to switch data or optical signal from one channel to other
or between different ports. An optical switch has one or more inputs ports and two or
more output ports that we usually call 1xN or NxN optical switch
ptical signals may be switched by the use of electronic switches: the optical signals are
O
converted into electrical signals using photo-detectors, switched electronically, and then
converted back into light using LEDs or lasers.
OR
n all-optical switch controls the routing between multiple optic fibers without any
A
electrical data conversion. All-optical switches routes the entire light signal which is
coming from an optical input and forward it all to an optical output without converting or
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a ltering IP level data packets. Because of not using electrical conversion, All-optical
switches do not have latency, data corruption or timing jitter.
d) he orbit of an earth orbiting satellite has an eccentricity of 0.15 & semi major axis 9000
T 4M
km. Determine Apogee.
[Assume mean value of earth radius 6371 km]
Ans M for
4
correct
answer
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Q4. Attempt any THREE of the following: 2M
1
a) Explain WDM system with diagram 4M
Ans iagram
D
2M
Explanation: Expln
● WDM is a short form used for Wavelength Division Multiplexing. 2M
● I tisatechniqueinwhichsignalsofdifferentwavelengthsaremultiplexedtogether
in order to get transmitted over an optical link.
● I t is an analog multiplexing technique used in fiber optic communication. Here,
optical signals of multiple wavelengths are transmitted using a fiber link.
● B
asically signals get combined using a multiplexer (optical combiner) and then
allowed to propagate using a single cable. Due to different wavelengths the
unwantedmixingofsignalsispreventedandusingademultiplexer,thesignalsare
then separated and sent to their respective receivers.
● T
he signals generatedfrom4differentsourcesarecombinedusingamultiplexer.
Thesemultiplexedsignalsarethenallowedtogettransmittedoveranopticalfiber
cable.
● A
s the system enables long distance transmission, thus optical amplifiers are
installed at some distances between the cables. These amplifiers increase the
signal strength in case of long distance transmission.
● O
ncethesignalgetspropagatedthenattheotherenditmustbeseparated.So,for
this a demultiplexer is used to separate the signals at the other end. The
demultiplexer separates the combined signal into multiple signals of different
wavelengths.
b) Describe the power sub system used in spacecraft system 4M
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Ans POWER SUBSYSTEM: iagram
D
2M
Explanation: 2M
● A key component of the satellite is its power subsystem. The figure shows the
block diagram of the power subsystem.
● The function of the power subsystem is to provide DC power to all subsystems
throughout the life of the spacecraft.
● The solar panels generate a direct current which is used to operate the various
components of the satellite. The DC power is typically used to charge Ni-Cd
batteries that act as a buffer. At times when the satellite goes into an eclipse or
when solar panelsarenotproperlypositioned,thebatteriestakeovertemporarily
andkeepthesatelliteoperating.Thesebatteriesarenotlargeenoughtopowerthe
satellite for a long period of time. They are simply used asabackupsystemfor
eclipses, initial satellite orientation and stabilization or emergency conditions.
● The basic DC voltage from the solar panels is then conditioned in various ways –
a) It is typically passed through voltage regulators before being used to power
individual electronic circuits.
b) Some parts of the satellite require higher voltage than those produced by the
solar panels. The TWT amplifiers in most communication transponders require
thousands ofvoltsforproperoperation.SpecialDCtoDCconvertersareusedto
translate the lower DC voltage of the solar panels to the higher DC voltage
required by the TWTs.
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c ) Some circuits of the satellite require Ac voltage so inverters (DC to AC) are
used to generate AC voltage.
● These solar panels are large arrays of photocells connectedinvariousseriesand
parallelcircuitstocreateapowerfulsourceofdirectcurrent.Thekeyrequirement
of the solar panels is to always point towards the sun.
● Depending on the two satellite configurations, the solar cells can bemountedin
different ways:
1) On the body stabilized satellite
2) Thesolarpanelsaremountedonflatpanelswhicharefoldedduringlaunch
and deployed in space.
3) In cylindrical shapedsatellites,thesolarcellssurroundtheentireunitand
thereforesomeportionofthemisalwaysexposedtosunlight.Theeffective
area illuminated reduces and thus the total array size of spin stabilized
satellite is larger than that of body stabilized satellite.
c) An optical fibre system is designed using silica optical fibre with core diameter large M
4
having refractive index of 1.50 and clad having refractive index of 1.47. Calculate
(i) Critical angle
(ii) Numerical aperture of fibre
(iii) Acceptance angle of fibre in air
Ans Data given:n1=1.50, n2 =1.47 4M
To find:critical angle, NA, Acceptance angle
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d) Explain the effect of atmospheric drag on motion of satellites. 4M
Ans ● A tmosphericdragcouldslowdownthemotionofasatellitewhenitsorbitislow 1 M each
enough to be affected by the friction of Earth's atmosphere. point
● Atmospheric drag would slow down the orbiting speed of the satellite.
● Itwillcausethesatellitetode-orbit,decreaseinaltitudeandeventuallyburnupin
the atmosphere through its voyage back to the earth by gravitational force.
● Re-boostsinadvancetomaintainitsorbitcouldextendtheoperationalperiodofa
satellite if it has enough fuel.
e) ompare LED and LASER w.r.t.
C 4M
(i) Intensity of light
(ii) Numerical aperture
(iii) Speed of operation
(iv) Ease of operation
Ans M each
1
point
Parameters LED LASER
Intensity of light Less More
Numerical aperture Higher in LEDs xtremely low as
E
compared to LEDs.
Speed of operation Slow as lower bit rate ,data f aster as higher bit rate
transmission rate ,data transmission rate
Ease of operation Easy Hard
Q 5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12M
a) Select a typical mode of fibre used for long haul communication. Justify the selection 6M
Ans M
1
Single Mode Step Index Fiber: Identific
ation of
1.Asinglemodestepindexfiberhasacentralcorethatissufficientlysmall(7-10µm)so fibre
that there is essentially only one path that the light may take as itpropagatesdownthe
cable. Since the core refractive index is larger than the cladding index, the 2M
electromagnetic energy at optical frequency is made to propagate along the fiber Diagram
waveguide through internal reflection at the core cladding interface.
2M
2.The simplest form of single mode step index fiber is the one in which the outside Explana
claddingissimplyairasinfigurebelow.Thelargerdifferenceinrefractiveindexresults tion
in a small critical angle (42°) at glass-air interface.
1M
Advanta
ges
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3 .Thus, the fiber will accept light fromawideaperture.Thismakesitrelativelyeasyto
couplelightfromasourceintothecable.Thedisadvantageisthatthistypeoffiberisvery
weak and of limited practical use.
4 .A more practical type of single mode step indexfiberisonethathasacladdingother
thanairasshowninfigurebelow.Therefractiveindexofthecladdingisslightlylessthan
the refractive index of the central core and is uniform throughout the cladding.
5 .This type of cable is physicallystrongerthantheaircladfiberbutthecriticalangleis
much higher (approx. 77°).
6 .Thisresultsinasmallacceptanceangleandanarrowsourcetofiberaperturemakingit
much more difficult to couple light into the fiber from a light source.
7 .With both types of SMSI fibers, lightispropagateddownthefiberthroughreflection.
Light rays that enter the fiber propagate straight down the core or are reflected once.
8 .Consequently,allthelightraysfollowapproximatelythesamepathdownthecableand
take approximately the same amount of time to travel the length of the cable.
Advantages of SMSI fiber:
1 .There is minimum dispersion, as all the rays propagating down the fiber takes
approximately the same path, they take approximately thesametimetotraveldownthe
cable.Consequently,apulseoflightenteringthecablecanbereproducedatthereceiving
end very accurately.
2 .Becauseofhigheraccuracyinreproducingtransmittedpulsesatthereceiverend,large
bandwidths and higher transmission rates are possible with SMSIfibersascomparedto
other types.
Disadvantages of SMSI fiber:
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1 .Because thecentralcoreisverysmall,itisdifficulttocouplelightintoandoutofthis
type of fiber.
2 .Becauseofsmallcentralcore,ahighlydirectivelightsourcesuchasalaserisrequired
to couple light into a single mode step index fiber.
3.SMSI fibers are expensive and difficult to manufacture.
Application:
ingle mode fibers are used for long haul communication used indifferentapplications
S
like telecommunication, CATV, MAN, WAN & data communication
b) I dentify the need of VSAT in communication. List the advantages and disadvantages of 6M
VSAT systems
Ans Need of VSAT M for
1
Need of
SAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) systems are used to provide communication in
V VSAT
remote areas where traditional networks are unavailable.
M
2
Diagram
.5M
1
each for
advanta
ges and
Disadva
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tages of
n
VSAT
OR
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Advantages
1 .Cost-effective: VSAT systems are more cost-effectivethan leased or dedicated phone
lines to remote locations.
2 .Independent of ground infrastructure: VSAT systemscan operate independently of
ground infrastructure, making them a good choice for regions without traditional
communication options.
3.Reliable: VSAT systems can be reliable for communication.
4 .Easy to deploy: VSAT systems can be easily installedin remote locations with
minimal infrastructure needs.
5 .Backup for wired networks: VSAT systems can be usedas a backup for wired
networks when they fail.
Disadvantages
1 .Latency: VSAT systems can experience latency issuesdue to the time it takes for data
to reach the satellite dish and station.
2 .Signal quality: Signal quality can fluctuate dueto weather conditions or obstructions
like trees or buildings.
3 .Cost: VSAT systems can be more expensive than traditionalcommunication
technologies, especially for low-bandwidth applications
c) Explain any three losses which occurs in fibre optic cable 6M
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Ans M each
2
(I)Absorption loss: for
diagram
BSORPTION is a major cause of signal loss in an optical fiber, and it is defined as the
A and
portion of attenuation resulting from the conversion of optical power into another energy explanat
form, such as heat. ion
Absorption in optical fibers is explained by three factors: or 3
F
correct
• Imperfections in the atomic structure of the fiber material losses
• The intrinsic or basic fiber-material properties
• The extrinsic (presence of impurities) fiber-material properties
I mperfections in the atomic structure induce absorption by the presence of missing
molecules or oxygen defects. Absorption is also induced by the diffusion of hydrogen
molecules into the glass fiber
There are two types of absorption loss:
• Intrinsic
• Extrinsic
Intrinsic Absorption :
• It is caused by basic fiber-material properties.
• If an optical fiber were absolutely pure, with no imperfections or impurities, then all
absorption would be intrinsic.
• In fiber optics, silica (pure glass) fibers are used predominately.
• Silica fibers are used because of their low intrinsic material absorption at the
wavelengths of operation.
• In silica glass, the wavelengths of operation range from 700 nanometers (nm) to 1600
nm
Extrinsic Absorption :
xtrinsic Absorption is caused by the electronic transition of metal impurities ions (such
E
as iron, nickel, and chromium, are introduced into the fiber during fabrication) from one
energy level to another.
Extrinsic absorption also occurs when hydroxyl ions (OH-) are introduced into the fiber.
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Water in silica glass forms a silicon-hydroxyl (Si-OH) bond. This bond has a fundamental
absorption at 2700 nm.
Hence the preferred operating wavelengths for fiber optic communication are:
• First window is centered at 850 nm
• Second window is centered at 1310 nm
• Third is centered at 1550 nm.
*Fiber optic systems operate at wavelengths defined by one of these windows.
(ii)Modal Dispersion loss:
Dispersion is related to the difference between the transit time of signal
arriving at the output.
• Dispersion of transmitted light signal causes distortion for both digital and analog
transmission along fiber.
• Each pulse broadens and overlaps with its neighbours eventually becoming
indistinguishable at the receiver input.
• It limits the maximum bandwidth attenable with a particular fiber
Intermodal Dispersion:
Pulse broadening due to intermodal dispersion results from the propagation delay
differences between modes within a multimode fiber
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Intramodal Dispersion
• Intramodal dispersion is also called chromatic dispersion
• It results from the finite spectral line width of the optical source
• Optical sources do not emit just a single frequency but band of frequencies.
• There may be propagation delay differences between the different spectral
components of the transmitted signal.
• Intramodal Dispersion: It is the pulse spreading that occurs within a single mode.
• Material Dispersion
• Waveguide Dispersion
1) Material Dispersion:
• Also known as spectral dispersion or chromatic dispersion.
• Results because of variation due to Refractive Index of core as a function of wavelength,
because of which
pulse spreading occurs even when different wavelengths follow the same path.
2) Waveguide Dispersion:
henever any optical signal is passed through the optical fiber, practically 80% of optical
W
power is confined to core & rest 20% optical power into cladding.
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coupling loss
Coupling losses are caused by imperfect physical connections.
• In fiber cables coupling loss can occur at any of the following optical junctions:
• Light source to fiber connection, fiber to fiber connection and fiber to photo
detector connections.
• Junction losses are most often caused by one of the following :
1. Lateral (Axial) misalignment
2. Gap Misalignment
3. Angular Misalignment
4. Imperfect surface Finish
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Lateral Displacement
• Axis displacement between 2 pieces of adjoining fiber cable
• Amount of loss – couple tenth to several decibels
Gap displacement-miss alignment
• End separation the farther apart, the greater the light loss
• If the two fiber is joined with a connector, the ends will not touch each other
Angular displacement (misalignment)
• Less than 2°, the loss will typically less than 0. 5 dB.
Imperfect surface finish
• End fiber should be polished and fit together squarely
Scattering loss:-
· Basically, scattering losses are caused by the interaction of light with density fluctuations within a
fiber. Density changes are produced when optical fibers are manufactured.
· Linear Scattering Losses:
· Linear scattering occurs when optical energy is transferred from the dominant mode of operation
to adjacent modes. It is proportional to the input optical power injected into the dominant mode.
· Linear scattering is divided into two categories Mie scattering and Rayleigh scattering.
· Non- Linear Scattering Losses: Scattering loss in a fiber also occurs due to fiber non-linearity i.e.
if the optical power at the output of the fiber does not change proportionately with the power
change at the input of the fiber, the optical fiber is said to be operating in the non-linear mode.
Non-Linear scattering is divided into two categories:
Stimulated Raman Scattering and Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
Q6 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12M
a) Explain SONET/SDH architecture with neat diagram. 6M
Ans Architecture of SONET consists signals, devices, and connections. iagram
D
: 3 marks
1. SONET Devices Explanat
igure 1 shows a simplelinkusingSONETdevices.SONETtransmissionrelieson ion: 3
F
three basic devices: STS multiplexers/de-multiplexers, re-generators, add/drop
marks ( 1
multiplexers and terminals.
mark
each
point)
Page-No:21/24
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Subject Name: OPTICAL NETWORKS AND SATELLITECOMMUNICATION Subject Code:
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
TS Multiplexer/De-multiplexer: STS multiplexers/de-multiplexers mark the
S
beginningpointsandendpointsofaSONETlink.Theyprovidetheinterfacebetween
an electrical tributary network and the optical network
egenerator: Regeneratorsextendthelengthofthelinks.Aregeneratorisarepeater,
R
that takes a received optical signal (OC-n), demodulates it into the corresponding
electric signal (STS-n), regenerates the electric signal, and finally modulates the
electric signal into its correspondent OC-n signal.
dd/drop Multiplexer: Add/drop multiplexers allow insertion and extraction of
A
signals.Anadd/dropmultiplexer(ADM)canaddSTSscomingfromdifferentsources
into a given path or can remove a desired signal fromapathandredirectitwithout
de-multiplexing the entire signal.
erminals: A terminal is a device that uses the services of a SONET network. For
T
example, in the Internet, a terminal can be a router that needs to send packets to
another router at the other side of a SONET network.
b) pecify the frequencies for:
S 6M
(1) Broadcast services
(ii) GPS
(iii) Maritime mobile
(iv) DTH services
(v) Telephone network
(vi) Search & Resume services
Ans (i) Broadcast services : Ku band 12.5GHZ -18GHZ, K band 18GHZ -26.5GHZ (any one) 1 M for
Each
(ii) G.P.S.: 1.2GHz-1.66 GHz
(iii) Maritime mobile:156.000 MHz to 162.050 MHzor1GHz-4GHz
(iv) D.T.H. services: Ku band 12GHZ -18GHZ
(v) Telephone network: C band 4GHz -8GHz
Page-No:22/24
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Subject Name: OPTICAL NETWORKS AND SATELLITECOMMUNICATION Subject Code:
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(vi) Search and rescue services: 8GHz-12.5 GHz
(Note: marks to be given to students if they write frequency range in the form of Uplink
and Downlink frequency)
c) Draw the block diagram of GPS system and explain the transmitter and receiver section 6M
Ans he Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigationsystemthatcanbeusedto B
T lock
locate positionsandtimeinformationinallweatherandatalltimesandanywhereonearth.The diagram:
block diagram of GPS is shown below
3 marks
( any
other
suitable
diagram
can be
considere
d)
Explanat
ion : 3
marks (1
mark for
each
segment)
Note: Any other relevant diagram should be considered.
The GPS system consists of three segments:
● S
paceSegment :Thespacesegmentconsistsof24satellitescirclingtheearthevery12
hours,in6orbitsat12,000milesinaltitude.Thishighaltitudeallowsthesignalstocover
a greater area. The orbital plane is inclined at 55degrees with respect to equator. The
satellitesarearrangedintheirorbitssoaGPSreceiveronearthcanreceiveasignalfrom
at least four satellites at any given time.
● C
ontrolSegment:Thecontrolsegmenttracksthesatellitesandthenprovidesthemwith
corrected orbital and time information. The control segment consists of five unmanned
monitor stations and one Master Control Station. The five unmanned stations monitor
Page-No:23/24
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Subject Name: OPTICAL NETWORKS AND SATELLITECOMMUNICATION Subject Code:
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
PS satellitesignalsandthensendthatinformationtotheMasterControlStationwhere
G
anomalies are corrected and sent back to the GPS satellites through ground antennas.
User Segment: The user segment consists of the users and their GPS receivers. The
●
number of simultaneous users is limitless. Thereexistsonlyone-waytransmissionfrom
satellitetousersinGPSsystem.Hence,theindividualuserdoesnotneedthetransmitter,
but only a G
PS receiver. It is mainly used to findthe accurate location of an object.
OR
here exists only one-way transmission from satellite to users in GPS system. Hence, the
T
individual user does not need the transmitter, but only a GPS receiver. It is mainly used to
find the accurate location of an object. It performs this task by using the signals received
from satellites.
GPS receiver:
• eceiving Antenna receives the satellite signals.
R
• Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) amplifies the weak received signal.
• Down converter converts the frequency of received signal to an Intermediate
Frequency (IF) signal.
• IF Amplifier amplifies the Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal.
• ADC performs the conversion of analog signal, which is obtained from IF amplifier to
digital.
• DSP (Digital Signal Processor) generates the C/A code.
• Microprocessor performs the calculation of position and provides the timing signals in
order to control the operation of other digital blocks. It sends the useful information to
Display unit in order to display it on the screen.
Page-No:24/24
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