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15 - 01 - Part 4

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12 views8 pages

15 - 01 - Part 4

Uploaded by

farhanali10d
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Why study the structure of crystalline materials?

• Motivation: Many properties of materials


(especially mechanical) depend on arrangement Example
of the atoms (material’s crystal structure). Pure and un-deformed
Mg and Be, having one
An important distinction… crystal structure, are
much more brittle than
• Atomic structure- the no. of protons and are pure and un-
neutrons in the nucleus of an atom, as well as deformed metals such as
gold and silver, that have
the no. and probability distributions of the yet another crystal
electrons. structure.

• Crystal structure- the arrangement of atoms in


the crystalline solid material.
Crystal structure
Crystalline material-atoms or ions are arranged in a
pattern that repeats itself in three dimensions.
Sometimes the term lattice is used -- which means a
three-dimensional array of points coinciding with
atom positions (or sphere centers).
The atomic order in crystalline solids indicates that
small groups of atoms form a repetitive pattern.
Thus, in describing crystal structures, it is often
convenient to subdivide the structure into small
repeat entities called unit cells.
Crystal system
Different crystal structures are divided into groups- one such grouping is based on unit cell geometry.

a, b, c, α, β, γ are collectively known as the lattice parameters (often also called ‘unit cell parameters’, or just
‘cell parameters’).
Lattice Constants for metals (0.2-0.6 nm).
Many of the 7 crystal systems have
variations of unit cells.
Four basic types of unit cells:
a) Simple
b) Body centered
c) Face cenetred
d) Base centered
Lattice Constants for metals (0.2-0.6 nm).
Many of the 7 crystal systems have
variations of unit cells.
Four basic types of unit cells:
a) Simple
b) Body centered
c) Face cenetred
d) Base centered
Crystal symmetry
A Symmetry operation is an operation that can be performed either physically or imaginatively that results
in no change in the appearance of an object.

Rotational symmetry in a cube

Three 4-fold Six 2-fold Four 3-fold


symmetry axis in a symmetry axis in a symmetry axis in a
cube cube cube
Crystal symmetry
A Symmetry operation is an operation that can be performed either physically or imaginatively that results
in no change in the appearance of an object.

If the reflection in the mirror reproduces the other half of the object, then the object is said to have mirror
symmetry

Reflection symmetry in a cube


Cubic crystal have 9 planes
showing mirror symmetry
Crystalline Structure
• Three Important Crystalline structures in Metals
• FCC (Al, Cu, Ni, Ag etc.)
• BCC (Fe, W, Cr, V etc.)
• CPH (Ti, Mg, Zn, Co etc.)
• Other cubic structures
• Simple cubic (Po only)
• Diamond Cubic (C, Si, Ge etc.)
• Co-ordination No.
• Allotropy/polymorphism

Simple cubic Diamond cubic

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