CUBO A Mathematical Journal

Vol.15, N¯o 02, (79–88). June 2013

Squares in Euler triples from Fibonacci and Lucas numbers

Zvonko Čerin
University of Zagreb,
Kopernikova 7, 10010 Zagreb, CROATIA, Europe,
[email protected]

ABSTRACT

In this paper we shall continue to study from [4], for k = −1 and k = 5, the infi-
nite sequences of triples A = (F2n+1 , F2n+3 , F2n+5 ), B = (F2n+1 , 5F2n+3 , F2n+5 ),
C = (L2n+1 , L2n+3 , L2n+5 ), D = (L2n+1 , 5L2n+3 , L2n+5 ) with the property that the
product of any two different components of them increased by k are squares. The se-
quences A and B are built from the Fibonacci numbers Fn while the sequences C and
D from the Lucas numbers Ln . We show some interesting properties of these sequences
that give various methods how to get squares from them.

RESUMEN

En este artı́culo continuaremos el estudio de [4], para k = −1 y k = 5, las secuen-

cias infinitas de tripletas A = (F2n+1 , F2n+3 , F2n+5 ), B = (F2n+1 , 5F2n+3 , F2n+5 ),
C = (L2n+1 , L2n+3 , L2n+5 ), D = (L2n+1 , 5L2n+3 , L2n+5 ) con la propiedad que el pro-
ducto de dos componentes diferentes que se aumenta en k son cuadrados. Las secuencias
A y B se construyen con los números de Fibonacci Fn mientras que las secuencias C
y D se construyen con los números de Lucas Ln . Mostramos algunas propiedades in-
teresantes de estas secuencias que entregan muchos métodos de cómo conseguir los
cuadrados de ellos.

Keywords and Phrases: D(k)-triple, Fibonacci numbers, Lucas numbers, square, symmetric
sum, alternating sum, product, component
2010 AMS Mathematics Subject Classification: 11B37, 11B39, 11D09.
80 Zvonko Čerin CUBO
15, 2 (2013)

1 Introduction
b
For integers a, b and c, let us write a ∼ c provided a + b = c2 . For the triples A = (a, b, c),
D d e
e = (e
D = (d, e, f) and A e e
a, b, e means that b c ∼
c) the notation A ∼ A e and a b ∼f e
e, c a ∼ b
a c. When
k
e for A D
D = (k, k, k), let us write A ∼ A e Hence, A is the D(k)-triple (see [1]) if and only if
∼ A.
k
e such that A ∼ A.
there is a triple A e

In the paper [4] we constructed infinite sequences α = {α(n)}∞

n=0 and β = {β(n)}n=0 of D(−1)-
∞

triples and γ = {γ(n)}∞ n=0 and δ = {δ(n)}n=0 of D(5)-triples. Here, α(n) = A = (F2n+1 , F2n+3 ,
∞

F2n+5 ), β(n) = B = (F2n+1 , 5F2n+3 , F2n+5 ) and γ(n) = C = (L2n+1 , L2n+3 , L2n+5 ), δ(n) =
D = (L2n+1 , 5L2n+3 , L2n+5 ), where the Fibonacci and Lucas sequences of natural numbers Fn
and Ln are defined by the recurrence relations F0 = 0, F1 = 1, Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2 for n > 2 and
L0 = 2, L1 = 1, Ln = Ln−1 + Ln−2 for n > 2.
The numbers Fk make the integer sequence A000045 from [6] while the numbers Lk make
A000032.
The goal of this article is to further explore the properties of the sequences α, β, γ and δ. Each
member of these sequences is an Euler D(−1)- or D(5)-triple (see [2] and [3]) so that many of their
properties follow from the properties of the general (pencils of) Euler triples. It is therefore interest-
ing to look for those properties in which at least two of the sequences appear. This paper presents
several results of this kind giving many squares from the components, various sums and products of
the sequences α, β, γ and δ. Most of our theorems have also versions for the associated sequences
e γ
e , β,
α e and e δ, where α e (n) = Ae = (F2n+4 , F2n+3 , F2n+2 ), β(n)
e =B e = (L2n+4 , F2n+3 , L2n+2 ),
e(n) = C
γ e = (L2n+4 , L2n+3 , L2n+2 ), eδ(n) = De = (5F2n+4 , L2n+3 , 5F2n+2 ) satisfy A −1 e B −1
∼ A, e
∼ B,
5 5
e and D ∼ D.
C∼C e

2 Squares from products of components

−1
The relations A ∼ A e and C ∼5 Ce imply that the components of A and C satisfy A2 A3 −1 ∼ Ae1
5
e
and C2 C3 ∼ C1 . Our first theorem shows that the product A2 A3 C2 C3 is in a similar relation
with respect to 1. Of course, the other products A3 A1 C3 C1 , A1 A2 C1 C2 as well as B2 B3 D2 D3 ,
B3 B1 D3 D1 and B1 B2 D1 D2 exhibit a similar property.

Theorem 1. The following hold for the products of components:

1 1 9
A2 A3 C2 C3 ∼ F4n+8 , 5 B2 B3 D2 D3 ∼ L4n+8 ,
9 9
A3 A1 C3 C1 ∼ F4n+6 , B3 B1 D3 D1 ∼ F4n+6 ,
1 1 9
A1 A2 C1 C2 ∼ F4n+4 , 5 B1 B2 D1 D2 ∼ L4n+4 .
 CUBO Squares in Euler triples ... 81
15, 2 (2013)

√ √ j
−ψj
Proof. Let ϕ = 1+ 5
2 and ψ = 1− 5
2 = −ϕ1
. Since Fj = ϕϕ−ψ and Lj = ϕj + ψj , it follows that
ϕ2 n+3 −ψ2 n+3 ϕ 2 n+5
−ψ 2 n+5
A2 = ϕ−ψ , A3 = ϕ−ψ and C2 = ϕ2 n+3 + ψ2 n+3 , C3 = ϕ2 n+5 + ψ2 n+5 .
16 8 16 2
1
After the substitutions ψ = − ϕ and M = ϕn , the sum of A2 A3 C2 C3 and 1 becomes ϕ (M −ψ )
20 M8
.
However, this is precisely the square of F4n+8 . This shows the first relation. The other relations
have similar proofs.

e γ
e , β,
The version of the previous theorem for the sequences α e and e
δ is the following result.

e B,
Theorem 2. The products of components of A, e C
e and D
e satisfy:

e 2A
A e 3C e3 ∼1 F4n+5 ,
e2 C e2B
B e3D e 3 ∼1 L4n+5 ,
e 2D

e 3A
e 1C e1 ∼1 F4n+6 ,
e3 C 1 e e e e 1
A 25 B3 B1 D3 D1 ∼ F4n+6 ,

e 1A
A e 2C e2 ∼1 F4n+7 ,
e1 C e1B
B e2D e 2 ∼1 L4n+7 .
e 1D

e2 = ϕ2 n+3 −ψ2 n+3 e3 = ϕ2 n+2 −ψ2 n+2 e2 = ϕ2 n+3 + ψ2 n+3 and C

e3 = ϕ2 n+2 +
Proof. Since A ϕ−ψ , A ϕ−ψ , C
e 2A
ψ2 n+2 , the sum of A e 3C
e2 C
e3 and 1, after the substitutions ψ = − 1 and M = ϕn , becomes
ϕ
ϕ10 (M8 +ψ10 )2
5 M8
. However, the square of F4n+5 has the same value. This proves the first relation
1
e 2A
A e 3C
e2 C
e3 ∼ F4n+5 . The remaining five relations in this theorem have similar proofs.

The same kind of relations hold also for the products of components from all four sequences
α, β, γ and δ.

Theorem 3. The following relations for products of components hold:

1 1 1
A2 B3 C2 D3 ∼ F4n+8 , 25 A3 B2 C3 D2 ∼ F4n+8 ,

9 9
A3 B1 C3 D1 ∼ F4n+6 , A1 B3 C1 D3 ∼ F4n+6 ,

1 1 1
25 A1 B2 C1 D2 ∼ F4n+4 , A2 B1 C2 D1 ∼ F4n+4 .

Proof. Since B3 = A3 and D3 = C3 , the first relation is the consequence of the first relation in
Theorem 1.
In order to prove the second relation, notice that B2 = 5 A2 and D2 = 5 C2 so that the multi-
plication of the identity behind the first relation in Theorem 1 with 25 we conclude that the second
relation holds. The other relations in this theorem have similar proofs.

There is again the version of the previous theorem for the products of components from all
e γ
e , β,
four sequences α e and e
δ.
82 Zvonko Čerin CUBO
15, 2 (2013)

e B,
Theorem 4. The products of components of A, e C
e and D
e satisfy:

e 2B
A e 3 ∼1 L4n+5 ,
e2 D
e3C A e 2 ∼1 F4n+5 ,
e3 D
e2C
e 3B

e 3B
A e 1 ∼9 L4n+6 ,
e3 D
e1C A e 3 ∼9 L4n+6 ,
e1 D
e3C
e 1B

e 1B
A e 2 ∼1 F4n+7 ,
e1 D
e2C A e 1 ∼1 L4n+7 .
e2 D
e1C
e 2B

e2 = B
Proof. Since A e 2 and C
e2 = De 2 , the first, the second, the fifth and the sixth relations are the
consequence of the second, the first, the fifth and the sixth relations in Theorem 2.
In order to prove the third relation, note that the components A e 3, B
e 1 and Ce3 , D
e 1 are
ϕ2 n+2 −ψ2 n+2 ) 2n+4 2n+4 2n+2 2n+2 5(ϕ2 n+4 −ψ2 n+4 )
ϕ−ψ ϕ, +ψ ,ϕ +ψ and ϕ−ψ . It is now clear from the
proof of Theorem 1 that the sum of A e1C
e 3B e 1 and 9 is precisely the square of L4n+6 . This shows
e3 D
the third relation. The fourth relation has a similar proof.

Nice relationships of the same kind hold also for the products of components with other choices
of indices.

Theorem 5.

1 0 1 0
5 A2 B2 C3 D3 ∼ F2n+3 L2n+5 , 5 A3 B3 C2 D2 ∼ F2n+5 L2n+3 ,

0 0
A3 B3 C1 D1 ∼ F2n+5 L2n+1 , A1 B1 C3 D3 ∼ F2n+1 L2n+5 ,
1 0 1 0
5 A1 B1 C2 D2 ∼ F2n+1 L2n+3 , 5 A2 B2 C1 D1 ∼ F2n+3 L2n+1 .

Proof. Since B2 = 5A2 , A2 = F2n+3 and C3 = D3 = L2n+5 , the product 51 A2 B2 C3 D3 is the

square of F2n+3 L2n+5 . The other claims in this theorem have similar proofs.

The version of the previous theorem for the products of components from all four associated
sequences is the following result.
e B,
Theorem 6. The products of components of A, e C
e and D
e satisfy:

A e2C
e 2B e3 0
e3 D e 3B
A e3C e2 0
e2 D
∼ F2n+3 , ∼ L2n+3 ,
5 F4n+4 F4n+4

1e e e e 1 1e e e e 1
5 A 3 B 3 C 1 D1 ∼ F4n+6 , 5 A 1 B 1 C 3 D3 ∼ F4n+6 ,

A e1C
e 1B e2 0
e2 D e 2B
A e2C e1 0
e1 D
∼ L2n+3 , ∼ F2n+3 .
F4n+8 5 F4n+8

e2 = B
Proof. Since A e 2 = F2n+3 , C
e3 = L2n+2 , D
e 3 = 5F2n+2 , we see that the first relation clearly
holds. The others in this theorem are proved similarly.
 CUBO Squares in Euler triples ... 83
15, 2 (2013)

This time the pairs (A, D) and (B, C) have equal indices.

Theorem 7. The following hold for the products of components:

1 1 1 1
5 A2 B3 C3 D2 ∼ F4n+8 , 5 A3 B2 C2 D3 ∼ F4n+8 ,

9 9
A3 B1 C1 D3 ∼ F4n+6 , A1 B3 C3 D1 ∼ F4n+6 ,

1 1 1 1
5 A1 B2 C2 D1 ∼ F4n+4 , 5 A2 B1 C1 D2 ∼ F4n+4 .

Proof. Since A2 = F2n+3 , B3 = F2n+5 , C3 = L2n+5 and D2 = 5L2n+3 , the sum of 51 A2 B3 C3 D2

and 1 is F4n+6 F4n+10 + 1 = F24n+8 . The other claims in this theorem have similar proofs.

Once again the version of the previous theorem for the associated sequences includes interesting
relations.

e B,
Theorem 8. The products of components of A, e C
e and D
e satisfy:

e 2B
A e3Ce3 D
e2 0 e 3B
A e2Ce2 D
e3 0
∼ L2n+2 , ∼ F2n+2 ,
F4n+6 5 F4n+6

1e e e e 0 1e e e e 0
5 A 3 B 1 C 1 D3 ∼ F2n+2 L2n+4 , 5 A 1 B 3 C 3 D1 ∼ F2n+4 L2n+2 ,

e 1B
A e2Ce2 D
e1 0 e 2B
A e1Ce1 D
e2 0
∼ F2n+4 , ∼ L2n+4 .
5 F4n+6 F4n+6

Proof. Since A e 2 = F2n+3 Be3 = C

e3 = L2n+2 , De 2 = L2n+3 and F2n+3 L2n+3 = F4n+6 we see that the
first relation clearly holds. The other relations in this theorem are proved similarly.

It is interesting that in some cases we can even mix components of the triples A, B,
C, D and A,e B, e C,
e D e as the relations A e 2 ∼1 F4n+8 , A
e 2 B 3 C3 D e 2 C3 D3 ∼0 F2n+3 L2n+5 and
e2 B
e 2 C1 D1 ∼0 F2n+3 L2n+1 show, but we do not see a general pattern here.
e2 B
A

3 Squares from symmetric sums

Let σ1 , σ2 , σ3 : Z3 → Z be the basic symmetric functions defined for x = (a, b, c) by

xσ1 = a + b + c, xσ2 = b c + c a + a b, xσ3 = a b c. Let σ∗2 , σ∗1 : Z3 → Z be defined by
xσ∗2 = b c − c a + a b and xσ∗1 = a − b + c. Note that xσ∗1 is the determinant of the 1 × 3 matrix
[a, b, c] (see [5]).
For the sums σ2 and σ∗2 of the components the following relations are true.
84 Zvonko Čerin CUBO
15, 2 (2013)

Theorem 9. The following is true for the sums σ2 of the components:

21 69
Aσ2 Cσ2 ∼ 4 F4n+6 , Bσ2 Dσ2 ∼ 16 F4n+6 ,

eσ C
A eσ ∼5 2 F4n+7 , eσ D
B e σ 45
∼ 10 F4n+6 .
2 2 2 2

Proof. Since Aσ2 = 51 (4L4n+6 + 13) and Cσ2 = 4L4n+6 − 13, the sum Aσ2 Cσ2 + 21 is
1 2
5 [(4L4n+6 ) − 64] that we recognize as the square of 4F4n+6 . This proves the first relation
21
Aσ2 Cσ2 ∼ 4 F4n+6 . The other relations in this theorem have similar proofs.

The sums B e σ∗ and D

e σ∗ have constant values −1 and 5. On the other hand, we have the
2 2

following result.

Theorem 10. The following is true for the sums σ∗2 of the components:
−3 −51
Aσ∗2 Cσ∗2 ∼ 2 F4n+6 , Bσ∗2 Dσ∗2 ∼ 14 F4n+6 , A eσ∗ ∼5 2 F4n+6 .
e σ∗ C
2 2

Proof. Since Bσ∗2 = 51 (14L4n+6 + 23) and Dσ∗2 = 14L4n+6 − 23, the sum Bσ∗2 Dσ∗2 − 51 is the quo-
196(L2
4n+6 −4)
tient 5 . It is now easy to check that this is the square of 14 F4n+6 . This proves the
−51
second relation Bσ∗2 Cσ2 ∼ 14 F4n+6 . The other relations in this theorem have similar proofs.

Some similar relations where all four letters A, B, C and D appear make the following result.

Theorem 11. The following is true for the sums σ∗2 of the components:

e σ∗ D
A e σ∗ C
e σ∗ + B eσ∗ = 6, e σ∗ C
A e σ∗ 10
e σ∗ D
e σ∗ + B ∼ 2 F4n+5 ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

e σ∗ B
−A e σ∗ ∼9 2 L4n+5 .
e σ∗ D
e σ∗ C
2 2 2 2

Proof. Since Be σ∗ = −1, A e σ∗ = 1 (2 L4n+5 + 3), C

eσ∗ = 2 L4n+5 − 3 and D e σ∗ = 5, it follows that
2 2 5 2 2
e e e e
Aσ∗2 Dσ∗2 + Bσ∗2 Cσ∗2 = 6. The second and the third relations in this theorem have similar proofs.

Here are two relations which contains both sums σ2 and σ∗2 .

Theorem 12. The following is true for the sums σ2 and σ∗2 :

1 2 −74
36 (Aσ2 Dσ2 − Bσ∗2 Cσ∗2 ) ∼ F4n+6 , 3Bσ∗2 Cσ∗2 − Aσ2 Dσ2 ∼ 2 L4n+6 + 6.

Proof. Since the sums Bσ∗2 , Aσ2 , Cσ∗2 and Dσ2 are equal 15 (14 L4n+6 + 23), 51 (4 L4n+6 + 13),
1
2 L4n+6 + 1 and 16 L4n+6 − 37, we infer that the sum 36 (Aσ2 Dσ2 − Bσ∗2 Cσ∗2 ) + 2 is the square
of F4n+6 . The second relation in this theorem has analogous proof.

In the next result we consider the products of the same components of the triples A, B, C and
D and the product of their components.
 CUBO Squares in Euler triples ... 85
15, 2 (2013)

Theorem 13. The following relations hold:

0 0
A1 B1 C1 D1 ∼ F4n+2 , A2 B2 C2 D2 ∼ 5 F4n+6 ,
0 0
A3 B3 C3 D3 ∼ F4n+10 , Aσ3 Bσ3 Cσ3 Dσ3 ∼ 5 F4n+2 F4n+6 F4n+10 .

Proof. Since the product F2n+5 L2n+5 is F4n+10 , A3 = B3 = F2n+5 and C3 = D3 = L2n+5 , it fol-
lows that A3 B3 C3 D3 = (F2n+5 L2n+5 )2 = F24n+10 . This proves the third relation. The other rela-
tions have similar proofs.

e B,
The products of the same components of the triples A, e C
e and D
e and the product of their
components appear in the following result.

Theorem 14. The following relations are true:

1e e e e 0 1e e e e 0
5 A 1 B 1 C 1 D1 ∼ F4n+8 , 5 A 3 B 3 C 3 D3 ∼ F4n+4 ,

e 2B
A e2C e 2 ∼0 F4n+6 ,
e2 D eσ B
A eσ Ceσ De σ ∼0 5 F4n+8 F4n+6 F4n+4 .
3 3 3 3

Proof. Since Ae 3 = F2n+2 , B

e 3 = L2n+2 , Ce3 = L2n+2 , De 3 = 5 F2n+2 and F2n+2 L2n+2 = F4n+4 , it
1e e e e
follows that the product 5 A3 B3 C3 D3 is the square of F4n+4 . This proves the second relation. The
other relations in this theorem have similar proofs.

The products of the sums σ1 and σ∗ of the components of the triples A, B, C and D show the
e B,
same kind of relations. This is also true for the associated triples A, e C
e and D.
e

Theorem 15. The following relations hold for the sums σ1 and σ∗1 :
0
Aσ1 Bσ1 Cσ1 Dσ1 ∼ 32 F4n+6 , 1 e e e e 1
144 Aσ1 Bσ1 Cσ1 Dσ1 ∼ F4n+7 ,
0 1 e ∗e ∗ e ∗ e ∗ 1
Aσ∗1 Bσ∗1 Cσ∗1 Dσ∗1 ∼ 4 F4n+6 , 64 Aσ1 Bσ1 Cσ1 Dσ1 ∼ F4n+5 .

Proof. The sums of the components Aσ1 , Bσ1 , Cσ1 and Dσ1 are equal 4 F2n+3 , 8F2n+3 , 4 L2n+3 and
8 L2n+3 . Hence, the product Aσ1 Bσ1 Cσ1 Dσ1 is the square of 32 F4n+6 since F2n+3 L2n+3 = F4n+6 .
This proves the above first relation. The other relations in this theorem have similar proofs.

In the next result we combine the sums σ1 and σ∗1 in each product.

Theorem 16. The following relations hold for the sums σ1 and σ∗1 :
0 0
Aσ1 Bσ∗1 Cσ1 Dσ∗1 ∼ 8 F4n+6 , Aσ∗1 Bσ1 Cσ∗1 Dσ1 ∼ 16 F4n+6 ,

1 e e ∗e ∗e 1 2 F4n+6 + 1, 1 e ∗e e e ∗ 1 2 F4n+6 − 1,
24 Aσ1 Bσ1 Cσ1 Dσ1 ∼ 24 Aσ1 Bσ1 Cσ1 Dσ1 ∼

1 e e ∗e e ∗ 1 1 e ∗e e ∗e 1
64 Aσ1 Bσ1 Cσ1 Dσ1 ∼ F4n+7 , 144 Aσ1 Bσ1 Cσ1 Dσ1 ∼ F4n+5 .
86 Zvonko Čerin CUBO
15, 2 (2013)

Proof. The sums of the components Aσ1 , Bσ∗1 , Cσ1 and Dσ∗1 are equal 4 F2n+3 , −2 F2n+3 , 4 L2n+3
and −2 L2n+3 . The product Aσ1 Bσ∗1 Cσ1 Dσ∗1 is therefore the square of 8 F4n+6 since F2n+3 L2n+3
= F4n+6 . This proves the first relation. The other relations in this theorem have analogous
proofs.

4 Squares from the sums of squares

For a natural number k > 1, let the sums νk , ν∗k : Z3 → Z of powers be defined for x = (a, b, c) by
xνk = ak + bk + ck and xν∗k = ak − bk + ck .
We proceed with the version of the Theorem 9 for the sums ν2 of the squares of components.
Theorem 17. The following relations are true for the sums ν2 :
1 −11 1 −59
4 Aν 2 Cν 2 ∼ 4 F4n+6 , 4 B ν 2 Dν 2 ∼ 16 F4n+6 ,

1e e −3 1e e −27
4 Aν 2 Cν 2 ∼ 2 F4n+6 , 4 B ν 2 Dν 2 ∼ 8 F4n+6 .

2 1
Proof. Since Aν2 and Cν2 are 5 (4 L4n+6 + 3) and 2(4 L4n+6 − 3), the difference of 4 Aν 2 Cν 2 and
16(L2
4n+6 −4) L2
4n+6 −4
11 is equal 5 . But, one can easily check that 5 = F24n+6
so that the above quotient
is the square of 4 F4n+6 . This concludes the proof of the first relation. The other relations in this
theorem have similar proofs.

The next is the version of the Theorem 10 for the alternating sums ν∗2 of the squares of
components.
Theorem 18. The following relations are true for the sums ν∗2 :
1 −7 1 41
4 Aν 2 Cν 2 ∼ 3 F4n+6 , 4 B ν 2 Dν 2 ∼ 9 F4n+6 ,
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

1e ∗e ∗ 1 1 e ∗ e ∗ −23
4 Aν 2 Cν 2 ∼ F4n+6 , 4 B ν 2 Dν 2 ∼ 7 F4n+6 .

Proof. Notice that the alternating sums of squares of components Aν∗2 and Cν∗2 are 25 (3 L4n+6 + 1)
and 2(3 L4n+6 + 1). Hence, the sum of 14 Aν∗2 Cν∗2 and −7 is equal to the following quotient
9(L2
4n+6 −4)
5 .
This quotient is in fact the square of 3 F4n+6 . This proves the first relation. The
remaining three relations in this theorem have similar proofs.

Certain sums of products of the sums ν∗2 of components show the same behavior.
Theorem 19. The following relations are true for the sums ν∗2 :
1 17 √
8 (Aν2 Dν2 + Bν∗2 Cν∗2 ) ∼ −27 F4n+6 ,
∗ ∗

1 e ∗e ∗ −11 √
e ν∗ ) ∼
e ν∗ C
8 (A ν 2 Dν 2 +B 2 2
7 F4n+6 .
 CUBO Squares in Euler triples ... 87
15, 2 (2013)

Proof. Notice that the alternating sums of squares of components A e ν∗ , B

e ν∗ , C
eν∗ and D
e ν∗ are
2 2 2 2
2
2 F2n+2 F2n+4 , 5 (7 L4n+6 + 9), 2 L2n+2 L2n+4 and 2(7 L4n+6 − 9). Hence, the sum of
1 e ∗e ∗
√
(A ν Dν + B e ν∗ C
eν∗ ) and −11 is equal to the square of 7 F4n+6 . This proves the second relation.
8 2 2 2 2

The first relation has a similar proof.

5 Squares from the products ⊙, ⊲ and ⊳

Let us introduce three binary operations ⊙, ⊲ and ⊳ on the set Z3 of triples of integers by the rules
(a, b, c) ⊙ (u, v, w) = (a u, b v, c w), (a, b, c) ⊲ (u, v, w) = (a v, b w, c u), and

(a, b, c) ⊳ (u, v, w) = (a w, b u, c v).

This section contains four theorems which show that the operations ⊙, ⊲ and ⊳ are also the
source of squares from components of the eight sequences.

Theorem 20. The following relations for the sequences A, B, C and D hold:
−76 61
(A ⊙ B)σ1 (C ⊙ D)σ1 ∼ 12 F4n+6 , (A ⊲ B)σ1 (C ⊲ D)σ1 ∼ 4 L4n+5 and
61
(A ⊳ B)σ1 (C ⊳ D)σ1 ∼ 4 L4n+7 .

Proof. Since (A ⊲ B)σ1 = 4 F4n+5 + 5 and (C ⊲ D)σ1 = 5(4 F4n+5 − 5), it follows that the sum of
(A ⊲ B)σ1 (C ⊲ D)σ1 and 61 is the product 16(5 F24n+5 − 4), i. e., the square of 4 L4n+5 . This proves
the second relation. The first and the third could be established similarly.

Theorem 21. The following relations for the sequences A, B, C and D hold:
1 1 69
4 (A ⊙ B)σ∗1 (C ⊙ D)σ∗1 ∼ F4n+6 , (A ⊲ B)σ∗1 (C ⊲ D)σ∗1 ∼ 2 F4n+2 and
69
(A ⊳ B)σ∗1 (C ⊳ D)σ∗1 ∼ 2 F4n+10 .

Proof. Since the sums (A ⊲ B)σ∗1 and (C ⊲ D)σ∗1 are 15 (2 L4n+2 + 19) and 2 L4n+2 − 19, it follows
that the sum of (A ⊲ B)σ∗1 (C ⊲ D)σ∗1 and 69 is the square of 2 F4n+2 . This is the outline of the
proof of the second relation. The similar proofs of the first and the third relation are left to the
reader.

e B,
Theorem 22. The following relations for the triples A, e C
e and D
e hold:
36 −3
e ⊙ B)
(A e σ (Ce ⊙ D)
e σ ∼ 31 F4n+3 + 7 F4n , (A
e ⊲ B)
e σ (C
e ⊲ D)
e σ ∼ 2 F4n+8 , and
1 1 1 1
29
e ⊳ B)
(A e σ (Ce ⊳ D)
e σ ∼ 4 F4n+7 .
1 1

Proof. Since the sums (A e ⊳ B)

e σ and (C e ⊳ D)
e σ are 1 (2 L4n+8 + 1) and 2 L4n+8 − 1, it follows that
1 1 5
the sum of (Ae ⊳ B)
e σ (Ce ⊳ D)
e σ and −3 is the square of 2 F4n+8 . This is the outline of the proof of
1 1

the third relation. The similar proofs of the first and the second relation are left to the reader.
88 Zvonko Čerin CUBO
15, 2 (2013)

Theorem 23. The following relations hold for the triples A, e B,

e C e and D:
e
36 29
e ⊙ B)
(A e σ ∗ (Ce ⊙ D)
e σ∗ ∼ 23 F4n+3 + 5 F4n , e ⊲ B)
(A e ⊲ D)
e σ ∗ (C e σ∗ ∼ 4 F4n+5 and
1 1 1 1
−3
e e ∗ e e
(A ⊳ B)σ (C ⊳ D)σ ∼ 2 F4n+4 .
∗
1 1

Proof. Since the sums (A e ⊳ B)

e σ∗ and (C e ⊳ D)
e σ∗ are − 1 (2 L4n+4 + 1) and 1 − 2 L4n+4 , it follows
1 1 5
e ⊳ B)
that the difference of (A e σ ∗ (Ce ⊳ D)
e σ∗ and 3 is the square of 2 F4n+4 . This is the outline of the
1 1

proof of the third relation. The similar proofs of the first and the second relation are left to the
reader.

Received: March 2010. Accepted: September 2012.

References

[1] E. Brown, Sets in which x y + k is always a square, Mathematics of Computation, 45 (1985),

613-620.

[2] Z. Čerin, On pencils of Euler triples, I, Sarajevo Journal of Mathematics, 8 (1) (2012), 15–31.

[3] Z. Čerin, On pencils of Euler triples, II, Sarajevo Journal of Mathematics, 8 (2) (2012),
179-192.

[4] Z. Čerin, On Diophantine triples from Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, (preprint).

[5] M. Radić, A definition of determinant of rectangular matrix, Glasnik Mat. 1 (21) (1966),
17-22.

[6] N. Sloane, On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences,

http://www.research. att.com/∼njas/sequences/.