Day_9 C-Programming

(RECAP OF PREVIOUS DAY)

Structure, Structure within structure, Array of structure, Union, Difference between
Structure and Union, Dynamic Memory Allocation: malloc, calloc, realloc and free.

Structure
A Structure is a collection of elements, which are of different data types.​
It is a user-defined data type that allows grouping variables of different data types under a single
name.

Syntax:
struct StructureName {
dataType member1;
dataType member2;
...
};

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

struct Student {
int id;
char name[50];
float marks;
};

int main() {
struct Student s1 = {1, "Alice", 95.5};

printf("ID: %d\n", s1.id);

printf("Name: %s\n", s1.name);
printf("Marks: %.2f\n", s1.marks);

return 0;
 }

Accessing Members:

●​ Use the dot operator (.) for direct access and use arrow operator(->) to access
members through pointer
●​ Example: s1.id or s1->id (We will see this after malloc function
today)

Differences Between Structures and Arrays:

Aspect Structure Array

Data Type Can store multiple variables of Stores multiple variables of the same
different data types. data type.

Definition Defined using the struct keyword. Declared with the data type followed
Syntax by the size. int a[10]

Memory Memory is allocated for each Memory is allocated as a contiguous

Allocation member individually. block for all elements.

Accessing Accessed using the dot (.) operator Accessed using an index (e.g.,
Elements and the member name. array[index]).

Structure Within Structure

A structure can have another structure as a member.

Example:
 #include <stdio.h>

struct Address {
char city[50];
int pin;
};

struct Employee {
int id;
char name[50];
struct Address addr; // Nested structure
};

int main() {
struct Employee e1 = {1, "John", {"New York", 12345}};

printf("ID: %d\n", e1.id);

printf("Name: %s\n", e1.name);
printf("City: %s\n", e1.addr.city);
printf("PIN: %d\n", e1.addr.pin);

return 0;
}

Array of Structures
An array of structures allows storing multiple records of the same structure type.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>

struct Book {
int id;
char title[50];
float price;
};

int main() {
struct Book books[3] = {
 {1, "C Programming", 300.50},
{2, "Data Structures", 450.75},
{3, "Algorithms", 500.00}
};

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

printf("Book ID: %d\n", books[i].id);
printf("Title: %s\n", books[i].title);
printf("Price: %.2f\n\n", books[i].price);
}

return 0;
}

Union
A union is similar to a structure, but it uses a single shared memory location for all its members.
Only one member can store a value at a time.

Syntax:
union UnionName {
dataType member1;
dataType member2;
...
};

Difference between Structure and union

Structure Union

A structure is a user-defined A union is a user-defined data type

Definition data type that groups that allows storing different data
different data types into a types at the same memory
single entity. location.
Keyword The keyword struct is used to The keyword union is used to
define a structure define a union

Size The size is the sum of the The size is equal to the size of the
sizes of all members, with largest member, with possible
padding if necessary. padding.

Memory Each member within a Memory allocated is shared by

Allocation structure is allocated a individual members of the union.
unique storage area of
location.

Data Overlap No data overlap as members Full data overlap as members

are independent. share the same memory.

Accessing Individual members can be Only one member can be

Members accessed at a time. accessed at a time.

Example:
 #include <stdio.h>

union Data {
int i;
float f
char str[20];
};

int main() {
union Data data;

data.i = 10;
printf("Integer: %d\n", data.i);

data.f = 220.5;
printf("Float: %.2f\n", data.f);

strcpy(data.str, "C Programming");

printf("String: %s\n", data.str);

return 0;
}

___________________________________________

Dynamic Memory Allocation​

​

Dynamic memory allocation allows memory to be allocated at runtime. The standard library
provides functions like malloc, calloc, realloc, and free in <stdlib.h>.
1.​ malloc()

Allocates a single block of memory without initializing it.

Syntax: void* malloc(size);

Example:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
int *ptr;
ptr = (int *)malloc(5 * sizeof(int)); // Allocate memory for 5 integers, 5x2 =10 byte

if (ptr == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed\n");
return 1;
}

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

ptr[i] = i + 1;
}

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

printf("%d ", ptr[i]);
}

free(ptr); // Free the allocated memory

return 0;
}

Example:​
Structure Using arrow operator(->)

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct Student {
int id;
char name[50];
float marks;
 };

int main() {
// Dynamically allocate memory for a structure
struct Student *s1 = (struct Student *)malloc(sizeof(struct Student));

// Assign values using the arrow operator

s1->id = 1;
snprintf(s1->name, sizeof(s1->name), "Alice"); // Use snprintf for strings
s1->marks = 95.5;

// Access and print values using the arrow operator

printf("ID: %d\n", s1->id);
printf("Name: %s\n", s1->name);
printf("Marks: %.2f\n", s1->marks);

// Free allocated memory

free(s1);

return 0;
}

2. calloc()

Allocates memory in multiple contiguous blocks(like in Array) and initializes all elements to zero.

0 0 0 0 0 0

Syntax: void* calloc(n, size);

Difference between malloc() and calloc()​

Feature malloc() calloc()

Prototype void *malloc( size); void *calloc(n, size);

Number of Accepts 1 argument: the Accepts 2 arguments: the number of
Arguments total memory size in bytes. blocks (n) and size of each block.

Memory Allocates one block of Allocates multiple blocks each of

Allocation memory. specified size.

Memory Does not initialize memory Initializes memory to 0 (all allocated

Initialization (contains garbage values). bytes are set to zero).

Usage Commonly used for a single Commonly used when allocating

block of memory. memory for arrays or multiple items.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
int *ptr;
ptr = (int *)calloc(5, sizeof(int)); // Allocate memory for 5 integers, 5 blocks each of 2 Byte

if (ptr == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed\n");
return 1;
}

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

printf("%d ", ptr[i]); // All elements initialized to 0
}

free(ptr); // Free the allocated memory

return 0;
}
3. realloc() – (to Reallocate Memory)

Changes the size of previously allocated memory.

Syntax: void* realloc(void* ptr, size);

Example:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
int *ptr = (int *)malloc(3 * sizeof(int));

if (ptr == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed\n");
return 1;
}

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

ptr[i] = i + 1;
}

// Reallocate memory for 5 integers

ptr = (int *)realloc(ptr, 5 * sizeof(int));

for (int i = 3; i < 5; i++) {

ptr[i] = i + 1;
}

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

printf("%d ", ptr[i]);
}

free(ptr); // Free the allocated memory

return 0;
}

4. free() (to free previously allocated memory)

Releases dynamically allocated memory back to the system.

Syntax: void free(void* ptr);

Important Notes:

1.​ Always use free to release memory allocated with malloc, calloc, or realloc.
2.​ Accessing freed memory leads to undefined behavior.

____________________________

Programs to Practice (HW):

1.​ Define a structure to store employee details and display them.

2.​ Write a program to calculate the total and average marks of a student using a structure.
3.​ Create a program to store and display details of 5 books using an array of structures.
4.​ Implement a structure to store date (day, month, year) and write a program to calculate
the difference between two dates.
5.​ Create a program to store details of a car (model, price, color) and display the most
expensive car.
6.​ Define a structure for a Student with a nested structure for Address (street, city, pin).
7.​ Create a program to store and display details of players, including their personal details
(nested structure).
8.​ Implement a structure for a company with nested structures for employee details and
their department details.
9.​ Write a program to calculate the total salary of employees, where salary details are part
of a nested structure.
10.​Create a structure for a Library with a nested structure for Book and display all the
books by a specific author.
11.​Store and display details of 10 students using an array of structures.
12.​Create a program to store and display details of products in a shop using an array of
structures.
13.​Write a program to calculate the average marks of students stored in an array of
structures.
14.​Implement a program to display the details of employees earning above a specific salary
using an array of structures.
15.​Store and sort details of movies (title, year, rating) using an array of structures.
16.​Create a union to store different types of data (int, float, char) and demonstrate memory
sharing.
17.​Write a program to store and display data of a variable length (e.g., an integer, a float, or
a string) using a union.
18.​Compare and demonstrate memory usage in structures and unions.
19.​Implement a union to represent a record that can store either a student’s marks or
attendance.
20.​Write a program to use a union to store and display a value as both integer and
floating-point number.
21.​Allocate memory for an integer array using malloc and input values dynamically.
22.​Write a program to create a dynamically allocated 2D array using malloc.
23.​Use calloc to allocate memory for an array of integers and initialize all elements to 0.
24.​Demonstrate the use of realloc to resize a dynamically allocated array.
25.​Implement a program to create a linked list using malloc for dynamic memory
allocation.
26.​Create a program to dynamically allocate memory for a string and copy a user-provided
string into it.
27.​Write a program to allocate memory for n students using calloc and input their details.
28.​Demonstrate freeing allocated memory using free after a program finishes execution.
29.​Implement a program to find the sum of an array of numbers entered by the user, using
dynamic memory allocation.
30.​Dynamically allocate memory for a structure (e.g., Student) and input details.
31.​Create a structure to store employee details and dynamically allocate memory for an
array of employees.
32.​Write a program to store book details using an array of structures, allocating memory
dynamically.
33.​Implement a nested structure for storing details of students and dynamically allocate
memory for n students.
34.​Use a union and dynamically allocate memory to store either an integer or a float, based
on user input.
35.​Write a program to store employee details and calculate the average salary, using both
structures and malloc.
36.​Demonstrate the use of calloc to initialize an array of structures with default values.
37.​Create a program to input and display an array of employee details, resizing it using
realloc.
38.​Write a program to store and manipulate date details using dynamic memory allocation
and structures.
39.​Use a structure with dynamically allocated memory to store strings of variable lengths.
40.​Create a dynamic array of unions to store mixed data types and display their contents.