Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

CSE341

Slide-Set 06
26th Sep 2023
 Recap of Sessions so far

Introduction to Communication Contention Based with Scheduling Mechanism

Cellular Networks and Ad Hoc Networks u Distributed Priority Scheduling (DPS) and Multi-
hop coordination
Issues with Ad Hoc Networks
u Distributed Wireless Ordering Protocol (DWOP)
Media Access protocols
u Distributed Laxity based priority scheduling
u Classes of Media Access protocols scheme (DLPS)
u Contention Based Protocols
u Contention Based with Reservation
Protocols
About Assignment
General Information

u Group Formation
u Expect it to be closed today
u Else, those not in any group please request your CR to assign to
some group
u Any group size less than 4 people will NOT be acceptable
u No group can contain students from A and B section combined
u Date of Submission
u 10th November, Friday (just before the Deepavali Break)
Format for the submission

Each Group submits one Report

u Please do not make multiple submissions from each group
Restrict the
Naming Format
report to
u Section A: Axx.doc (or Axx.pdf) where xx is the Group Number about 8-12
u Section B: Bxx.doc (or Bxx.pdf) where xx is the Group Number pages max
SOFTCOPY Only – PDF or Word Document
To be submitted ONLINE (A folder will be created and shared)
Title Page to contain the following information
u Title (any relevant and suitable title cane be provided)
u Generic title like “Assignment for Ad hoc Networks course” are NOT acceptable titles
u GROUP Number
u Names and Roll-Numbers of all the Group-Members
 Sections in the document

Introduction
Due weightage
u Set the context explaining the theme very briefly in a 1-2 paragraphs for how well you
Overview of the papers considered can draw the
story-line
u Just provide a very brief, in about a couple of lines on each paper that has
been considered for the document
u Bring the connectivity between the papers considered (an abstract of the
story)
Detailed write up on the papers considered
This is a
u Detailed story recommendation
u Can make the summary (or write up) of each paper a sub-section can add more
Conclusion sections
u Any inferences from the story
u Ideas for possible further ideas or topics for research to explore
MAC Protocols that use
Directional Antennas
 With Directional Antennas

Advantages over Omnidirectional antennas

u Reduced signal interference
u Increased System throughput
u Improved channel-reuse – result in increased overall
capacity of channel
One Radio transceiver in each node
u Transmit and receive only one packet at a time
u Equipped with M-directional antennas
u Each antenna with conical radiation pattern spanning
an angle
u Transmission by adjacent antennas never overlap –
complete attenuation of signal outside the cone
Reading Assignment

u 3 Protocols in MAC Protocols with Directional Antennas

u To be read from the Textbook (Section 6.8)
Multi-Channel MAC Protocol
(MMAC)
 MMAC

Multi=channel for data transmission Beacon Intervals

u No dedicated control channel u Time divided into “Beacon Intervals”
u N channels with enough spectral separation u Every node synchronized by periodic beacon
between channels transmissions
u N has no connection with the number of Nodes Ad hoc Traffic indication messages (ATIM)
Preferred Channel List (PCL) window
u Each Node maintains its PCL u A window in the start of the beacon interval

u Three category of Channels u IF a node has a data to send it sends a ATIM

message in this window
u HIGH preference Channel
u Medium Preference Channel
Other Control messages
u LOW preference Channel – has a counter u ATIM-ACK (ATIM acknowledge)
attached to count the number of flows chosen u ATIM-RES (ATIM reservation)
this channel
Set up procedure
u Source node sends the ATIM (includes its PCL
in the message)
u Receiver goes through the received PCL and
compares with its PCL and picks a likely
channel
u ATIM-ACK response carries the Channel
number
u If Source can transmit on the channel, it
responds with ACK-RES with Channel number
u Else, it backs-off to attempt again in the next
beacon-interval
Data transmission
u Starts with RTS-CTS-DATA-ACK format on the
chosen Channel
u Starts after the end of the ATIM Window
Channel Selection

Receiver dominant player in protocol

u Selects the channel and shares to Source node
Channel Selection
u Selects its HIGH channel if available
u Else, the HIGH of the Source node if available
u Next in priority, it looks at a MEDIUM channel that appears in both the PCLs
u Else, picks a channel that appears in one of the MED list
u Last – picks the LOW that has the smallest counter value amongst all the LOW
channels in its PCL and Source-PCL
Multi-Channel CSMA MAC
Protocol (MCSMA)
MCSMA

Multiple Channels
u Available bandwidth (W) divided into multiple N channels
u Channels are non-overlapping, each bandwidth is W/N
u Source node picks at random an Idle channel
u An idle channel is one that is not transmitting packets

Idle node
u Monitors all the channels continuously
u Channel whose Total Received Signal Strength (TRSS) is below a sensing threshold (ST) is
marked as IDLE
u Time time at which the TRSS drops below ST is noted for every channel
u Such channels are put into the Free-channel list
Channel selection

IF free-channel list empty

u Waits for any channel to become IDLE
u And waits for additional Long Inter-Frame Space (LIFS) time
u And another random access back-off period
u IF the channel remains IDLE for all the while, the the node starts transmitting on this
channel
IF free-channel list is Non-Empty
u Selects anyone of the free-channel randomly and starts transmitting
Channel Selection (contd.)

TRSS Check
u Node checks if TRSS has remained below ST for LIFS time
u Otherwise, back—off is initiated to wait for a time period that will take it beyond
the LIFS
HIGH channel
u Data packet transmitted on the selected channel
u The Channel ID is noted by the Source node as the HIGH in the PCL
When N sufficiently large
u Every node will reserve a channel for itself as its HIGH in its PCL
u As the node prefers the channel used in its last successful transmission for its next
transmission also
u This reduces the contention of two nodes for the same channel for transmission
Power Control MAC Protocol
(PCM)
PCM

Variation of Power levels

u On a per-packet basis
u Based on BASIC power control protocol
BASIC power control protocol

Maximum power transmission for Control packets

u RTS and CTS sent with maximum power Pmax
u The hand-shake used to determine the power of transmission for subsequent DATA
and ACK packets
Two methods
u RTS sends packet with Pmax and received at Receiver with power Pr
u Based on Pmax and Pr, and the noise levels, receiver node calculates the desired
power level Pdesired for the Data and ACK packets
u Receiver node specifies this Pdesired in the CTS packet to Sender node
Power control Methods

Second method
u When Receiver node receives RTS, it responds with CTS with max power Pmax
u The Source node calculates the Desired Power to transmit the DATA and ACK

The Pdesired
u calculated using the formula

u Where Rxthresh is the minimum necessary signal strength and c is a constant

 Issue with BASIC scheme

A node N1 is in carrier-
sensing zone of N2 if it
can sense the signal but
cannot decode correctly
as the strength is very low

X and Y defer
transmissions for a period
EIFS to not interfere with
the RTS-CTS exchange

EIFS – Extended inter-frame space

Issue with BASIC Scheme

Signal strength of DATA ACK

u Less than RTS/CTS
u Cannot be sensed by X and Y
u If X or Y transmit after the EIFS period
u Packet from X can collide with ACK at node A
u Packet from Y can collide with DATA at node B
PCM Modification

Minimize the probability of collisions

u The source node transmits the DATA at two power levels
u At Maximum power Pmax periodically – the duration of such Pmax power transmission
being larger than that required for carrier sensing
u For every EIFS duration power is brought down to Pdesired

Std inter-frame space

Receiver based Auto rate
Protocol (RBAR)
 RBAR Protocol

Rate Adaptation Approach

u At the receiver node
u Dynamically switching data rates to match channel conditions
u Optimize throughput for the given channel conditions Details of the
Two processes protocol self-
reading from
u Channel quality estimation
Textbook – Section
u Rate selection 6.9.4
Rate adaptation
u At receiver node – to avoid quality estimates becoming stale over
time (required to exchange information with Source)
RTS-CTS
u Carry chosen modulation rate and Data-packet size
Interleaved Carrier-sense
multiple access protocol
(ICSMA)
ICSMA

Two channels
u Total available bandwidth split into two EQUAL channels
u Hand-shaking is interleaved between the two channels
u Uses basic RTS-CTS-DATA-ACK of MACAW
u Source node transmits in one channel
u Receiver node responds in another channel
 Details –
refer Sec
6.9.5 in
textbook