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Arduino

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3 views3 pages

Arduino

Uploaded by

samayjain242
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Battery types

lead-acid batteries are cheap and durable, but they are heavy and have a low energy
density. LiPo batteries are light and have a high energy density, but they are
expensive and require careful handling and charging.

2
Battery specifications

capacity is the amount of charge that the battery can store, measured in ampere-
hours (Ah) or milliampere-hours (mAh). The higher the capacity, the longer the
battery can run, but also the heavier and larger it will be.

3
Battery calculations

the total amount of power drawn from the battery, measured in watts (W), as well as
the duration that your robot can operate on a single charge, measured in hours (h)
or minutes (min).
the physical dimensions of the battery, measured in millimeters (mm) or inches
(in), as well as its mass, measured in grams (g) or ounces (oz).
optimal balance between performance, efficiency, and cost for your robotics system.

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Multiple Batteries
Check the nominal voltage of each of the products you selected:
Electronics (microcontroller, motor controller power, etc) usually operate at 9V-
12V. Some operate at low as 3.3V and 5V.
Actuators (DC gear motors, stepper motors, servos, etc) usually operate at 6V to
12V. A few operate as low as 3V
Sensors usually operate 5V

Discharge Rate
The continuous discharge rate of a battery is very important because if you choose
a battery that cannot discharge at the required current, the robot will either not
work properly or not work at all.

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LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) An LDR is a type of resistor that changes its
resistance in response to changes in light intensity. It is often used in
applications where light detection is required, such as in photodiodes, optical
sensors, and light-sensitive circuits. The resistance of an LDR decreases as the
light intensity increases, allowing it to be used as a variable resistor.

Pull-up Resistor
A Pull-up resistor is a type of resistor used to pull a digital input pin to a high
logical level (usually 5V) when there is no input signal. This is achieved by
connecting the resistor between the input pin and the power supply voltage (Vcc).
The Pull-up resistor ensures that the input pin is always in a known state,
preventing it from floating or being affected by external noise.

Pull-down Resistor
A Pull-down resistor is a type of resistor used to pull a digital input pin to a
low logical level (usually 0V) when there is no input signal. This is achieved by
connecting the resistor between the input pin and ground (GND). The Pull-down
resistor ensures that the input pin is always in a known state, preventing it from
floating or being affected by external noise.

Applications
LDR: Photodiodes, optical sensors, light-sensitive circuits.
Pull-up Resistor: Digital circuits, microcontrollers, and embedded systems.
Pull-down Resistor: Digital circuits, microcontrollers, and embedded systems.
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Types of Sensors
Temperature Sensors: These detect temperature changes and are used in HVAC systems,
weather stations, and industrial processes.

Proximity Sensors: They detect the presence or absence of an object without


physical contact. Types include infrared, ultrasonic, capacitive, and inductive
sensors.

Pressure Sensors: Used to measure pressure of gases or liquids. Common in


automotive, industrial, and medical applications.

Motion Sensors: Detect movement of objects or humans. Examples include


accelerometers, gyroscopes, and passive infrared (PIR) sensors.

Light Sensors: Measure light intensity or brightness. Photodiodes,


phototransistors, and LDRs (light-dependent resistors) are examples.

Humidity Sensors: Measure humidity levels in the air. Found in weather stations,
HVAC systems, and industrial applications.

Gas Sensors: Detect the presence of specific gases in the environment. Used in
industrial safety, environmental monitoring, and air quality control.

Force Sensors: Measure the force applied to them. Common in industrial automation
and robotics.

Servo Motor Codes


Servo motors are controlled using pulses of varying widths. Here’s a basic overview
of how servo motor control codes work:

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): Servo motors receive PWM signals to determine their
position. The duty cycle of the PWM signal determines the position of the servo
motor's shaft.

Timing: Typically, servo motors require a PWM signal with a frequency of around 50
Hz. The width of the high pulse (typically between 1 ms to 2 ms) within each cycle
determines the position of the servo motor shaft.

Servo.h library is included.


myservo.attach(9) attaches the servo signal wire to digital pin 9.
myservo.write(angle) sets the servo position based on the angle parameter (0 to 180
degrees).
delay(1000) pauses execution for 1000 milliseconds (1 second) before moving to the
next position.
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