CVL100: Environmental Science

Prof Sovik Das

Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi
Block-V, Room No.-305
Email: [email protected]

9 April 2024
Wastewater engineering

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Wastewater Treatment & Management
• Wastewater engineering is that branch of environmental engineering in which the basic

principles of science and engineering are applied for solving the issues associated

wastewater treatment and management.

• Wastewater treatment is the removal of impurities from wastewater, before it reaches

aquifers or natural waterbodies such as rivers, lakes, estuaries, and oceans.

• Wastewater management is a holistic approach to protect water resources and it is defined

as the collection, treatment, and reuse of wastewater.

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Wastewater Management (WWM)
Wastewater Management

Waste Water

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 Wastewater Management
• Wastewater is any water that requires cleaning after it is used.

• Wastewater includes discharges from laundry, bathing, dishwashing, toilets, garbage disposals, and
industries.

• Wastewater also includes rainwater that has accumulated pollutants as it runs into oceans, lakes, and
rivers. Sources of wastewater

Toilets Bathing Basins Laundry Industries Rainwater 5

 Aims of WWM
• The goal of wastewater management is to clean and protect water so that water must be clean enough to be used
by people for drinking and washing, and by industry for commercial purposes.
• It also must be clean enough to discharged into water bodies likes oceans, lakes, and rivers after it has been used.

Reuse

Wastewater

Safe disposal 6
 Discharge standards
Table 1: General standards for discharge of environmental pollutants as per CPCB

Parameter Surface water Sewers Land for irrigation Marine body

Suspended solids
100 600 200 100
(SS, mg/L)
pH 5.5 to 9
Oil and grease
10 20 10 20
(O & G, mg/L)
Biochemical oxygen
demand 30 350 100 100
(BOD, mg/L)
Chemical oxygen
demand 250 - - 250
(COD, mg/L)

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 Pollutants
• Organic matter (dissolved or colloidal)

• Pathogens

• Nutrients

• Suspended solids and sediments (both organic and inorganic)

• Inorganic pollutants (salts and metals)

• Thermal pollution

• Radioactive pollutants

• Xenobiotics and biorefractory pollutants

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 Organic Matter
• It is present in either suspended, colloidal or dissolved form and thus consumes
dissolved oxygen (DO) when discharged into aquatic water bodies.
• This leads to foul odour and DO depletion of the water body.
• Depletion of the DO can lead to serious problems and can adversely affect aquatic
ecosystem, if the DO falls below 4.0 mg/L.

DO depletion affecting aquatic ecosystem Foul odour

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 Sources of Organic Matter

Organic matter from toilets Oil and Grease Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

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 Pathogens
• Pathogens like viruses and bacteria are present in fecal matter, urine and other
body fluids.

• Viruses and bacteria can cause water borne diseases, such as cholera, typhoid,
dysentery, polio and hepatitis in human.

• If pathogens containing wastewater is discharged into water bodies then it can

spread diseases to the people using it as the source of drinking water.

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 Sources of Pathogens

Faecal matter and urine Body fluids from coughing, sneezing and sweating

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Nutrients

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Sources of Nutrients

Fertilizers Pesticides

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Faecal matter and urine
 Effects of Discharging Nutrients

Excessive growth of aquatic weeds and algae (algal bloom)

Skin and eye irritation, gastroenteritis and vomiting

Blue baby disease in infants
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 Suspended Solids
• Suspended solids (SS) comprise of silt, sand and minerals eroded from land.

• These appear in the water through the surface runoff during rainy season and room
cleaning/washing.

Produced from surface runoff and room cleaning

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 Effect of Suspended Solids
• Presence of SS in wastewater can reduce storage capacities of reservoirs due to
siltation.
• Presence of suspended solids can block the sunlight penetration in the water,
which is required for the photosynthesis by bottom vegetation.

Leads to siltation reducing storage capacity Severely affects aquatic animals

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 Thermal Pollution
• Thermal pollution results due to the discharge of hot water from thermal power plants,
nuclear power plants, and industries where water is used as coolant.

Produced from wastewater discharged from thermal power plants, nuclear power plants
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 Effects of Thermal Pollution
• If hot water is discharged, the temperature of water body increases, which reduces the DO
thus adversely affecting the aquatic life.

• The discharge of hot water leads to the thermal stratification in the water body, where hot
water will remain on the top.

Lead to death of aquatic organisms and thermal stratifications 19

Radioactive Pollutants

Mining activity Research and medical applications

Industries Nuclear plants and reactors 20

 Effects of Radioactive Pollutants
Radioactive pollutants accumulate in the bones, teeth and can cause serious
disorders in both offspring and parents.

Weak tooth & bones Genetic disorders in offspring

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 Xenobiotic Compounds
• A xenobiotic is a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally
produced or expected to be present within the organism.

• It can also cover substances that are present in much higher concentrations than are
usual.

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 Biorefractory Compounds
• Biorefractory compounds are substances, which resist decomposition by ordinary
biological mechanisms and hence are persistent in the environment.

• Examples – Chemicals like phenolic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

(PAHs), fulvic acid and humic acid, herbicides and pesticides

• They can lead to biomagnification and bioaccumulation.

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Biomagnification & Bioaccumulation
Bioaccumulation is the buildup of absorbed
chemicals in an organism over time.
Biomagnification is the increase in
concentration of these chemicals in each
organism up the food chain.

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 Need for Treatment

Conserve natural ecosystems Preserve Earth’s biodiversity 25

 Need for Treatment

Prevent water borne diseases To practise safe faming and irrigation

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 Treatment Processes
Physical Unit Operations: Treatment methods in which the application of physical forces
predominates are known as physical unit operations. Most of these methods are based on
physical forces, e.g. screening, mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, flotation, and
filtration.

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Screens Sedimentation tank
 Treatment Processes
Chemical Unit Processes: Treatment methods in which removal or conversion of
contaminant is brought by addition of chemicals or by other chemical reactions are
known as chemical unit processes, for example, precipitation, gas transfer, adsorption,
and disinfection.

Precipitation Gas transfer using aerators 28

 Treatment Processes
• Biological Unit Processes: Treatment methods in which the removal of contaminants is
brought about by biological activity are known as biological unit processes.
• This is primarily used to remove biodegradable organic substances from the
wastewater, either in colloidal or dissolved form.

Activated sludge process (ASP) Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) 29

 Treatment Methods
• Based on the stage of the treatment, these can be classified as:

➢ Primary Treatment: Refers to physical unit operations.

➢ Secondary Treatment: Refers to chemical and biological unit

processes.

➢ Tertiary Treatment: Refers to any one or combination of two or all

three i.e., physical unit operations and chemical or biological unit
processes, used after secondary treatment.
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Treatment Methods

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Important definitions

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 Definitions
• Sewage - It indicates the liquid waste originating from the domestic uses of
water like sullage, discharge from toilets, urinals, wastewater generated
from commercial establishments, institutions, industrial establishments
and also the stormwater that may enter into the sewers.
• Sanitary sewage: Sewage originated from the residential buildings comes
under this category. This is very foul in nature. It is the wastewater generated
from the lavatory basins, urinals and water closets of residential buildings,
office building, theatre and other institutions. It is also referred as domestic
wastewater.
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 Pollutants present in sewage
Decomposition of sewage produces large quantities of malodorous gases, and it
contains numerous pathogenic or disease producing bacteria, along with high
concentration of organic matter and suspended solids.

Organic matter Disease causing microbes Suspended solids Produces foul gases
(Pathogens)
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 Grey water
• Greywater or sullage refers to domestic wastewater generated in households or office
buildings from streams without fecal contamination, i.e., all streams except for the
wastewater from toilets.
• Sources of greywater include sinks, showers, baths, washing machines or dishwashers.
• As greywater contains fewer pathogens than blackwater, it is generally safer to handle and
easier to treat and reuse onsite for toilet flushing, landscape or crop irrigation, and other
non-potable uses.
• Greywater may contain traces of dirt, food, grease, hair, and certain household cleaning
products.
• While greywater may look “dirty,” it is a safe and even beneficial source of irrigation
water.
• If greywater is released into rivers, lakes, or estuaries, its nutrients become pollutants, but to
plants, they are valuable fertilizer.
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 Black water
• Blackwater denotes wastewater from toilets which likely contains pathogens that may
spread by the fecal–oral route.
• Blackwater can contain feces, urine, water and toilet paper from flush toilets.

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 Definitions
• Stormwater - It indicates the water that has originated from rain, snow and ice
melt.
• It mainly contains silty matter; however, less organic matter and pathogens.

Originates from Contains

Rain Snow & Ice Sand or silt Pathogens

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 Definitions
• Industrial wastewater - It is the wastewater generated from the various
industrial sectors.
• It contains objectionable organic and inorganic compounds that may not be
amenable to conventional treatment processes.

Industries Toxic chemicals

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 Definitions
• Night Soil: It is a term used to indicate the human and animal excreta
entering in sewers through water carriage system.
• Subsoil water: Groundwater that enters into the sewers through leakages is
called subsoil water.
• Wastewater: Wastewater is water generated after the use of freshwater, raw
water, drinking water or saline water in a variety of deliberate applications or
processes. Businesses and industries also contribute their share of used water
that must be treated prior to disposal.

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 Definitions
• Sewer - It is an underground conduit or drain through which sewage is carried
from the point of generation to the point of discharge or treatment.
• There are three types of sewer systems that are commonly used for sewage
collection, namely, separate sewers, combined sewers and partially separate
sewers.

Underground pipelines Pipes & conduits Drains

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 Definitions
• Sewerage - The term sewerage refers the infrastructure which includes device,
equipment and appurtenances for the collection, transportation and pumping of
sewage.

• However, it excludes the treatment system of sewage.

• Basically, it is a water carriage system designed and constructed for collecting and
carrying of sewage through sewers from the source to point of discharge or treatment.

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 Sewerage Network

Sewers
Pumps Manholes
Treatment plant

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Sewerage Network

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 Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)
• It is a facility designed to receive the wastewater from domestic, commercial and
industrial sources and to remove materials that damage water quality and
compromise public health and safety when discharged into water receiving systems
or land.

• It is the combination of unit operations and unit processes developed to treat the
sewage to desirable standards to suit effluent discharge norms defined by the
regulating authority.

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Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)

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Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)

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Population forecasting

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 Population forecasting
• Design of water supply and sanitation scheme is based on the projected
population of a particular city, estimated for the design period.
• Any underestimated value will make system inadequate for the purpose
intended; similarly overestimated value will make it costly.
• Changes in the population of the city over the years occur, and the system should be
designed taking into account of the population at the end of the design period.
• Factors affecting changes in population are:
• increase due to births
• decrease due to deaths
• increase/decrease due to migration, pandemic
• increase due to colonization, war, invasion etc.
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 Methods used for population forecasting
• Arithmetical Increase Method
• Geometrical Increase Method/Geometrical Progression Method
• Incremental Increase Method
• Graphical Method
• Comparative Graphical Method
• Master Plan Method
• Logistic Curve Method
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 Arithmetical Increase Method
• This method is suitable for large and old city with considerable
development.
• If it is used for small, average or comparatively new cities, it will give
lower population estimate than actual value.
• In this method the average increase in population per decade is calculated
from the past census reports.
• This increase is added to the present population to find out the population
of the next decade.
• Thus, it is assumed that the population is increasing at constant rate.
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 Arithmetical Increase Method
• The population of a city for the last few years are given below. Estimate
the population in 2020, 2030 and 2040 by arithmetic increase
method.
Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Population
908 1008 1109 1223 1320
(in millions)

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 Arithmetical Increase Method
• Solution

Year Population (in millions) Increment (in millions)

1970 908 -
1980 1008 100
1990 1109 101
2000 1223 114
2010 1320 97

Avg. increment = (100+101+114+97)/4 103millions

Population in the year of 2020 = 1320+103*1 1423millions

Population in the year of 2030 = 1320+103*2 1526millions
Population in the year of 2040 = 1320+103*3 1629millions

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 Geometrical Increase Method
• In this method the percentage increase in population from decade to decade is
assumed to remain constant.
• Geometric mean increase is used to find out the future increment in
population.
• Since this method gives higher values and hence should be applied for a new
industrial town at the beginning of development for only few decades.
• The population at the end of nth decade ‘Pn’ can be estimated as:

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 Geometrical Increase Method
• The population of a city for the last few years are given below. Estimate
the population in 2020, 2030 and 2040 by geometrical increase
method.
Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Population
908 1008 1109 1223 1320
(in millions)

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 Geometrical Increase Method
• Solution
Population (in Increment (in
Year Rate of growth
millions) millions)
1970 908 - -
1980 1008 1008-908=100 100/908=0.110
1990 1109 1109-1008=101 101/1008=0.100
2000 1223 1223-1109=114 114/1109=0.103
2010 1320 1320-1223=97 97/1223=0.079

Geometric mean = (0.110*0.100*0.103*0.079)^(1/4) 0.097 or 9.7%

Population in the year of 2020 = 1320*(1+0.097)^1 1448millions

Population in the year of 2030 = 1320*(1+0.097)^2 1588millions
Population in the year of 2040 = 1320*(1+0.097)^3 1743millions

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 Incremental Increase Method
• This method is modification of arithmetical increase method and it is suitable for an
average size town under normal condition where the growth rate is found to be in
increasing order.
• While adopting this method, the increase in increment is considered for calculating
future population.
• The incremental increase is determined for each decade from the past population and
the average value is added to the present population along with the average rate of
increase.

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 Incremental Increase Method
• The population of a city for the last few years are given below. Estimate
the population in 2020, 2030 and 2040 by incremental increase
method.
Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Population
908 1008 1109 1223 1320
(in millions)

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 Incremental Increase Method
• Solution
Year Population (in millions) Increment (in millions) [X] Incremental increase [Y]
1970 908 - -
1980 1008 1008-908=100 -
1990 1109 1109-1008=101 101-100=1
2000 1223 1223-1109=114 114-101=13
2010 1320 1320-1223=97 97-114=-17
Total 100+101+114+97=412 -3
Average 412/4=103 -3/3=-1

Population in the year of 2020 = 1320+1*103+1*(-1) 1422millions

Population in the year of 2030 = 1320+2*103+3*(-1) 1523millions
Population in the year of 2040 = 1320+3*103+6*(-1) 1623millions

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 Comparison between methods
Population (in Arithmetic increase Geometric increase Incremental
Year
millions) method method increase method
1970 908 - - -
1980 1008 - - -
1990 1109 - - -
2000 1223 - - -
2010 1320 - - -
2020 - 1423 1448 1422
2030 - 1526 1588 1523
2040 - 1629 1743 1623

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 Logistic Curve Method

• This method is used when the growth rate of population due to births, deaths and
migrations takes place under normal situation and it is not subjected to any extraordinary
changes like epidemic, war, earthquake or any natural disaster.

• This method follows the principle that the population follows the growth curve
characteristics of living things within limited space and economic opportunity.

• If the population of a city is plotted with respect to time, the curve so obtained under
normal condition looks like S-shaped curve and is known as logistic curve.

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 Logistic Curve Method

• The point of inflextion of the logistic growth equation represents the point of maximum population growth rate.
• Saturation population is populations when the growth is nearly to zero and shows the maximum population a city can hold.
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Logistic Curve Method

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 Logistic Curve Method
If only three pairs of characteristic values P0, P1, P2 at times t = t0 = 0, t1 and t2 = 2t1 extending over the past record are
chosen, the saturation population Ps and constant m and n can be estimated by the following equations:

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 Logistic Curve Method

• Forecast population of a city for year 2031 using logistic curve method. The past population
of a city in three consecutive decades, i.e., in year 2001, 2011 and 2021 was 36,300; 76,400
and 118,700, respectively. Determine (a) the saturation population, (b) the expected
population in 2031.

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 Logistic Curve Method

• Forecast population of a city for year 2031 using logistic curve method. The past population
of a city in three consecutive decades, i.e., in year 2001, 2011 and 2021 was 36,300; 76,400
and 118,700, respectively. Determine (a) the saturation population, (b) the expected
population in 2031.

• Solution:

• Saturation population=161203, m=3.44, n=-0.113

• Population in 2031=144456

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Logistic Curve Method

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Sewage characteristics

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 Sewage characteristics
• Characterization of wastes is essential for an effective and economical design
of treatment plant.
• It helps in the choice of treatment methods deciding the extent of treatment,
assessing the beneficial uses of wastes and utilizing the waste purification
capacity of natural bodies of water in a planned and controlled manner.
• While analysis of wastewater in each particular case is advisable, data from
the other cities may be utilized during initial stage of planning.
• The factors which contribute to variations in characteristics of the domestic
sewage are daily per capita use of water, quality of water supply and the
type, condition and extent of sewerage system, and habits of the people.
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 Temperature
• The observations of temperature of sewage are useful in indicating solubility
of oxygen, which affects transfer capacity of aeration equipment in aerobic
systems, and rate of biological activity.

• Extremely low temperature affects adversely on the efficiency of biological

treatment systems and on efficiency of sludge settling.

• In general, under Indian conditions, the temperature of the raw sewage is

observed to be between 15 and 35°C at various places in different seasons.

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 pH
• The hydrogen ion concentration expressed as pH, is a valuable parameter in
the operation of secondary treatment units like biological and chemical
units.

• The pH of the fresh sewage is slightly more than the water supplied to the
community due to the presence of residual chlorine in water supplied.

• However, decomposition of organic matter may lower the pH, while the
presence of industrial wastewater may produce extreme fluctuations.

• Generally the pH of raw sewage is in the range 5.5 to 8.0. 70

 Colour and Odour
• Fresh domestic sewage has a slightly soapy and cloudy appearance depending
upon its concentration.
• As time passes the sewage becomes stale, darkening in colour with a
pronounced smell due to microbial activity.

Raw sewage Treated sewage

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 Solids
• Though sewage generally contains less than 0.5 percent solids, the rest being water,
still the nuisance (choking and blocking) caused by the solids cannot be
overlooked, as these solids are highly degradable and therefore need proper
disposal.
• The sewage solids may be classified into dissolved solids, suspended solids and
volatile suspended solids.
• The estimation of suspended solids, both organic and inorganic, gives a general
picture of the load on sedimentation and grit removal system during sewage
treatment.
• Dissolved inorganic fraction (salts, minerals, metals etc.) is to be considered when
sewage is used for land irrigation or any other reuse is planned.
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 Nitrogen
• The principal nitrogen compounds in domestic sewage are proteins, amines, amino
acids, and urea.
• Ammonia nitrogen in sewage results from the bacterial decomposition of these
organic constituents.
• Nitrogen being an essential component of biological protoplasm, its concentration
is important for proper functioning of biological treatment systems and disposal
on land.
• Generally, the domestic sewage contains sufficient nitrogen, to take care of the
needs of the biological treatment.
• Generally nitrogen content in the untreated sewage is observed to be in the range of
20 to 50 mg/L measured as Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN=Organic+NH3).
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 Phosphorus
• Phosphorus is contributing to domestic sewage from food residues containing
phosphorus and their breakdown products.
• The use of increased quantities of synthetic detergents adds substantially to the
phosphorus content of sewage.
• Phosphorus is also an essential nutrient for the biological processes.
• The concentration of phosphorus in domestic sewage is generally adequate to
support aerobic biological wastewater treatment.
• However, it will be matter of concern when the treated effluent is to be reused.
• The concentration of PO4 in raw sewage is generally observed in the range of 5 to
10 mg/L. 74
 Chlorides
• Concentration of chlorides in sewage is greater than the normal chloride content
of water supply.
• The daily contribution of chloride averages to about 8 g per person.
• Based on an average sewage flow of 150 LPCD, this would result in the chloride
content of sewage around 50 mg/L higher than that of the water supplied.
• Any abnormal increase should indicate discharge of chloride bearing wastes or
saline groundwater infiltration, the latter adding to the sulphates as well,
which may lead to excessive generation of hydrogen sulphide leading to
corrosion . 75
 Organic Material
• Organic compounds present in sewage are of particular interest for
environmental engineering.
• A large variety of microorganisms (that may be present in the sewage or in the
receiving water body) interact with the organic material by using it as an
energy or material source.
• The utilization of the organic material by microorganisms is called
metabolism.
• The conversion of organic material by microorganism to obtain energy is
called catabolism and the incorporation of organic material in the cellular
material is called anabolism. 76
 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• The BOD of the sewage is the amount of oxygen required for the
biochemical decomposition of biodegradable organic matter under aerobic
conditions.
• The oxygen consumed in the process is related to the amount of
decomposable organic matter.
• The general range of BOD observed for raw sewage is 100 to 400 mg/L.
• Values in the lower range are being common under average Indian cities.

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 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
• The COD gives the measure of the oxygen required for chemical oxidation.
• It does not differentiate between biological oxidisable and nonoxidisable
substances.
• However, the ratio of the COD to BOD does not change significantly for
particular waste and hence this test could be used conveniently for
interpreting performance efficiencies of the treatment units.
• In general, the COD of raw sewage at various places is reported to be in the
range 200 to 700 mg/L.
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 Toxic Metals and Compounds
• Some heavy metals and compounds such as chromium, copper, cyanide,
which are toxic may find their way into municipal sewage through industrial
discharges.
• The concentration of these compounds is important if the sewage is to treat by
biological treatment methods or disposed off in stream or on land.
• In general these compounds are within toxic limits in sanitary sewage;
however, with receipt of industrial discharges they may cross the limits in
municipal wastewaters.
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Solid Waste Management

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 Waste Generation
• Waste is material that has no further value to its owner and is thrown away
• Some has further value to others (reuse)
• Chemical ingredients
• Electronic parts
• Compost for your garden
• Some is just waste (disposal)
• Food wrappings
• Product containers https://www.123rf.com/clipart-vector/food_waste.html

• Household hazardous substances

• As technology develops, something that was previously considered as waste may have
renewed value:
• Food to CH4 for energy production
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Waste generation and characteristics

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 Dumping of solid waste

https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/conservation/issues/deadly-1948-donora-smog-launched-clean-air-movement.htm 83
 Global waste treatment & disposal

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Source: What a waste 2.0
 Global waste composition by income level

Source: What a waste 2.0

85
 Relationship between GDP & waste generation

Source: What a waste 2.0

86
 Waste segregation
ELECTRONICS

NON – RECYCLABLE
MIXED INERTS

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Source: https://depositphotos.com/vector-images/bin.html
Source segregation

88
 6 elements of a waste management system
1. Waste Generation
2. Handling separation storage and processing at source
3. Collection
4. Separation processing and transformation
5. Transfer and transport
6. Disposal

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Integrated solid waste management

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https://wasteadvantagemag.com/evolution-of-integrated-solid-waste-management-systems-enhanced-with-municipal-utilities-and-green-energy-production/
 Recycling
Cons:
Pros:
• Waste oil recycling, newspaper de-inking,
• Save precious resources
solvent and metal recycling can be problematic
• Lessens need for mining of virgin
• Can result in contamination of soil,
materials
groundwater, air
• Lowers environmental impact of
• Require stable market
mining/processing
• Only works if it is convenient
• Stretch landfill capacity
• Curbside pick-up
• Improves efficiency of incinerators
• Drop off centers
and composting facilities
• Mail back programs
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 Composting
• Natural decomposition of organic material

• Need organic, water, oxygen

• Does not use preserved wood, human wastes,

bones, meat, fat, certain weeds

• Individual

• Municipal

• Major factors of consideration: Temperature and

pH

• Major Types: windrow composting & aerated

static pile composting
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https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/pluginfile.php/170069/mod_oucontent/oucontent/13842/90723551/2f744a9c/m4_ss8_fig8.4.jpg
 Waste to Energy
Through
• Heat
• Electricity
• Co-generation (harnessing of useful heat and
electricity from one power plant)
PROS: CONS:
• Reduce volume of waste • Cost
• Recover useful energy
• High degree of sophistication needed to operate safely
• Steam
• Waste • Public perception of safety

• Incinerator ash can be used in • Stack emissions

building material • Toxicity of ash 93

Waste to Energy in India
450

400 382.7

350

300

Capacity in MW
250

200

150

100 69.2 84.3 66.35

50

0
Operational Under Construction Proposed Non-functional
Waste to Energy in India (MW)

Source: Sambyal, S. S., and Richa, A. 2018. To burn or not to burn: Feasibility of Waste to Energy
Plants in India. CSE Publishers, India

94
 Landfilling
• Concept fostered in early 20th century

• An area of land that has solid waste deposited on it in such a quantity to noticeably change the surface
elevation.

• 50-70% of municipal solid waste is landfilled.

Advantages

• Carbon sequestration ?

• Easy and cheap solution !!

• Nutrients from leachate ?

• Energy from landfill gas ?

• A quick fix solution for hazardous and infectious waste ? 95

 Dumping vs Landfill

• Dumps are open places where trash • Landfills are carefully designed and
is buried and where animals swarm. monitored structures that isolate trash
• They offer no environmental from the surrounding environment.
protection and are not regulated. • They typically use a bottom liner and daily
covering of soil.
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 Components of a sanitary Landfill

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https://smartnet.niua.org/sites/default/files/resources/Book%201.pdf
 Problems associated with Landfilling

• Physical amount and disposal sites

• Costs to collect, handle, and dispose
• Litter
• Odor
• Insects (flies, cockroaches) & rodents
• food
• harborage
• Resource lost 98
Solid Waste Management in India

99
 Solid Waste Management rules in India
• To enhance the existing waste management practices, Government of India conglomerated policies
and structure for solid waste management. They are entitled as Solid Waste Management (SWM)
rules 2016.
• Selection Criteria for waste processing technologies was drafted by CPCB in compliance with
National Green Tribunal (NGT).
• A manual is developed by Ministry of Urban Development, which provides stepwise guidance to
local authorities in development of solid waste management systems (CPHEEO, 2016).

100
 Note

Please note that all the slides are not provided in this
file and some slides were removed so that students
who have not attended the classes are at a loss.
Hence, please study the other materials as well and
cover all the topics discussed in the class.

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