By the end of the lesson, the students will have been able to:

identify the differentiate use paraphrase

features of summarizing, appropriate various texts;
paraphrasing paraphrasing, reporting
and direct and direct verbs;
quoting; quoting;
 By the end of the lesson, the students will have been able to:

apply various evaluate

write direct
formats of in-
quotation paraphrase
text citations in
paraphrases and and direct
direct quotes; quotations.
and
Paraphrasing means to state something
written or spoken in different words,
especially in a simpler form to clarify the
meaning.

Paraphrasing is restating someone else's

thoughts or ideas in your own words
without omitting any information.

Paraphrasing ideas can be written shorter,

longer, or the same length as the original
text.
1. Read the text and understand its meaning.
2. Annotate the text (key words/ phrases and main
ideas).
3. Recall the key words or main idea.
4. Based on your own understanding, write the ideas of
the text in your own words.
5. Compare you paraphrase with the original.
6. Check the meaning.
7. Check the structure.
• Refrain from adding comments.
• Record the details of the source.
-author’s name
-date
- publisher
- place of publication
-URL (online)
• Format your paraphrase properly.
- Idea Heading Format
- Author Heading Format
- Date Heading Format
Active voice vs. Passive voice

❖ In a sentence written in the active voice, the subject

of the sentence performs the action.
❖ In a sentence written in the passive voice, the
subject receives the action.
Students frequently overuse direct quotations in taking notes,
and as a result, they overuse quotations in the final [research]
paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript
should appear as a directly quoted matter. Therefore, you
should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of
source materials while taking notes.

Reference:
Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed., 1976, pp. 46-47.
Students often use too many direct quotations when they take
notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research
paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy
should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to
limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

A PLAGIARIZED VERSION
In research papers, students often quote excessively, failing to
keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the
problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to
minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester, 1976).

A LEGITIMATE PARAPHRASE
A direct quote is an exact copy of words from a source.
A direct quote can include anything from one word to
several sentences from a source. A source is an object
used to gather information and ideas. Sources can be
written, spoken, audio, or visual materials.
1. Copy exactly the part of the text that you want to use.

2. Use quotation marks to show the beginning and ending of the quote.

3. Record the details of the source.

4. Format your quotation.

5. Direct quotation should not be used to replace paraphrasing or

summarizing.
If your direct quotation consists of less than 40 words, it should
be presented as part of the text.

Example:

To address economic issues, Scheliz (2005)

recommended that there is a need to “(1) enhance
government’s strategy and involve key sectors for a
collective and coordinated response to poverty; and
(2) sustain efforts for economic and institutional
reforms” (pp. 80-81).
 If your direct quotation is at least 40 words, it should be
indented.
Example:

In his article “Poverty in the Philippines: Income, Assets, and Access,” Schelzig
(2005) suggests a list of causes of poverty.

(1) low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years; (2) low
growth elasticity of poverty reduction; (3) weakness in employment generation
and the quality of jobs generated; (4) failure to fully develop the agricultural
sector; (5) high inflation during crisis periods; (6) high levels of population
growth; (7) high and persistent levels of inequality (incomes and assets), which
dampen the positive impacts of economic expansion; and, (8) recurrent shocks
and exposure to risks such as economic crisis, conflicts, natural disasters, and
environmental poverty (p. 2).
 Reporting verbs are also used in paraphrasing
and direct quoting to integrate your source in the
text.
Example:

In his article “Poverty in the Philippines: Income, Assets, and Access,”

Schelzig (2005) suggests a list of causes of poverty.

(1) low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years; (2) low
growth elasticity of poverty reduction; (3) weakness in employment
generation and the quality of jobs generated; (4) failure to fully develop the
agricultural sector; (5) high inflation during crisis periods; (6) high levels of
population growth; (7) high and persistent levels of inequality (incomes and
assets), which dampen the positive impacts of economic expansion; and, (8)
recurrent shocks and exposure to risks such as economic crisis, conflicts,
natural disasters, and environmental poverty (p. 2).
Standler (2012) states that plagiarism can occur in minor
instances, when small parts of a passage are used
without enclosing them in quotation marks and citing
the author. It can also occur in more grave instances
when big chunks of the original text are used. There may
be changes in the format, but the original author is not
attributed to and the work is claimed as the plagiarist’s
own and submitted to comply with academic
requirements or as part of a material for publication.
 Summarizing Paraphrasing Direct Quoting
➢Does not match the ❑Does not match the ❖Matches the original
original source word for original source word for source word for word.
word. word.
❖Short part of the original
➢Includes only the main ❑Writing the original text in source.
points. your own words.
❖ The cited part appears
➢Shorter than the original ❑Changing the words or inside quotation marks.
text. phrases but with the same
meaning as the original. ❖Must be attributed to the
➢Must be attributed to the original source.
original source ❑Must be attributed to the
source.
Original Passage:

What is plagiarism? In minor cases, it can be the quotation of sentence

or two, without quotation marks and without a citation (e.g., footnote)
to the true author. In the most serious cases, a significant fraction of
the entire work was written by someone else but the plagiarist
removed the author(s), name(s) and substituted his/her name, perhaps
did some re-formatting of the text, then submitted the work for credit
in a class (e.g., term paper or essay), as part of the requirements for a
degree (e.g., thesis or dissertation), or as part of a published article or
book.

Reference:
Standler, R. B. (2012). Plagiarism in colleges in USA: Legal aspects of plagiarism.
academic policy. Retrieved from http:/www.rbs2.com/plag.pdf
Example:

Plagiarism can be defined as using ideas, data, or any

relevant information of another without giving proper
credit or acknowledgment (Standler, 2012).
Example:

According to Standler (2012), plagiarism can occur in

minor instances, when small parts of a passage are
used without enclosing them in quotation marks and
citing the author. It can also occur in more grave
instances when big chunks of the original text are
used. There may be changes in the format, but the
original author is not attributed to and the work is
claimed as the plagiarist’s own and submitted to
comply with academic requirements or as part of a
material for publication.
The samples of summary and paraphrase show
that the original text is rewritten based on the
message it conveys and ideas it present.

In the summary, only the main idea is presented.

In the paraphrase, all the ideas in the original text

are still mentioned, but the wording and structure are
completely different.

In both summary and paraphrase, the source is

properly cited.
Example:

Standler (2012) states that plagiarism can be “the

quotation of a sentence or two, without quotation
marks and without a citation (e.g., footnotes) to the
true author” (p. 5).
The sample of direct quotation shows that the
words that appear between the quotation marks are
the original words or ideas of the author. Proper
citation is also used.
 Summarizing Paraphrasing Direct Quoting
1. A text with long sections 1. Short text with one or two 1. A text that conveys a
sentences or paragraph powerful message
2. Summarize when you with a maximum of five
want to sentence 2. Quote directly when you
a. Avoid or minimize want to
direct quotation; or 2. Paraphrase when you a. Begin your discussion
b. Use the main idea and want to with the author’s stand;
write in your own a. Avoid or minimize or
words direct quotation; or b. Highlight the author’s
b. Use own words to state expertise in your claim,
the author’s ideas argument, or discussion
 Group Work
1 w h o l e ye l l o w p a p e r

1. Form groups of five members each.

2. Do activities on pp. 135-140

- Activity 1

- Activity 2

3. In activity 1, each member will choose only one letter (A or B or C or D or E) to

paraphrase.

- follow the suggested format of your chosen letter

- indicate your name in your own work - (A. – Badong Campupot)

- Paraphrase the idea based on the given original text

4. In activity 2, choose the same letter in Activity 1 to construct a direct quoted text.

-follow the suggested format (Author Heading Format)

- indicate your name in your own work (A. – Badong Campupot)

- Direct quote an idea based on the given original text