Cisco Packet Tracer & WireShark

Lab-1

Creating transmission media-

Required devices:
1. Computing Devices - Pc
2. NIC (Network Interface Card) - Required to connect the device to the network
3. Transmission Media -
a. Guided (Wired) -
i. Twisted pair cable - 2 types of cable. CAT5 & CAT6. CAT5 has 4 pairs of
cable which are twisted. CAT6 has a plastic cross between the 4 pairs.
The wires are twisted to repel electromagnetic interference.
ii. Coaxial cable - It is a copper wire, plastic shield, silver mesh (to repel
electromagnetic interference), rubber insulation. ( Ex: dish line )
iii. Fiber optic cable - It is like a transparent white plastic strand. Carries
light pulse. So the electrical signal has to be converted to a light pulse.
Light emitting diode, photo diode.
b. Unguided (Wireless)
4. Switch/Hub - Connecting multiple pc in a network.
5. Connectors - RJ45 (Resistor Jack 45).

Connecting switch with Pc:

Straight through cable: Straight through cable is the specific orientation of the 8 wires in the
twisted pair cable when Connecting a switch with Pc.

Solid Mixed

Orange White Orange

Blue White Blue

 Green White Green

Brown White Brown

No Straight Through Cable Orientation 568B standard PC Pins Switch Pins

1 White Orange Transmit Receive

2 Orange

3 White Green

4 Blue

5 White Blue

6 Green

7 White Brown

8 Brown Receive Transmit

Lab-2

Connecting Pc with Pc:

Crossover cable: Crossover cable is the specific orientation of the 8 wires in the twisted pair
cable when Connecting a Pc with another Pc.

Crossover Cable Orientation 568B/568A standard

No 1st end 568B 2nd end 568A PC Pins

1 White Orange White Green Transmit

2 Orange Green Transmit

3 White Green White Orange Receive

4 Blue Blue

5 White Blue White Blue

6 Green Orange Receive

7 White Brown White Brown

8 Brown Brown

Auto mdix: It can detect the orientation of the wires and can set the pins befitting that
orientation. So both ends of the wire can be the same orientation.

IP address-

IPv4: IP version 4 a 32 bit long address.

Ex:
Decimal notation: 192.168.10.15
Binary: 11000000 10110111 00001010 00001111

cmd-

ipconfig: Shows PC IP address

Ipconfig -all: Shows a detailed information
ping ip_address: Get a reply from the given ip address. Thes reply packets are called ICMP
(Internet Control Messaging Protocol) packet

Lab-3

MAC: Medium access control 48 bits. MAC address also called physical address. In the data
link layer the devices communicate using MAC addresses. The address is in hexadecimal.

ARP: Address resolution protocol. It runs in the backend. When we ping an ip address, It finds
the MAC address for the given ip address to communicate with that ips device. After finding the
MAC address it stores in an ARP table, so next time if we ping that same IP it will look for its
corresponding MAC address in the ARP table.

cmd-

arp -a: shows the ARP table.

tracert url/ip: Shows the devices the packet hopped to reach its destination.
ping ip_address -t: continuously will ping the ip address.

[ Note: www.cnn.com. Here, www = web server host name which is under cnn.com ]

DNS(Domain Name System): Gives the ip address against the given url. When we ping a url in
the backend the DNS finds the url's corresponding IP address.

TTL: Time to leave. It is the lifespan of the packet. Ex: TTL = 10 means that after hopping on 10
devices the packet will be deleted.

Simulation programs:
1. Cisco packet tracer
2. OPNET
3. OMNET
4. NS2/NS3
5. Simulink
Lab-4

IP address/ DHCP -

DHCP- Dynamic host Configuration Protocol

Switch Model : 2960

Lab-5

Web server and DNS server-

[ Note: DNS, WWW all falls under the application layer. ]

[ Note: http://www.cnn.com/filename here, http:// is a protocol, www.cnn.com is the domain

where www is a host machine under cnn.com, filename is the requested file we want. So there
is an IP address under www.cnn.com ]

Lab-6

Router: 2811

Router config commands-

en/enable: Enables the router and gives administrator privilege.

config: Enter the config mode
interface fa0/1(any interface): Goes to config the fa0/1 interface of the router.
no shut: ups the link
do wr: saves the configuration
exit: goes to the previous step/folder
Setting up routers fa0/0 interface-

Setting up routers fa0/1 interface-

Lab-7

Multiple routers-

Router config commands-

show ip route: Shows which networks are connected to the router

ip destinationIP subnetMask hopIP: Creates that routers routing table

Router: routerPT
Wire: DCE wire for router to router connection in the serial port. One end of this wire is DCE and
the other is DTE.
DCE: Data communication equipment. It will have a clock
DTE: Data terminal equipment

[ Note: we used a distance vector routing algorithm here.]

Setting up router 1 fa0/0 & se2/0 interface-
Setting up routers 3 fa0/0 & se2/0 interface-
Setting up router 1’s routing table & checking connected networks -
Setting up router 2’s routing table & checking connected networks -

Lab-8

OSPF (Open shortest path first) routing algorithm-

[ Note: OSPF is under link state routing ]

Router config commands-

router OSPF process_id: Defines the ospf algorithm/protocol
network directly_Connected_Network wildcard_mask area area_number: adding the
directly connected networks to the routers routing table.

Wildcard_mask: Max number of ip address which is 255.255.255.255 minus the subnet mask.
Example:
255.255.255.255
255.255.255.0
Wildcard mask:- 0.0.0.255

Setting up router 1’s routing table and OSPF-

Setting up router 2’s routing table and OSPF-

Setting up router 3’s routing table and OSPF-

Lab-9

Wireshark