Answer all questions.

1) If I have 14 g of atmospheric nitrogen, what is its volume at room temperature and

pressure?
moles= mass/molar mass
= 14g/28
= 0.5 moles

PV = nRT

a) 6 dm3
b) 12 dm3
c) 24 dm3
d) 48 dm3

2) The following is a partially balanced equation for the complete combustion of an

alkene:
CH3CH2CH=CH2 + x O2 → 4 CO2 + 4 H2O

What should be the value of x ?

a) 5
b) 4
c) 6
d) 12

=C

3) Which of the following is not an isomer of hex-2-ene?

C and D

4) Which of these substances has permanent dipole-dipole interactions between its

molecules?

a) CCl4
b) CO2
c) (CH3)2CO
d) C2H6

=C

5) The molecule 2-butene is the smallest which can exist as E-Z

isomers. Which of these statements is correct?

a) The E and Z isomers have the same boiling point.

b) The E and Z isomers have di erent molecular ion peaks in
the mass spectrum.
c) The E and Z isomers would form a polymer with the same
repeat unit.
d) The E and Z isomers have di erent molecular masses.

= B The E and Z isomers have di erent molecular ion peaks in

the mass spectrum.

6 ) For each of the following molecules:

CO2, H2O, NH3

a) State their shapes. (3 marks)

C02 is linear ( 2O atoms bonded to a central C atom arranged in a staright line)

H20 is V-Shaped.
NH3 has a trigonal pyramidal shape.

b) Explain why they are these shapes. (3 marks)

C02 is a linear molecule because it has two bonding pairs of electrons (from the two
oxygen atoms) and no lone pairs on the central carbon atom. According to VSEPR
(Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory, the two bonding pairs of electrons
around the central carbon atom repel each other, causing the two oxygen atoms to
arrange themselves as far apart as possible. This results in a linear molecular
geometry.

H2O is V shaped because the oxygen atom in a water molecule has two lone pairs of
electrons and two bonded pairs (two hydrogen atoms). These electron pairs repel
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 each other, and the lone pairs exert a stronger repulsion than the bonded pairs. This
results in the oxygen atom's bonds being pushed closer together, causing the
molecule to bend.

NH3 has a trigonal pyramidal shape because it has 4 electron pairs around the central
nitrogen atom.These electron pairs include three bonding pairs (N-H bonds) and one
lone pair of electrons. The lone pair of electrons occupies more space than the
bonding pairs, causing the bonding pairs to be pushed slightly downward, giving the
molecule a trigonal pyramidal shape. This shape is a result of the VSEPR (Valence
Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory, which states that electron pairs, whether
bonding or nonbonding, will arrange themselves in a way that minimizes their
repulsion.

c) Explain why water and ammonia are polar.

molecules, but carbon dioxide is not.

The unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms and the unsymmetrical shape of
the molecule means that a water molecule has two poles - a positive charge on the
hydrogen pole and a negative charge on the oxygen pole.The nitrogen atom when in
water is much more electronegative than the attached hydrogens. This causes an
uneven distribution of electrons and makes ammonia a polar molecule.
Carbon dioxide is nonpolar because it is symmetric and its bond dipoles cancel. The
angle of the two oxygen atom is 180 the two oxygen atom are to far from each other so
the negative charge of the oxygen was canceled of by the carbon atom so carbon
dioxide is a non - polar molecule.

7 )A gaseous compound was found to contain 82.8% carbon

and 17.2% hydrogen. 29 g of the compound was found to
occupy 12 dm3 at room temperature and pressure.

a) Calculate the empirical formula of this compound,

expressing it in the lowest whole-number terms.

Given

%C = 82.8%
%H = 17.2%
Mass of the compound= 29g

Step 1 nd the moles of Carbon and Hydrogen in the compound

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 Molar mass of C = 12.01 g/mol
Molar mass of H = 1.01 g/mol

Moles

nC= (% of C/100) * (mass of the compound / Molar mass of C)

= (82.8/100) * (29g/12.01g/mol) = 0.1957 moles

nH= (% of H/100) * ( Mass of the compound / molar mass of H)

= (17.2/100) * (29/1.01g/mol) = 5.1921

Step 2 nd mole ratio

Mole ratio C : H = (0,1957 moles/0.1957 moles) : ((5.1921 moles / 0.1957 moles) = 1 :

26.50

1: 27

= CH

b) Using the gas volume information, what is its

molecular formula?
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8 )Materials A to E are characterised by the following
properties:

a) Classify materials A to E as covalent, ionic or

metallic, giving a reason for your answers.

A: Is mostt likely metallic as it has a high melting point of 1538°c aswell as a good
electrical conductivity in both solid and liquid states.

B: Covalent compound as it has low melting and boiling points. It also has poor
electrical conductivity in both liquid and solid states.

C: Ionic compound due to its moderate melting point and has good electrical
conductivity in liquid state and as a solution in water.

D:Material D has a low melting point and exhibits good electrical conductivity in
both the solid and liquid states. However, it is not soluble in water. This behavior is
consistent with some metallic substances, particularly those that do not dissolve in
water

E:Substance E has a high melting point and displays good electrical conductivity in
the liquid state. Its lack of solubility in water indicates it may be a covalent or
molecular substance

b) In the solid state, which of these exist as giant

lattices, small molecules, or neither?

Giant lattice: A and D, C

Small molecules: B, E

c) If these substances are: iron, mercury, sodium

chloride, aluminium oxide and hexane, assign ao
letter to each of these.

Iron: substance A with a high melting point, good electrical conductivity in the solid
state, and metallic characteristics is likely iron, a metallic element that forms a giant
lattice structure in its solid state
Mercury:Substance D with a low melting point, good electrical conductivity in the
solid state, and metallic characteristics is likely mercury, a metallic element that exists
as a liquid at room temperature but forms a metallic giant lattice when solid

Sodium Chloride: C

Aluminium Oxide: E

Hexane: B

d) Suggest a reason why C dissolves in water,

but B does not.

C is an ionic compound.When an ionic compound is added to water, the polar water

molecules surround and solvate the individual ions. The partially negative oxygen
atoms of water molecules attract and surround the cations, while the partially positive
hydrogen atoms of water molecules attract and surround the anions.The electrostatic
attraction between the ions and the polar water molecules is strong, and this
interaction allows the ionic compound to dissociate into its constituent ions, forming
a homogeneous solution. Whereas if B is a molecular compound it consists of atoms
that share electrons in covalent bonds, resulting in molecules with no net charge.
These compounds do not contain ions.Nonpolar molecules do not readily interact
with water molecules because the forces of attraction between them are weak. In
other words, the partial positive and partial negative regions in water do not strongly
interact with nonpolar molecules.The weak van der Waals forces between nonpolar
molecules (like those in hexane) are not su cient to overcome the strong hydrogen
bonding between water molecules. As a result, the nonpolar molecules tend to
aggregate together and are poorly solvated by water

9) When a mixture of bromine and hexane is kept in the dark, it is

orange. When exposed to sunlight it is decolourised. The energy
from sunlight can deliver 400 kJ mol-1.
The energies are:
Br2 → Br• + Br• DH = + 193 kJ mol-1
CH3(CH2)4CH2Br = CH3(CH2)4CH2• + Br• DH > +
400 kJ mol-1

a) Identify the equation that initiates the reaction.

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 b) Write an equation that propagates the reaction. (2 marks)

CH3(CH2)4CH2Br → CH3(CH2)4CH2• + Br• (ΔH > +400 kJ mol^-1)

c) Write an equation that terminates the reaction. (2 marks)

2Br• → Br2

d) Explain why this reaction needs light to take place.

This reaction needs light to take place because it is a photochemical reaction.

e) This reaction Br2 → Br• + Br• is an example of …………… ssion.

What is the missing word?

homolytic

10) This question focuses on issues surrounding internal

combustion engines.

a) Explain how crude oil is separated into useful fractions.

Crude oil is separated by fractional distillation. Crude oil is heated to vaporize the
di erent hydrocarbons in a tank which is cool at the top and hot at the bottom. The
vapours then rise and the di erent hydrocarbons condense at their speci c boiling
points, allowing them to be separated

b) Explain what ‘cracking’ is and why it is needed.

Cracking is the name given to breaking up large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller
and more useful bits. This is achieved by using high pressures and temperatures
without a catalyst, or lower temperatures and pressures in the presence of a catalyst

c) What is ‘reforming’? Explain how it is done and why it is

necessary
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 Reforming uses heat and pressure to convert unbranched fractions into cycloalkanes
(e.g. cyclohexane) and arenes (e.g. benzene). These products are used in petrol and as
a feedstock for a wide range of organic chemicals including many pharmaceuticals
and dyes

d) Sulfur is removed from the products used as fuels.

Why is this necessary?

Sulfur is removed from products used as fuels, such as gasoline and diesel, because
sulfur compounds in fuel can contribute to air pollution. When these fuels are burned
in engines, sulfur can be converted into sulfur dioxide (SO2) and other sulfur oxides.
Sulfur oxides are major contributors to air pollution, leading to problems like acid
rain and adverse health e ects, including respiratory issues.
Reducing sulfur content in fuels is a crucial step in mitigating air pollution and
meeting environmental regulations. Ultra-low sulfur fuels have become a standard in
many regions to reduce the emissions of sulfur dioxide and its harmful e ects on the
environment and human health

e) What are the main pollutants coming directly from car

engines?
Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, PM, hydrocarbons, sulfur
dioxide.

f) *Discuss how alternative fuels, such as bioethanol, reduce

the impact of CO2 emissions, and their impact, if any, on
other pollutants you mentioned in e)

Bioethanol o ers a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fossil fuels.

Bioethanol is a renewable fuel made from organic materials, typically crops like corn,
sugarcane, or cellulosic biomass. Unlike fossil fuels, the carbon released when
burning bioethanol is part of the natural carbon cycle. When plants grow, they absorb
CO2 from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. This carbon is then stored in the
plant's biomass, which becomes the source material for bioethanol production. When
bioethanol is burned as fuel, it releases CO2, but this CO2 is roughly balanced by the
CO2 absorbed during the growth of the feedstock. Therefore, bioethanol has a
signi cantly lower net impact on atmospheric CO2 levels compared to fossil
fuels.Bioethanol tends to produce fewer nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate
matter (PM) emissions compared to conventional gasoline. NOx emissions are
reduced because bioethanol has a lower combustion temperature, which leads to less
formation of NOx. Additionally, bioethanol has oxygen in its molecular structure,
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which can help improve combustion e ciency and reduce the formation of particulate
matter.

11) This question concerns electrophilic addition and nucleophilic

substitution reactions.
a) Explain what is meant by an electrophile and give an example.

Electrophiles are electron de cient species and can accept an electron pair from
electron rich species.Examples include carbocations and carbonyl compounds. A
nucleophile is electron rich species and donates electron pairs to electron de cient
species

b) The following alkene is reacted with HBr. Write an equation

for this reaction, showing with curly arrows the way in which
the electrons move.
Alkene: CH3CH=CH2

CH3CH=CH2 + HBr → CH3CH(Br)CH3

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