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Claasification & Presentation of Data & Statistical Methods

Useful to completing Ph.D.

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9 views40 pages

Claasification & Presentation of Data & Statistical Methods

Useful to completing Ph.D.

Uploaded by

Anil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CLASSIFICATION &

PRESENTATION OF DATA

D R. QU A ZZAF I RA BB ANI
D E PA RT M EN T OF M AT H EM AT IC S & ST A T I ST I C S
I NTE GRA L U NIV E RSI TY, LU CK NO W
ema il : qu azza f i@ iul .ac.i n

.
Module-2 Classification & Presentation of Data

 Geographical classification
 Chronological classification
 Qualitative classification
 Quantitative classification
 Bar diagram
 Histogram
 Pie chart
 Box plot
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA

➢ Introduction
➢ Meaning & Definitions
➢ Characteristics
➢ Objectives
➢ Rules
➢ Types
Introduction

 The raw data collected in any statistical investigation

are usually large and crude in form.

 They cannot be easily understood, and are not

directly fit for further analysis and interpretation.

 After having collected and edited the data, the next

step is to organize it in a systematic manner.


Meaning & Definition

 By organization of data we mean the classification of

data in such a way that the data becomes easy and


convenient to use and handle.

 The various authors have defined “Classification of

data” by different ways.


According to R.L. Connor

 “Classification is the process of arranging things

(either actually or notionally) in groups or classes


according to their resemblances and affinities, and
giving expression to the unity of attributes that may
subsist among a diversity of individuals”
According to Prof. J.R. Hicks

 “Classified and arranged facts speak themselves;

unarranged, unorganized they are dead as mutton”.


According to Secrist

 “Classification is the process of arranging data into

sequences and groups according to their common


characteristics or separating them into different but
related parts”.
According to Stockton & Clark

 “The process of grouping large number of

individual facts and observations on the basis of


similarity among the items is called classification”.
Characteristics of Classification

 Classification forms homogeneous group of data

 The units having similar characteristics are placed in

one class or group.

 The basis of classification is unity in diversity

 The classification may be either real or imaginary


Objectives of Classification

 To simplify and condense the large data

 To present the facts in easily understandable form

 To allow comparisons

 To help further analysis

 To eliminate unwanted data

 To prepare tabulation
Rules of Classification

 Each and every item in data must belong to one of

class.

 Avoid to introduce the residual/ miscellaneous class.

 It should be flexible enough to accommodate new /

changed situations.

 Only one principle must be maintained throughout

the classification
Types of Classification

 Classification can be done by the following ways:

➢ Geographical (on the basis of area or region)

➢ Chronological (on the basis of temporal/time)

➢ Qualitative (on the basis of character / attributes)

➢ Quantitative (on the basis of magnitude)


Geographical Classification

 The classification is based on the geographical


regions at same point of time
 Example: sales of the company (region – wise)
Chronological Classification

 The classification is based on different points of


time.
 Example: Monthly sales reported by a departmental
store
Qualitative Classification

 The classification is based on some attributes/quality

characteristics which are observed by their presence


or absence in given units.

 Example: Sex, Literacy, Education, Class grade etc.

 Further, it may be classified as : Simple & Manifold


Simple classification

 The qualitative classification is done only into two


classes

Population

Male Female
Manifold classification

 The qualitative classification is based on more than


one attribute at a time
Population

Male Female

Literate Illiterate Literate Illiterate

Employed Unemployed Employed Unemployed


Quantitative Classification

 This classification is based on quantitative

measurements of some characteristics, such as age,


marks, income, production, sales etc.

 The quantitative phenomena under study are known

as variable
 Variables are of two kinds: Continuous case &

Discrete case
Continuous Case Classification

 The variables which can take all the possible values


in a given specified range are known as continuous
case
 Example: The monthly income of the employees of a
company is classified as follows
Discrete Case

 The variables which cannot take all the possible


values within a given specified range are known as
discrete (discontinuous) case
 Example: The height of the person is classified as
follows
PRESENTATION OF DATA

➢ Introduction
➢ Types
Introduction

 Once the data has been classified and organized in


accordance with their nature/ characteristics
 Presenting data effectively and efficiently is an art, it
is a good idea to present data as tables, charts,
diagrams.
 Most people find ‘pictures’ much more helpful than
‘numbers’ in the sense that, in their opinion, they
present data more meaningfully.
Types of Presentation

 Data can be presented by the following ways:

➢ Textual Presentation

➢ Tabular Presentation

➢ Graphical Presentation
Textual Presentation

 The small size data are presented in paragraph form.


 It is a combination of texts and figures.
 it is used to explain results and trends and provide
contextual information

 Example: On inspection of the Universities, the


following complaints were noted: 27 for lack of books
in the library, 20 for lack of laboratory equipment, 17
for a not well maintained university buildings
Tabular Presentation

 The raw data presented in rows and columns.


 Each row and column has an attribute.
 It is designed to simplify the presentation and to
facilitate quick comparison.
 A table shows all data at once in a precise way.
 A table may includes totals or percentages
 The tabular presentation has following forms:
Arrays, Simple table, and Multiple table.
Arrays

 An array is a matrix of rows and columns of


numbers which have been arranged in some order
(preferably ascending).
 It is probably the most primitive way of tabulating
information but can be very useful if it is small in
size.
 Some important statistic can immediately be located
by mere inspection.
Arrays (cont…)
 Example: Marks of 25 students

We can easily get following summary:

• Number of observations = 25
• Minimum value = 3
• Maximum value = 66
• Mode = 20
• Median = 24
Simple Tables

 Simple table presents only one variable

 Example: Distribution of age of students


Compound Tables

 A compound table is just an extension of a simple


in which there are more than one variable.
 Example: Data related to course wise result:
Graphical Presentation

 Graphs simplify complex information by using


images and emphasizing data patterns or trends.
 It is also useful for summarizing, explaining, or
exploring quantitative data.
 It may be effective for presenting large amounts of
datasets.
 It includes Line graph, Bar chart, Histogram, Pie
chart, Frequency polygon, Scatter diagram, and Box
plot etc.
Single Line Graph

 This Graph displays information concerning one


variable only , in terms of its frequencies
 Example:
Multiple Line Graph

 This graph displays information on several variables


so that comparison is possible between them
 Example:
Simple Bar Chart

 This chart displays categorical data in the form of bars


whose heights are proportional to the frequencies
 Example:
Multiple Bar Chart

 This chart represents multiple categorical data. The


bars are piled next to one another for each attribute.
 Example:
Histogram

 A two-dimensional vertical bars whose areas are


proportional to the frequencies of the classes and is
used to display continuous variables
 Example:
Frequency Polygon
 The straight lines joining the midpoints of the upper
horizontal side of each rectangle of a histogram
 Polygon ends both side by touching the base line
 Example:
Pie Chart
 A circular graph that displays the relative figure of
(proportion/percentage) of each category.
 Example:
Box Plot
 It displays the five-number summary that includes
the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile,
and maximum values of a set of data.
 Example:
Thanks

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