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8 views7 pages

Mom Lab 13

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tajbasiyal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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University Of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar

Name: Ali Ebad Taj

Reg. number: 22PWMCT0813

Lab: 09

Section: B

Submitted to: Dr. Farid Khan

Course: Mechanics of Materials Lab

Department Of Mechatronics Engineering


Lab 13: To Measure the Stiffness of Compression Spring Both Analytically and
Experimentally
 Objectives:

 To study different types of springs


 To find analytically the stiffness of compression spring.
 To find experimentally the stiffness of compression spring.
 To analyze the different factor affecting the spring constant.

 Apparatus and Tools:


 Compression spring apparatus
 Different compression Springs
 Computer
 Vernier caliper
 Set of weights
 Spring mass apparatus

Theory:

1. Spring:
A spring is an object that can be deformed by a force and then return to its original shape after
the force is removed. Its sole purpose is to store and utilize the energy.
Stiffness Constant Formula:
The below formula is used for determination of Theoretical stiffness;

d= diameter of spring wire


G=modulus of elasticity (77 KN/ mm2 for spring steels)
D= mean diameter of spring
N= Number of turns
What is spring? And why we use it.

As an elastic device, a spring is typically a helical metal coil that can be pressed or pulled but
returns to its former shape when released. It is used chiefly to exert constant tension or absorb
movement.

2. Types of springs:
a. Extensive spring:
An extension spring, also known as a tension spring, is a spring that stores energy and resists a
pulling force. They are commonly used to move or return a component part. Extension springs
require special ends to permit application of the load and these ends assume many forms.
b. Compression spring:
A compression spring is an open-coil helical spring that resists a compressive force applied
axially. They are commonly coiled as a constant-diameter cylinder, but can also be coiled as a
conical, barrel, or hourglass shape. When compressed under load, they create a resisting force as
the spring attempts to return to its normal uncompressed height or length

c. Flat springs:
Flat springs are flat strips of material (usually metal) that store and release energy when deflected
by an external load. They are typically stamped using flat stock. Unlike helical springs, which
are typically made from coiled wire, flat springs are cut or pressed from sheet metal.

d. Coil Spring:
This type is made of a coil or helix of round wire.

e. Leaf Spring:
A leaf spring is a simple form of spring commonly used for suspension in wheeled vehicles.
Originally called a laminated or carriage spring, and sometimes referred to as a semi-elliptical
spring, elliptical spring, or cart spring, it is one of the oldest forms of vehicle suspension. A leaf
spring is one or more narrow, arc-shaped, thin plates that are attached to the axle and chassis in a
way that allows the leaf spring to flex vertically in response to irregularities in the road surface.
Lateral leaf springs are the most commonly used arrangement, running the length of the vehicle
and mounted perpendicular to the wheel axle, but numerous examples of transverse leaf springs
exist as well.

f. Torsion Spring:
A torsion spring is a type of spring that works by twisting its end along its axis. It is a flexible
elastic object that stores mechanical energy when it is twisted. When twisted, it exerts a torque in
the opposite direction, proportional to the amount (angle) it is twisted.

g. Variable Spring:
In this, the resistance of the coil to load varies during compression.

h. Conical Spring:
Conical springs are compression springs which are helically coiled round wires forming a
tapered or conical shape. They are used to provide balance and reduce the solid height by the
coils telescoping into each other.
 Experimental Data:

3. Part – A:

To find spring stiffness analytically;

 For Spring – A:

K = Gd^4 / 8DN

d = 3 mm
G = 206 Gpa
D = 26 – 3 = 23 mm
N = 21
Putting the values in equation;

K = (206x10^9 pa) (0.003 m)^4 / (8) (0.023 m)^2 (21)


K = 187.76 N/m

 For Spring – B:

K = Gd^4 / 8DN

d = 3 mm
G = 206 Gpa
D = 25 – 3 = 22 mm
N = 20
Putting the values in equation;

K = (206x10^9 pa) (0.003 m)^4 / (8) (0.022 m)^2 (20)


K = 215.48 N/m

 For Spring – C:

K = Gd^4 / 8DN

d = 2.5 mm
G = 206 Gpa
D = 20 – 2.5 = 17.5 mm
N = 16
Putting the values in equation;

K = (206x10^9 pa) (0.0025 m)^4 / (8) (0.0175 m)^2 (16)


K = 205.28 N/m
4. Part – B:

To find spring stiffness experimentally;

 Procedure:

Measure the diameter of wire (d) and outer diameter of spring (D) with the
help of Vernier caliper.
Fix the extension spring in the spring support.
Load the spring by weight increments recording the change in length of the
spring up to the greatest readable deflection or the max load.
Record the spring dimensions
Repeat the same process for other springs and record the readings in the form of
following table.
Observation:
For Spring A:
No of turns = N = 21;

S.no Weight ΔF Compression(mm) ΔX K= ΔF/ΔX


1. 10 10 0.1 0.1 100
2. 15 5 0.3 0.2 25
3. 20 5 0.5 0.2 25
4. 25 5 0.6 0.1 50
5. 30 5 0.8 0.2 25

For Spring B:
No of turns = N = 20;

S.no Weight ΔF Compression(mm) ΔX K= ΔF/ΔX


1. 10 10 0.1 0.1 100
2. 15 5 0.3 0.2 25
3. 20 5 0.5 0.2 25
4. 25 5 0.7 0.2 25
5. 30 5 0.8 0.1 50

For Spring C:
No of turns = N = 16;

S.no Weight ΔF Compression(mm) ΔX K= ΔF/ΔX


1. 10 10 0.2 0.2 50
2. 15 5 0.3 0.1 50
3. 20 5 0.4 0.1 50
4. 25 5 0.6 0.2 25
5. 30 5 0.7 0.1 50
5. Part – C:

Analyze the factors affecting spring constant;

Spring:

N = 21

a) Number of turns Vs spring stiffness (k):

b) Wire diameter Vs spring stiffness (k):


c) Mean diameter Vs spring stiffness (k):

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