VARIOUS TYPE OF FUNCTION & THEIR REAL-LIFE

APPLICATION

A Project Work Report

By
Name of Student: Pranisha Regmi
Stream: Science
Section: D4
NEB Registration Number:….

Submitted to
The Department of Mathematics
Kathmandu Model Secondary School
Bagbazaar, Kathmandu
Nepal

A Report on the partial fulfillment of the requirements of the

Internal evaluation of

Grade XI

I
 Declaration

I hear by declare that the report presented in this project

report has been done by myself under the supervision of Mr.
Pushpa Raj Bhandari and has not been submitted elsewhere
for any examination.

All sources of the information have been specifically

acknowledged by references to authors or institutions.

Signature:
Name of Student: Pranisha Regmi
Stream: Science
Section: D4

Date: 27/06/2080

I
I
 Subject Teacher’s Recommendation

The project work report entitled "VARIOUS TYPE OF FUNCTIONS & THEIR
REAL LIFE APPLICATION" submitted by Pranisha Regmi, of Kathmandu
Model Secondary School, Bagbazar, Kathmandu, Nepal is prepared under my
supervision as per the procedure and format requirements laid by the Department
of Mathematics, Kathmandu Model Secondary School, as the partial fulfillment of
the requirements of the internal evaluation of grade XI. I, therefore, recommend
the report for evaluation.

Signature………..

Name of Subject Teacher: Mr. Pushpa Raj Bhandari

Date: 27/06/2080

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 Endorsement

We here by endorse the project work entitled "VARIOUS TYPE OF

FUNCTIONS & THEIR REAL LIFE APPLICATION" submitted by Pragati
Sah of Kathmandu Model Secondary School, Bagbazar, Kathmandu Nepal in
partial fulfillment of the requirements of the internal evaluation of mathematics of
grade XI.

Signature: Signature:

Chirangibi Gyawali Dr. Nagendra Bdr. Aryal

Head
Department of Mathematics Principal
Date: 27/06/2080 Date:27/06/2080

I
V
 Acknowledgements

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Mr. Pushpa Raj

Bhandari for bringing this topic to my attention and for his support and guidance
during the preparation of this project work. I am grateful to my respected
mathematics teachers who contributed to build strong foundation of mathematics.
Special thanks go to my classmate Pranisha Regmi who helped me while
preparing this project report.

Pranisha Regmi

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page ………………………………………………………………………….I
Declaration…………….………….……………….………………………………II
Subject Teacher's Recommendations…………..………….……………….……..III
Endorsement ………….………….………….…………….…….…….……...….IV
Acknowledgements ………….………….………….……….….…………………V
Table of content ………….………….………….….….……….…….……....…..VI
List of figures ……….………….………….….………….…….…….....………VII

INTRODUCTION……………..…….…..….………….…...……1
1.1 Background…..….…..……….………….….………….……….1
1.2 Concept………………………………………………………….1
1.3 Real life applications…………………………………………..2,3
1.4 Motivations, significance and scope……………….……………4
1.5 Methods…………………………………………………………5
1.6 Limitations…...………………….………………………………6

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS……...………………………..…….….7

2.1 Preliminaries (Definitions, types, Principles, laws etc.)……..7-13

2.2 Analysis of Results (Theorems, Lemmas, Corollaries etc.)…........14

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION...……………………………......15

3.1 Findings………………………………………………………..15
3.2 Summary….……………………………………………………15

3.3Conclusion…..………….………………………………………16

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I
BIBLIOGRAPHY…..……………….………………………….……17
APPENDICES………………..………………………………………18
List of figures
Fig 1.1………………..…………………………………6

Fig 1.2………………..…………………………………7
Fig 1.3………………..…………………………………8
Fig 1.4………………..…………………………………9
Fig 1.5………………..…………………………………9
Fig 1.6………………..……………………………...…10
Fig 1.7………………..……………………………...…10
Fig 1.8………………..………………………………...10
Fig 1.9………………..………………………………...11
Fig 1.10………………..……………………….………11
Fig 1.11………………..……………………….………12

Fig 1.12………………..……………………………….12
Fig 1.13……………………………………………...…12

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I
 Introduction
1.1 Historical Background
The idea of a function was developed in the seventeenth century. During
this time, Rene Descartes (1596-1650), in his book Geometry (1637), used
the concept to describe many mathematical relationships. The term
"function" was introduced by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) almost
fifty years after the publication of Geometry. The idea of a function was
further formalized by Leonhard Euler (pronounced "oiler" 1707-1783) who
introduced the notation for a function, y = f(x).
Galileo was beginning to understand the concept even more clearly. His
studies of motion contain a clear understanding of a relation between
variables. Again another piece of his mathematics shows how he was
beginning to grasp the concept of a mapping between sets. In 1638 he
studied the problem of two concentric circles with center O, the larger circle
A with diameter twice that of the smaller one B.The familiar formula gives
the circumference of A to be twice that of B. But taking any point P on the
circle A, then P A cuts circle B in one point. So Galileo had constructed a
function mapping each point of A to a point of B. Similarly if Q is a point on
B then OQ cuts circle A in exactly one point. Again he has a function, this
time from points of B to points of A. Although the circumference of A is
twice the length of the circumference of B they have the same number of
points. He also produced the standard one-toone correspondence between the
positive integers and their squares which (in modern terms) gave a bijection
between N and a proper subset.

1.2 Concepts
A function is like a machine. You put something in, and something else comes out. When we
talk about functions in mathematics, we’re really talking about a connection between
variables. This connection can be anything, but it follows a certain requirement. It’s this
requirement that defines a function.

1
3.1 Findings
1.)In a function, no input can be related to two different outputs,
otherwise, given the input, we couldn't determine the output.
2.)Relations are the relationships established between an element of one
set and another element of the second state.
3.)When a relationship does not follow those two rules then it is not a
function , it is a relation.
4.)We often call a function "f(x)" when in fact the function is really "f".
5.)A function can also be seen as a set of ordered pairs.

1.3 Application of function in real life

Functions are everywhere! It may sound a bit over the top, but functions are actually all over the
place: all programmable things, all computer systems, mobile phones, apps, financial analyses,
statistics, political analyses, price calculations, taxes, income calculations, earthquake warnings,
landslide warnings, tsunami alerts, electronics, political forecasts, population growth forecasts,
forecasts for sustainability—all forecasts in general! These are just a few examples where
functions are used. Let’s consider Snapchat, Facebook or Instagram. All these apps
are composed of functions. Some functions sort your friends list, other functions
select filters. A third type of functions get used in the process of connecting your
device to the internet. As you can see, functions make your life cooler, easier and
more fun.

A soda, snack, or stamp machine the user puts in money, punches a specific
button, and a specific item drops into the output slot. (The function rule is the
product price. The input is the money combined with the selected button.
The output is the product, sometimes delivered along with coins in change, if
the user has entered more money than required by the function rule.)
Measurement:
1.Temperature: When taking body temperature the temperature of the body
will act as the input while the measurement that comes out as either in degree
Celsius and Fahrenheit scales is the function output.
2.Weight: when you take your weight usually by standing on a scale your
body weight will serve as the input while the measurement usually in
kilogram is your output.

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3.Fuel Efficiency: A car's efficiency in terms of kilometer per litre of fuel
consumed is a function. If a car typically gets 10L per 100km and you input
50 L of fuel, it will be able to travel roughly 500km. The car's efficiency may
be a function of the car's design (including weight, tires, and aerodynamics),

Basic economics and money math:

1.Monthly Salary: When you receive your monthly salary what you are
being paid is a function of the hourly pay rate and the number of you worked
for that month.
2.Income Tax: When calculating your income tax you will observe that you
made use of a mathematical function why your salary serves as your input
and your tax result is the output. You will observe that the higher your
income the higher your income tax.
3.Compound interest: when interest is calculated on an investment the
compound interest is a function of initial investment, interest rate, and time
or interval of the investment.
4.Supply and demand: when trying to forecast the price of product and
service daily we made use of functions. The price of the product or services
acts as the input why the demand serves as the output of the function. As
price goes up, demand goes down and vice versa.

Machine Learning:
Most of the operation carried out in our phone, system and other electronic
devices is as a result of the application of function. Examples:
a.)Mapping images to the names of the people on the images.
b.)Mapping digital songs to author/genres/song name
c.)Mapping MRI scan data to medical diagnosis
d.)Mapping online answers to subject/categories

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 e.)Relating name and number as well as other information about a
contact in your phone
f.)One of the most widely used applications for functions at the present time
is in working with Microsoft Excel Worksheets.
All around us daily we made use of function to make life easy either with
or without our knowledge.

1.4 Motivation , significance and scope

The most basic benefit of having a concept of function is that it allows
us to use the same function more than once in an expression with
different parameter value functions that are used all the time in
mathematics to describe relationships between two sets. For any
function, when we know the input, the output is determined, so we say
that the output is a function of the input.Functions: fabulous things.

They are “little black boxes” of (quite literally) functionality.The

Principle behind them is to hide complexity. When you pick up a TV
remote, do you understand what happens when you push the buttons?
Of course you don't, unless you know how to build & program chips.
You don't care, you just press the button and the volume goes up. Every
device you use works similarly: touch screens such as the one on my
phone can be used to answer questions like this without my having to
comprehend the quantum mechanics behind it.A function can be
simple or not, but it always hides complexity.

4
1.5 Methods to find function
A function is a special mathematical relationship between two sets of data,
where no member of the first set is directly related to more than one member
of the second set. The easiest example to illustrate this is grades in school.
Let the first set of data contain every student in a class. The second set of
data contains every possible grade a student could receive. In order to satisfy
the mathematical definition of a function, each student must receive exactly
one grade. Not all the grades may be given, and some may be given more
than once--for example, more than one student might get a 95 percent final
grade. But no student receives more than one grade. The best way to find out
whether an equation represents a function or not is by graphing the equation
and then applying the vertical line test.
Graph the two-variable equation on graph paper. For a straight line this
means graphing two or more points on the line and connecting the dots.
Methods for graphing other shapes may vary: Sometimes you can recognize
the specific shape, and how to graph it, from its equation. Sometimes you
just have to graph many points from the equation, selecting an x-value,
finding the corresponding y-value and plotting that point on the graph. Then
select a new x-value, find its corresponding y-value, graph that point, and
continue until you can get a feel for the shape.
Draw a vertical line through any given point on the line or lines you graphed.
Does it cross through the graph you drew at one point, or at more than one
point?

If it crosses through the graph at more than one point, this proves that the
equation you're considering is not a function.

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 Fig 1.1: Evaluation of Function

1.6 Limitations of function

Functions can also have performance overhead, which means that they can
slow down the program. This can be a problem for programs that need to run
quickly or for programs that are resource-intensive.One of thedisadvantage is
if you have too many input values, it can be difficult to analyze them all in a
table format. The exploration below shows and example of a function given
by a table.Functions can be complex, especially when they involve many
inputs and outputs or complex logic. This can make it difficult to understand
and debug the code.

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Result and Analysis
2.1 Preliminaries
Some of the terms used in function is defined below:
A.Domain: The domain of a function f(x) is the set of all values for which
the function is defined, and the range of the function is the set of all values
that f takes. In grammar school, you probably called the domain the
replacement set and the range the solution set. They may also have been
called the input and output of the function.
B.Range: The range of a function refers to all the possible values y could
be. The formula to find the range of a function is y = f(x). In a relation, it is
only a function if every x value corresponds to only one y value.
Example:1

Here, the domain is the set {A,B,C,E} is not in

the domain, since the function is not defined for
D.The range is the set {1,3,4} is not in the range,
since there is no letter in the domain that gets
mapped to 2.
Fig 1.2 Relation Between range and Domain

Example:2
Consider the relation {(0,7),(0,8),(1,7),(1,8),(1,9),(2,10)}.
Here, the relation is given as a set of ordered pairs. The domain is the set of
xcoordinates, {0,1,2}, and the range is the set of y -coordinates, {7,8,9,10}.
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Note that the domain elements 1 and 2 are associated with more than one
range element, so this is not a function.
C. Co-domain: The codomain of a function is the set of all permissible
outputs. This is denoted by y.
D.Composition: The composition of 2 functions f and g is denoted by f∘g.
In order for this function to be well defined, the range of g must be a subset
of the domain of f.

of all possible values x in X such that f(x)=y. This is denoted by f-1(y)={x ∈

E.Inverse: Inverse of an element: The inverse of an element y in Y is the set

X ∣ f (x) = y }.

Definition
A function is defined as a relation between a set of inputs having one output
each. Function, in mathematics, an expression, rule, or law that defines a
relationship between one variable (the independent variable) and another
variable (the dependent variable). Functions are ubiquitous in mathematics
and are essential for formulating physical relationships in the sciences.

If at any given value of x, there exists only one value of y, you say
that “y is a function f of x”. You write y=f(x). In other words, the
connection that meets the requirement of “only one value of y to a
given value of x” is a function.
Here is a figure of how you can imagine functions:

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Fig. 1.3
Mathematically, If a variable y is so related to a variable x that whenever a
numerical value is assigned to x, there is a rule according to which a unique
value of y is determined, then y is said to be a function of the independent
variable x.

Fig 1.4 : Function (relation between domain and range)

Types of Function
Types of functions are classified into 4 basis, they are:
A. Based on Elements:
1. One to One Function: A function f: A → B is One to One if for
each element of A there is a distinct element of B. It is also
known as Injective. Consider if a1 ∈ A and a2 ∈ B, f is defined
as f: A → B such that f (a1) = f (a2) .

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 Fig 1.5 : One to one function

2. Many to One Function: It is a function which maps two or

more elements of A to the same element of set B. Two or more
elements of A have the same image in B.

Fig 1.6 : Many to one function

3. Onto Function: If there exists a function for which every

element of set B there is (are) preimage(s) in set A, it is Onto
Function.
Onto is also referred to as Surjective Function.

Fig 1.7 : Onto function

4. One – One and Onto Function: A function, f is One – One and

Onto or Bijective if the function f is both One to One and Onto

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 function. In other words, the function f associates each element
of A with a distinct element of B and every element of B has a
preimage in A.

Fig 1.8 : One to one and onto function

B. Based on Equation

1. Identity Function : The identity function is the kind of function that

provides an identical input as the output. It is represented as, f(x) = x, where
x ∈ R. For example, f(4) = 4 denotes an identity function. This implies that
the identity function possesses an identical domain and range. The domain
and range of the identity function are of the pattern {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4,
4)…..(n, n)}.

Fig 1.9: Identity Function

2. Linear Function : A polynomial function with the first-degree equation is

said to be a linear function. The domain and range for such a function is a
real number, and it produces a straight-line graph. Equations such as y = x +
4, y = 6x, y = 4x – 1, are all examples of linear functions. The identity f
function of y = x can also be included in the linear function.Check out the
graph for y = x – 6.

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 Fig 1.10 Linear function

3. Polynomial Function: A Polynomial function is a sort of function that can

be represented as a polynomial. It is expressed as, f(x)= a0xn +a 1xn-1 +a2xn-2
+a3xn-3 +an-1x+a n where n represents a non-negative integer and
a0,a1,a2,a3,an1,an is not equal to 0. E.g.(f(x)=3x+7) is a polynomial function.

Fig 1.11 Polynomial Function

4. Quadratic Function: Quadratic function is a kind of function that holds the

highest power two in the polynomial function. For example,
(f(x)=2x²+7x+5) is a quadratic function. The graph of a quadratic
equation follows a non-linear pattern and is parabolic in shape as can be
seen from the above graph.

Fig 1.12 Quadratic Function

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 5. Cubic function: A cubic function as the name implies is a sort of function
that has the highest power three in the polynomial function. For example,
(f(x)=3x³+7)is a cubic function.The general form of a cubic function is (f(x)
= ax³ + bx²+ cx +d), where a ≠ 0 and a, b, c, and d denote the real numbers
and x is a variable.

Fig 1.13 Cubic Function

C.Based on Domain
1.Trigonometric Functions: The six basic trigonometric functions are sinθ, cosθ,
tanθ, secθ, cosecθ. Hereabouts the domain value θ is the angle and is measured in
degrees or radians. These trigonometric functions can be defined through the ratio
of the sides of a right-angle triangle, via the Pythagoras theorem.The trigonometric
functions along with the inverse trigonometric functions are also sometimes
included in periodic functions as the principal values are repeated after a fixed
period of time.

2. Exponential Functions: An exponential function is mathematically expressed

as, where “y” stands for the variable and “b” denotes the constant which is also
termed as the base of the function.The exponential function is mainly employed to
determine exponential decay/ exponential growth. The most commonly used
exponential function base is e.

3.Logarithmic Functions:The representation of the Logarithmic functions as

shown;.Here b signifies the base of the function.Depending upon the base the
function can be a decreasing(value of b lies between 0 to 1) function or an
increasing(value b is greater than 1 ) function. Logarithmic functions are also the
inverse of exponential functions.

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2.2 Analysis of Result
Corollaries:
Corollary of a function is a statement that can be easily derived from the
definition / properties of that function. It is a result or consequence of the
function that provides additional insight or information about the function.
Lemmas:
Lemmas is a heading indicating the subject or argument of a literary
composition or annotation.

Examples:
1.)Corollary 1: If f'(x) = 0 at each point of x of an open interval (a, b), then
f(x) = C for all x in (a, b), where C is a constant.
Lemma 1: The first corollary confirms that if the derivative of a function is
zero, then the function is a constant function.
2.)Corollary 2: If f'(x) = g'(x) at each point x in an open interval (a, b), then
there exists a constant C such that f(x) = g(x) + C.
Lemma 2: The second corollary says that the graphs of functions with
identical derivatives differ only by a vertical shift. This property is used to
solve initial value problems in integral calculus

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Summary and Conclusion
3.2 Summary
A function is a relationship between two sets of elements in which no
element in the first set relates to more than one element in the second set. In
mathematics, we represent functions in a variety of ways; we use equations,
words, tables, mappings, and graphs. We can also use these representations
for functions in the real world. To recognize these functions, it is helpful to
think of ''is a function of'' as ''is determined by.'' In doing this, we see that
functions show up in the world around us all the time. They are extremely
useful in applications for business, finance, engineering, and in everyday
events, like remembering someone's birthday! It is definitely worthwhile to
be familiar with functions and their uses in the real world. Function, In
mathematics, an expression, rule, or law that defines a relationship between
one variable (the independent variable) and another (the dependent variable),
which changes along with it. Most functions are numerical; that is, a
numerical input value is associated with a single numerical output value. The
formula A = πr2, for example, assigns to each positive real number r the area
A of a circle with a radius of that length. The symbols f(x) and g(x) are
typically used for functions of the independent variable x. A multivariable
function such as w = f(x, y) is a rule for deriving a single numerical value
from more than one input value. A periodic function repeats values over
fixed intervals. If f(x + k) = f(x) for any value of x, f is a periodic function
with a period of length k (a constant).

15
3.3 Conclusion
A function relates inputs to outputs. A function takes elements from a set (the
domain) and relates them to elements in a set (the codomain).all the outputs
(the actual values related to) are together called the range a function is a
special type of relation where every element in the domain is included, and
any input produces only one output (not this or that)an input and its matching
output are together called an ordered pairs a function can also be seen as a
set of ordered pairs.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Definitions and
terminology:https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/functio
n.html
Application in real
life:https://gamma.app/docs/Various-Types-of-Functio
ns-and-Their-Real-Life-Applications-w9u7b8uutotxgk
z
Types of
function:https://www.vedantu.com/maths/types-of-fun
ctions
Historical
Background:https://www.ms.uky.edu/~droyster/cours

APPENDICES

1 Summary

1.1 Background
1.2 concept
1.3Application in Real life
1.4 Motivations ,
significance and scope
1.5 Methods
1.6 Limitations

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 2 Result and Analysis 2.1 Preliminaries
(Definitions, Types,
Principles, laws etc.)
2.2 Analysis of Results
(Theorems, Lemmas,
Corollaries etc.)

3. Summary and 3.1Findings

Conclusion 3.2 Summary
3.2 Conclusion

18