Key Words:

Max value: The largest y-value the graph can have

Min Value: The smallest y-value the graph can have

Amplitude: (Maximum y – minimum value) / 2

Period: The number of degrees the curve takes to repeat itself

Range: The set of y-values the graph can have

Decreasing function: When the y-values get smaller as the x values get bigger

Increasing function: When the y-values get bigger as the x values get bigger
Y = Sin X

ꙫ 0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 180

Sin ꙫ 0 0.5 0.7 0.87 1 0.87 0.7 0.5 0
Sin ꙫ 1 1.5 1.7 1.87 2 1.87 1.7 1.5 1
+1
2 Sin ꙫ 0 1 1.4 1.74 2 1.74 1.4 1 0

ꙫ 210 225 240 270 300 315 330 360

Sin ꙫ -0.5 -0.7 -0.87 -1 -0.87 -0.7 -0.5 0
Sin ꙫ 0.5 0.3 0.13 0 0.13 0.3 0.5 1
+1
2 Sin ꙫ -1 -1.4 -1.74 -2 -1.74 -1.4 -1 0

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5

Sin ꙫ Sin ꙫ +1 2 Sin ꙫ

Max Value 1 2 2
Min Value -1 0 -2
Sin𝜃 is positive 0° < 𝜃 < 180° 0° < 𝜃 0° < 𝜃 < 180°
Sin𝜃 is negative 180° < 𝜃 < 360° 180° < 𝜃 < 360°
Amplitude 1 1 2
Period 360° 360° 360°
Range −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 0≤𝑦≤2 −2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2
Sin𝜃 =0 at 0, 180, 360 0, 180, 360
Y = Cos ꙫ

ꙫ 0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 180

Cos ꙫ 1 0.87 0.7 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.7 -0.87 -1
Cos 2 1.87 1.7 1.5 1 0.5 0.3 0.13 0
ꙫ+1
2 Cos ꙫ 2 1.74 1.4 1 0 -1 -1.4 -1.74 -2

ꙫ 210 225 240 270 300 315 330 360

Cos ꙫ -0.87 -0.7 -0.5 0 0.5 0.7 0.87 1
Cos 0.13 0.3 0.5 1 1.5 1.7 1.87 2
ꙫ+1
2 Cos ꙫ -1.74 -1.4 -1 0 1 1.4 1.74 2

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5

Cos ꙫ Cos ꙫ +1 2 Cos ꙫ

Max Value 1 2 2
Min Value -1 0 -2
Sin𝜃 is positive 0° < 𝜃 < 180° 0° < 𝜃 0° < 𝜃 < 180°
Sin𝜃 is negative 180° < 𝜃 < 360° 180° < 𝜃 < 360°
Amplitude 1 1 2
Period 360° 360° 360°
Range −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 0≤𝑦≤2 −2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2
ꙫ 0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 180
Tan ꙫ 0 0.58 1 1.73 -1.73 -1 -0.58 0
Tan 1 1.58 2 2.73 -0.73 0 0.42 1
ꙫ+1
2 Tan ꙫ 0 1.16 2 3.46 -3.46 -2 -1.16 0

ꙫ 210 225 240 270 300 315 330 360

Tan ꙫ 0.58 1 1.73 -1.73 -1 -0.58 0
Tanꙫ+1 1.58 2 2.73 -0.73 0 0.42 1
2 Tan ꙫ 1.16 2 3.46 -3.46 -2 -1.16 0

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

-1

-2

-3

-4

Ex 13 p 104

Ex 14 p 105
Key Words

Independent Variable – The x-value of the function

Dependant variable- The y-value of the function as it depends on the value of x

Domain: The set of all x-values of a function

Range: The set of all y-values of a function

Cartesian Plane: a 2D plane formed by a horizontal and a vertical number line that intersects
at 0 on each

Horizontal axis or X-axis: The horizontal line of the cartesian plane

Vertical axis or Y-axis: The vertical line of the cartesian plane

Y-intercept: The point where the graph crosses the y-axis ( x=0)

X-intercept: The point where the graph crosses the x-axis (y=0)

A function is the relationship between two sets of numbers.

• First set is the x-values, these values you can choose (the input values) and is called
the independent variable. The x-values are the domain of the relationship.
• Second set of numbers is the y-values and are the output values or the dependant
variables, because the answer depend on the x-value. Their values are the Range of
the relationship

There are different ways to represent a function

• Tables and rules: A table with x-and y values. The x-values the input value into a
rule or formula, and the y are the corresponding output value of the rule.
For the rule y = 2x:

x 1 2 3 4
y 2 4 6 8

• Ordered pairs: The information in the table can be a list of pairs, consisting of the x-
value and their corresponding y-value.
(x;y) : (1;2), (2;4), (3;6) and (4;8)
(1;2): The x-value = 1
The y-value =2

Ex 1 p 117

Function notation:

Function notation is a method of writing y=3x in the form f (x) =3x, thus
y = f(x)
f(x) is said to be the function of x

if y = 4x and x=3 then y = 4(3) = 12.

Using the function notation, f(3)= 4(3) =12
f(-5)= 4 (-5) = -20

If f(x) = 32, it means y=32.

Thus 32 = 4x
X=30/4 = 8

Ex 3, page 120 no. 1

 Plot basic graph

4 Basic graphs.

1. Straight Line: y = x
X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Y -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Y-Values
4

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-1

-2

-3

-4

• Y = x is a function, because for every x-value there is only one y-value

• The gradient of y= x is 1
• The graph goes through the origin (0;0)
• The x- and y-intercepts are both (0;0)
• The domain is 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
• Range us 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑦
• The gradient of a straight line is the slope:
𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑥

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑦2−𝑦1
= (= )
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑋2−𝑥1
 2. Parabola: 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐

X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9

Y-Values
18

16

14

12

10

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

• 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is a function because for every x-value there is only one y-value

• Is symmetrical about the y-axis. The equation of the axis of symmetry is x =0
• This parabola goes through the origin (0;0) and both x-and y-intercepts (0;0)
• Parabola has a minimum value or turning point of (0;0)
• The domain is 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
• Range us 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 ; 𝑦 ≥ 0
 𝟏
3. Hyperbola 𝒚 =
𝒙

X -4 -2 -1 -1/2 0 0.25 0.5 1 2 4

Y -1/4 -1/2 -1 2 4 2 1 0.5 0.25

Y-Values
5

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

1
• 𝑦 = 𝑥 is a function because for every x-value there is only one y-value
• The graph never touches or cuts the x- and y-axes
• The x- and y-axes are asymptotes of the hyperbola
• The hyperbola is symmetrical about the lines y=x and y = -x
• The domain is 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 and 𝑥 ≠ 0
• The range is 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅; 𝑦 ≠ 0
 4. Exponential function: 𝒚 = 𝒃𝒙 , b > 0, 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏

𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙

X -4 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Y 0.0625 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16

Y-Values
9

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

• 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 is a function because for every x-value there is only one y-value

• The exponential function is not symmetrical about any line
• The graph never touches or cuts the x-axis
• For 𝑦 = 2𝑥 the x-axis (y=0) is an asymptote
• The y-intercept of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 is (0;1)
• The domain is 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
• The range is 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑦 > 0
Y=mx + c or y = ax +q
X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Y -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
X+1 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x-1 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

When q > 0, there is a vertical shift up with q units

Where q < 0, there is a vertical down with q units

Y= ax +q
X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Y -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
2x -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
1 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
𝑥
2
-1 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-2

-4

-6

-8

When

a > 1, there is a vertical stretch, with a factor of ‘a’

0< a <1, there is a vertical shrink with a factor of ‘a’

a < 0,the graph reflects across the y-axis

Ex 4 and 5 pages 125-126

𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒒
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
𝟐 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
𝒙
𝒙𝟐 +1 10 5 2 1 2 5 10
𝒙𝟐 -1 8 3 0 -1 0 3 8

12

10

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-2

When q > 0, there is a vertical shift up with q units

Where q < 0, there is a vertical down with q units

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
𝟐 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
𝒙
𝟐𝒙𝟐 18 8 2 0 2 8 18
𝟏 𝟐 4.5 2 0.5 0 0.5 2 4.5
𝒙
𝟐
−𝟏𝒙𝟐 -9 -4 -1 0 -1 -4 -9

20

15

10

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

-5

-10

-15

-20

•
If a > 0 , the graph has a minimum value.
•
If a < 0, the graph has a maximum value
•
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = −𝒙𝟐 are reflections about the x-axis
•
a changes the shape of 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 :
▪ a> 1, as a increase, the graph becomes narrower (stretches
vertically)
▪ For 0 < a <1, as a decreases, the graph becomes wider and shrinks
vertically
❖ Ex 6 page 127
Mother function: f(x) =y = 1/x +q

g(x) = f(x) +1 = (1/x) +1 x=2 f(2)

h(x) = f(x) -1 = (1/x) -1

X -4 -2 -1 -1/2 0 0.25 0.5 1 2 4
F(x) -1/4 -1/2 -1 -2 4 2 1 0.5 0.25
G(x) 0.75 0.5 0 -1 5 3 2 1.5 1.25
H(x) -1.25 -1.5 -2 -3 3 1 0 -0.5 -0.75

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

-2

-4

-6

𝒂 𝒂
The graph of y = + 𝒒 moves up q units from the y =𝒙 if q >0 and moves
𝒙
down q units if q < 0

The vertical asymptote becomes y = q

Mother function: f(x) =y = a(1/x) q=0

g(x) = f(x) +1 = 4(1/x) = 4/x a>0

h(x) = f(x) -1 = -2(1/x) = -2/x a<0

X -4 -2 -1 -1/2 0 0.25 0.5 1 2 4
F(x) -1/4 -1/2 -1 -2 4 2 1 0.5 0.25
G(x) -1 -2 -4 -8 16 8 4 2 1
H(x) 0.5 1 2 4 -8 -4 -2 -1 -0.5

20

15

10

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

-5

-10

-15

-20

𝒂
As a increases, the hyperbola y = moves further away from the origin, or
𝒙
is stretched vertically)
𝒂
y= and y =− 𝒂𝒙 are reflections about the y-axis, thus if a< 0, the
𝒙
hyperbola lies on quadrants 2 and 4

Ex 8 page 130 no. 1,2 and 6

 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒃𝒙 + 𝒒, b > 0, 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏

F(x) 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙

g(x) 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 +2

h(x) 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 -2

X -4 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
F(x) 0.0625 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16
G(x) 2.0625 2.25 2.5 3 4 6 10 18
H(x) -1.9375 -1.75 -1.5 -1 0 2 6 14

12

10

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-2

-4
F(x) = 𝒂𝟐𝒙

G(x) = 𝟐(𝟐𝒙)

h(x) = −𝟐(𝟐𝒙 )

X -4 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
F(x) 0.0625 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16
G(x) 0.125` 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32
H(x) -0.125 -0.5 -1 -2 -4 -8 -16 -32

20

15

10

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-5

-10

-15

-20

Ex 9 page 133 no. 2 and 7

Ex 10 Page 134 no. 1,3 and 7. Remember 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 means: – (𝟐𝒙 ) not (−𝟐𝒙 )