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Continuous Functions

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10 views8 pages

Continuous Functions

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hn6dqpzfwf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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University

of Zakho

Mathematical Analysis
Continuous Functions in Metric spaces

Mr- Alaa L. Ibrahim


Mathematics Science Dept.
University of Zakho

[email protected]
Continuous Functions in Metric spaces
Definition: Let X, d1 and Y, d2 ) be metric spaces. A function F: X, d1 → Y, d2 is said to be continuous at a
point x0 iff for each open set V containing f(x0 ) in Y, ∃ an open set U containing x0 in X s.t. f(U)⊂V iff it is
continuous at each point of X.

.2020.4.27 Alaa Luqman 2


1
𝑥≠0
Example: Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 , is 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥0 = 0?
1 𝑥=0
Solution: 𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 0 because 𝑓 𝑥0 = 𝑓 0 = 1 ∈ 0,2 = 𝑣
1 1
𝑥0 = 0 ∈ − , =𝑢
2 2
1 1 1 1
𝑓 𝑢 =𝑓 − , = (− 1 , 1 ) = (−2,2)
2 2
2 2

−2,2 ⊄ 0,2
𝑓 𝑢 ⊄𝑣
If 𝑢 = (−1,1) ⇒ 0 ∈ 𝑢
𝑓 𝑢 = 𝑓 −1,1 = (−1,1] ⊄ (0,2)

1
𝑥≠0
H.W: Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 , is 𝑓 is continuous?
0 𝑥=0

.2020.4.27 Alaa Luqman 3


Theorem: The function 𝐹: (𝑋, 𝑑1 ) → (𝑌, 𝑑2 ) is continuous iff the invers image of
each open set in 𝑌 is open in 𝑋.
Proof: ⇒ if 𝑓 is continuous and let 𝑣 be an open set in 𝑌.
[W.H.T.P.T] 𝑓 −1 (𝑣) is open in 𝑋.
Let 𝑥0 ∈ 𝑓 −1 (𝑣) ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥0 ) ∈ 𝑓(𝑓 −1 𝑣 ) ⊂ 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥0 ) ∈ 𝑣
Since f is continuous, then ∃ an open set 𝑢 containing 𝑥0 s.t. 𝑓 𝑢 ⊂ 𝑣
𝑓 −1 𝑓(𝑢) ) ⊂ 𝑓 −1 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑢 ⊂ 𝑓 −1 𝑣
And 𝑥0 ∈ 𝑢 ⊂ 𝑓 −1 𝑣 . So, 𝑓 −1 𝑣 is open in 𝑋.

.2020.4.27 Alaa Luqman 4


Conversely, if 𝑓 −1 𝑣 is open in 𝑋.and [W.H.T.P.T] 𝑓 is continuous.
Let 𝑥0 ∈ 𝑋 and 𝑣 be an open set containing 𝑓(𝑥0 ).
We have to find an open set 𝑢 containing 𝑥0 in 𝑋 s.t. 𝑓 𝑢 ⊂ 𝑣
Since 𝑓(𝑥0 ) ∈ 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑓 −1 𝑓 𝑥0 ) ⊂ 𝑓 −1 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑥0 ⊂ 𝑓 −1 𝑣
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥0 ) ∈ 𝑓(𝑓 −1 𝑣 ) ⊂ 𝑣
Since 𝑓 −1 𝑣 is open then let 𝑢 = 𝑓 −1 𝑣 containing 𝑥0 .
Thus, 𝑓(𝑥0 ) ∈ 𝑓(𝑢) ⊂ 𝑣
⇒ 𝑓(𝑢) ⊂ 𝑣. ∴ 𝑓 is continuous.

H.w
Theorem: The function𝑓: (𝑋, 𝑑1 ) → (𝑌, 𝑑2 ) is continuous iff the invers image of
each closed set in 𝑌 is closed in 𝑋.

.2020.4.27 Alaa Luqman 5


Theorem: The function 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is continuous iff for every seq. (𝑥𝑛 ) convergent
to 𝑥0 in 𝑋, then the seq. 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ) convergent to 𝑓(𝑥0 ) in 𝑌.
(i.e.) 𝑓 is continuous ⇔ 𝑥𝑛 → 𝑥0 ⇒ [𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ) → 𝑓(𝑥0 ) ].

Example: Given an example of a seq. 𝑥𝑛 → 𝑥0 but 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ) ↛ 𝑓(𝑥0 )


Soluation: if
1 𝑥∈𝑄
𝑓 𝑥 =
2 𝑥 ∈ 𝐼𝑟𝑟
1
If (1 + )𝑛 → 𝑒 ∈ 𝐼𝑟𝑟
𝑛
1 𝑛
If by C! <𝑓 1+ >→ 𝑓 𝑒 = 2
𝑛

1 𝑛 1 1 1 2 1 3
<𝑓 1+ > =< 𝑓 1 + ,𝑓 1 + ,𝑓 1 + ,...>
𝑛 1 2 3
9 64
=< 𝑓(2), 𝑓( ), 𝑓( ), . . . >
4 27

=< 1, 1, 1, . . . >→ 1 C! . Because 1 ≠ 2

.2020.4.27 Alaa Luqman 6


Theorem: If 𝑓 is continuous function and 𝑔 is continuous function then
𝑓ₒ 𝑔 is continuous function.
Proof: 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑦 and 𝑔: 𝑦 → 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑓ₒ 𝑔 ∶ 𝑥 → 𝑧
−1
Let 𝑣 be an open set in 𝑧 [W.H.T.P.T] 𝑔ₒ 𝑓 (𝑣) is open in 𝑥
−1
Since 𝑔 is continuous, then 𝑔 (𝑣) is open in 𝑦.
Since 𝑓 is continuous, then 𝑓 −1 (𝑔−1 𝑣 ) is open in 𝑥.
Then, 𝑓 −1 𝑔−1 𝑣 = 𝑔ₒ 𝑓 −1
𝑣
−1
∴ 𝑔ₒ 𝑓 (𝑣) is open in 𝑥. Therefore, 𝑓ₒ 𝑔 is continuous function.

.2020.4.27 Alaa Luqman 7


Thank-You ☺

.2020.4.27 Alaa Luqman 8

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