Solid Mechanics

Module – IV
Torsion, Buckling
 Content of Torsion
 Introduction
 Assumptions for Shear Stress due to Torsion
 Polar Moment of Inertia and Polar Modulus
 Torsion Equation
 Simple Numerical
 Outcomes

 CALCULATE torsional shear stress in shaft and buckling on the

column.
 Introduction
 Shafts are used to transmit torque or power from motion to machine
tools or from engines to axles of automobiles or from motors to
propellers.
 When the shafts are subjected to torque or twisting moments, they get
twisted.
 The twisting of shafts when subjected to torques or twisting moments is
known as torsion.
 Torsion causes shearing stress in the shaft.
 Assumptions for Shear Stress due to Torsion
 The shear stress developed in the shaft are within elastic limit.
 The material of the shaft is uniform throughout the shaft.
 The cross section remains circular even after applying torques.
 Plane sections of shaft normal to its axis remain plane after applying
torques.
 The twist is uniform along the length of the shaft.
 All diameters of the cross section remain straight after twisting.
 The diameter of cross section does not change after twisting.
 Polar Moment of Inertia
 For a circular section of radius R and diameter D, the polar moment of
inertia about a centroidal axis is,
𝝅 𝟒 𝝅 𝟒
𝑱= 𝑹 = 𝑫
𝟐 𝟑𝟐
 For a hollow circular section of internal radius r and outer radius R,
𝝅 𝟒 𝟒
𝑱 = (𝑹 −𝒓 )
𝟐
If d = 2r is internal diameter
D = 2R is external diameter
𝝅
𝑱= (𝑫𝟒 −𝒅𝟒 )
𝟑𝟐
 Polar Modulus
 The polar modulus (Zp) is the ratio of the polar moment of inertia of the
cross section to its radius
𝑱
𝒁𝒑 =
𝑹
 For a solid shaft,  For a hollow shaft,
𝝅 𝑫 𝝅 𝟒 𝟒 𝑫
𝟒
𝑱 = 𝑫 and 𝑹 = 𝑱 = (𝑫 −𝒅 ) and 𝑹 =
𝟑𝟐 𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟐
𝝅 𝟒 𝝅 𝟒 𝟒
𝑱 𝟑𝟐 𝑫 𝑱 𝟑𝟐 (𝑫 −𝒅 )
𝒁𝒑 = = 𝒁𝒑 = =
𝑹 𝑫 𝑹 𝑫
𝟐 𝟐
𝝅 𝟑 𝝅 𝑫𝟒 − 𝒅𝟒
𝒁𝒑 = 𝑫 𝒁𝒑 =
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝑫
Torsion Equation
Consider a shaft of length L and circular cross section of radius R subjected
to torque T as shown in Fig.
A line AB on the surface of the shaft, which is straight in absence of the
torque, becomes distorted.
The point B moves to B’ as shown.
𝜃 = ∠𝐵𝑂𝐵′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑡.
∅ = ∠𝐵𝐴𝐵′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛.
For the extreme fibres (which are at distance R from axis of the shaft) like
AB,
𝐵𝐵′ = 𝐿∅ = 𝑅𝜃

𝑅𝜃
∅=
𝐿
For a fiber at any distance r from axis of shaft (r < R),
𝐶𝐶 ′ = 𝐿∅′ = 𝑟𝜃
Where ∅′ is the shear strain on fiber at C.
𝑟𝜃
∅′ =
𝐿
Torsion Equation
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
= 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝜏′
=𝐺
∅′
Where 𝜏 ′ = 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝐶.
𝜏 ′ = 𝐺∅′

𝐺𝑟𝜃
𝜏′ =
𝐿
As G, ϴ and L are constants,
𝜏′ ∝ 𝑟
For r = 0, τ’ = 0
And for r = R, τ’ = τ, the maximum shear stress.
The variation of shear stress with radial distance from the axis of the shaft is shown in
Fig.
At r = R,
𝐺𝑅𝜃
𝜏=
𝐿
Torsion Equation
From above two equation
𝜏′ 𝑟 𝐺𝜃
= =
𝑟 𝑅 𝐿

Consider an elementary area dA at a section of the shaft as shown in Fig.

Let dF = Force on area element dA
Then, the torque on area element is
𝑑𝑇 = 𝑑𝐹. 𝑟
𝑅
𝑇 = න 𝑑𝐹. 𝑟
0

𝐺𝜃𝑟
𝑑𝐹 = 𝜏 ′ 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝐴
𝐿
𝑅
𝐺𝜃 2
𝑇=න 𝑟 𝑑𝐴
0 𝐿

𝐺𝜃 𝑅 2
𝑇= න 𝑟 𝑑𝐴
𝐿 0
 Torsion Equation
𝑅
But, ‫׬‬0 𝑟 2 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐽 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎.
The torque per unit angle of twist for unit length is known
𝐺𝜃
𝑇= 𝐽 as torsional rigidity.
𝐿 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐺𝐽
𝑇 𝐺𝜃
=
𝐽 𝐿 The torque per unit maximum shear stress is known as the
torsional strength.
From above equations, 𝑇 𝐽
𝑇 𝐺𝜃 𝑟 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = = = 𝑍𝑃
= = 𝜏 𝑅
𝐽 𝐿 𝑅
The above equation is known as torsion equation. Hence, the torsional strength of a shaft is equal to its polar
From the above equation, modulus 𝑍𝑃
𝑇𝑅
𝜏=
𝐽 If a shaft rotates at N rpm due to a mean torque T (in Nm),
𝑇𝐿
the power (P) transmitted in kW is given by
𝜃=
𝐺𝐽
2𝜋𝑁𝑇
The torque per unit angle of twist is known as the torsional 𝑃=
stiffness. 60 × 1000
𝑇 𝐺𝐽
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = =
𝜃 𝐿
What must be the length of a 5 mm diameter aluminium wire so that it can be twisted through one complete
revolution without exceeding a shearing stress of 42 MN/m2. Modulus of rigidity (G) = 27 GN/m2.

Given Data:
𝜏 = 42 𝑀𝑁Τ𝑚2 = 42 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2
𝐺 = 27 𝐺𝑁Τ𝑚2 = 27 × 103 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2
𝜃 = 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠, 𝑅 = 2.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑅
𝜏=
𝐽
𝑇𝐿
𝜃=
𝐺𝐽
𝜏 𝑅𝐺
=
𝜃 𝐿
42 2.5 × 27 × 103
=
2𝜋 𝐿

𝐿 = 10.098 𝑚
In a hallow circular shaft, the inner and outer diameters are 200 mm and 100 mm respectively. If the shear stress is
not to exceed 40 N/mm2. Find the maximum torque, which the shaft can safely transmit.

Given Data:
𝜏 = 40 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 𝜏𝐽
𝑇=
𝑅
𝑅 = 100 𝑚𝑚
40 × 147.26 × 106
𝑇=
100
𝑇 𝐺𝜃 𝑟
= =
𝐽 𝐿 𝑅 𝑇 = 58.904 × 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝜏𝐽
𝑇=
𝑅
𝜋
𝐽= (𝐷4 − 𝑑4 )
32
𝜋
𝐽= 2004 − 1004 = 147.26 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
32
Find the maximum shear stress induced in a solid circular shaft of diameter 150 mm when it transmits 150 kW at
180 rpm.

Given Data:
𝑇𝑅
𝑃 = 150 𝑘𝑊 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽
2𝜋𝑁𝑇
𝑃=
60 × 1000 7.96 × 106 × 75
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
49.7 × 106
2𝜋 × 180 × 𝑇
150 =
60 × 1000
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 12 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑇 = 7.96 × 103 𝑁𝑚 = 7.96 × 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚

𝑇𝑅
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽

𝜋 4 𝜋
𝐽= 𝐷 = × 1504 = 49.7 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
32 32
What is the maximum shear stress produced in a bolt of diameter 20 mm when it is tightened by a spanner which
exerts a force of 50 N with a radius of action of 150 mm?

Given Data:
𝑇 = 𝐹 × 𝑅 = 50 × 150 = 7500 𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑅
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽

𝐷
7500 ×
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋 2
𝐷4
32

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4.775 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2

 Determine the diameter of a solid shaft which will transmit 275 kW at 300 rpm. The maximum shear stress should
not exceed 30 N / mm2 and twist should not be more them 1° in a shaft length of 2 m. The modulus of rigidity of the
material is 1 X 105 N / mm2 .
Given Data: 𝐷 = 114.12 𝑚𝑚
2𝜋𝑁𝑇 Diameter based on angle of twist criterion:
𝑃=
60 × 1000 𝑇𝐿
𝜃=
𝐺𝐽
2𝜋 × 300 × 𝑇
275 =
60 × 1000 𝜋 8.754 × 106 × 2000
1× = 𝜋
180 1 × 105 × 𝐷4
𝑇 = 8.754 × 103 𝑁𝑚 = 8.754 × 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚 32

Diameter based on shear stress criterion: 𝐷 = 100.54 𝑚𝑚

𝑇𝑅 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎.

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽
𝐷 = 114.12 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 115 𝑚𝑚
8.754 × 106 × 𝐷ൗ2
30 = 𝜋 4
𝐷
32
 A hollow shaft with diameter ratio 3/5 is required to transmit 450 kW at 120 rpm with a uniform twisting moment.
The shearing stress in the shaft must not exceed 60 N/mm2 and the twist in a length of 2.5 m must not exceed 1°.
Calculate the minimum external diameter of the shaft satisfying these conditions. Take the modulus of rigidity C = 8
X 104 N / mm2.
𝐷
Given Data: 35.81 × 106 × 𝑜ൗ2
2𝜋𝑁𝑇 60 =
𝑃= 0.08545 𝐷𝑜4
60 × 1000
𝐷𝑜 = 151.72 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 152 𝑚𝑚
2𝜋 × 120 × 𝑇
450 = Diameter based on angle of twist criterion:
60 × 1000
𝑇𝐿
𝑇= 35.81 × 103 𝑁𝑚 = 35.81 × 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚 𝜃=
𝐺𝐽

Diameter based on shear stress criterion: 𝜋 35.81 × 106 × 2500

1× =
180 8 × 104 × 0.08545 𝐷𝑜4
𝑇𝑅
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽 𝐷𝑜 = 165.5 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 166 𝑚𝑚
3 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝐷𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎.
𝐷𝑖 = 𝐷 = 0.6𝐷𝑜
5 𝑜
𝜋 𝐷𝑜 = 166 𝑚𝑚
𝐽= 𝐷𝑜4 − 𝐷𝑖4 = 0.08545 𝐷𝑜4
32
A hollow shaft 2 m long is required to transmit a torque of 15 kNm. The total angle of twist in this length is not to
exceed 3° and the allowable shearing stress is 110 Mpa. Determine the inside and outside diameter of the shaft if G =
90 GPa.
𝜋
𝑇𝐿 𝐽 = 𝐷 4 − 𝑑4
𝜃= 32
𝐺𝐽
𝜋
𝜋 15 × 106 × 2000 6.3662 × 106 = 93.374 − 𝑑4
3× = 32
180 90 × 103 × 𝐽
𝑑 = 57.79 𝑚𝑚
𝐽 = 6.3662 × 106 𝑚𝑚4

𝑇𝑅
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽

15 × 106 × 𝐷ൗ2
110 =
6.3662 × 106

𝐷 = 93.37 𝑚𝑚
A solid circular shaft is required to transmit 114 kW while turning at 24 rev/s. The allowable shearing stress is 90
Mpa. Find the required shaft diameter.

2𝜋𝑁𝑇
𝑃=
60 × 1000

2𝜋 × 24 × 60 × 𝑇
114 =
60 × 1000

𝑇 = 756 𝑁𝑚 = 756 × 103 𝑁𝑚𝑚

𝑇𝑅
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽

756 × 103 × 𝐷ൗ2

90 = 𝜋 4
𝐷
32

𝐷 = 35 𝑚𝑚
 Shaft in Series
 When two or more shafts are connected so as to remain continuous
length wise, they are said to be in series.
 When the shaft subjected to constant torque at ends as shown in Fig.
then,
Torque
𝑻 = 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝟐

𝜽 = 𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐

Total angle of twist

𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑳
𝜽= +
𝑮𝑱 𝟏 𝑮𝑱 𝟐
 Shaft in Series
 When the shaft subjected to torque at each junction as shown in Fig. then,
 Consider FBD of each part separately and find the torque on each part in such a
way it maintain equilibrium of individual and whole shaft as shown in Fig.
Torque at D, 𝑻𝟑 = ±𝑻𝑫

Torque at C, 𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻𝑫 ± 𝑻𝑪

Torque at B, 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝑫 ± 𝑻𝑪 ± 𝑻𝑩
 Shaft in Series
 Sign Convention
 Clockwise torque on left end and anti-clockwise torque on right end of shaft is
considered as positive.
 Anticlockwise torque on left end and clockwise torque on right end of shaft is
considered as negative.
Determine the total angle of twist of M.S. stepped shaft as shown in Fig. The diameter of portion AB 4 m long, is 50
mm and of BC 2 m long, is 20 mm. The shaft is twisted by torque T of magnitude 200 Nm applied at C. Take G = 80
X 103 MPa
𝜋 4
𝜋
𝐽𝐵𝐶 = × 𝑑𝐵𝐶 = × 204 = 15.708 × 103 𝑚𝑚4
32 32

Total angle of twist

𝜃 = 𝜃𝐴𝐵 + 𝜃𝐵𝐶

𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿
𝜃= +
Given Data: 𝐺𝐽 𝐴𝐵 𝐺𝐽 𝐵𝐶
𝐿𝐴𝐵 = 4 𝑚 = 4000 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑𝐴𝐵 = 50 𝑚𝑚
𝑇 𝐿𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝐵𝐶
𝐿𝐵𝐶 = 2 𝑚 = 2000 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑𝐵𝐶 = 20 𝑚𝑚 𝜃= +
𝐺 𝐽𝐴𝐵 𝐽𝐵𝐶
𝑇 = 200 𝑁𝑚 = 200 × 103 𝑁𝑚𝑚
200 × 103 4000 2000
𝐺= 80 × 103 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜃= +
80 × 103 613.59 × 103 15.708 × 103
Polar Moment of Inertia
𝜃 = 0.3346 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
𝜋 4
𝜋
𝐽𝐴𝐵 = × 𝑑𝐴𝐵 = × 504 = 613.59 × 103 𝑚𝑚4
32 32 180
𝜃 = 0.3346 × = 19.172°
𝜋
 A steel shaft (G = 80 GPa) of total length 4 m is encased over half of its length by a brass tube (40 GPa) that is
securely bonded to the steel as shown in Fig. The diameter of the shaft and tube are 70 mm and 90 mm respectively.
i) Determine the allowable torque T1, if the angle of twist ɸ between ends A and C limited to ɸ = 12°
ii) Determine the allowable torque T2, the shear stress in brass is limited to τb = 100 MPa.
iii) Determine the allowable torque T3, if the shear stress is limited to τ3 = 80 MPa.
iv) What is the allowable torque T, if all three of the preceding condition must be satisfy?
𝜋 4
𝜋
𝐽𝑠 = × 𝑑𝑠 = × 704 = 2.3572 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
32 32

Angle of twist between A and C is limited to 12°

𝜃 = 𝜃𝐴𝐵 + 𝜃𝐵𝐶
Given Data:
𝐿𝑏 = 2 𝑚 = 2000 𝑚𝑚, 𝐷𝑏 = 90 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑𝑏 = 70 𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿
𝜃= +
𝐿𝑠 = 2 𝑚 = 2000 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑𝑠 = 70 𝑚𝑚 𝐺𝐽 𝐴𝐵 𝐺𝐽 𝐵𝐶
𝜋
12 ×
𝐺𝑏 = 40 × 103 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐺𝑠 = 80 × 103 𝑀𝑃𝑎 180
1 1
= 𝑇1 × 2000 +
Polar Moment of Inertia 40 × 103 × 4.084 × 106 80 × 103 × 2.3572 × 106

𝜋 𝜋 𝑇1 = 9.166 × 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚

𝐽𝑏 = × 𝐷4 − 𝑑 4 = × (904 −704 ) = 4.084 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
32 32
A steel shaft (G = 80 GPa) of total length 4 m is encased over half of its length by a brass tube (40 GPa) that is
securely bonded to the steel as shown in Fig. The diameter of the shaft and tube are 70 mm and 90 mm respectively.
i) Determine the allowable torque T1, if the angle of twist ɸ between ends A and C limited to ɸ = 12°
ii) Determine the allowable torque T2, the shear stress in brass is limited to τb = 100 MPa.
iii) Determine the allowable torque T3, if the shear stress is limited to τ3 = 80 MPa.
iv) What is the allowable torque T, if all three of the preceding condition must be satisfy?

Shear stress in brass is limited to τb = 100 MPa.

𝑇 𝜏
=
𝐽 𝑅

𝜏 100
𝑇2 = 𝐽 = × 4.084 × 106 = 9.076 × 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑅 𝑏 45

Shear stress in steel is limited to τs = 80 MPa.

𝑇 𝜏
=
𝐽 𝑅

𝜏 80
𝑇2 = 𝐽 = × 2.3572 × 106 = 5.3888 × 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑅 𝑏 35
 A compound shaft consists of a steel segment and an aluminium segment and is acted upon by two torques as shown
in Fig. Draw the twisting moment diagram. Determine the maximum permissible value to T0 subjected to the
following conditions:
i) Maximum shear stress in steel = 85 MPa
ii) Maximum shear stress in aluminium = 50 MPa
iii) Angle of twist at free end > 5°
G steel = 80 GPa, G aluminium = 28 GPa 𝜋 4
𝜋
𝐽𝐵𝐶 = × 𝐷𝐵𝐶 = × 404 = 251.33 × 103 𝑚𝑚4
32 32

Given Data:
𝐿𝐴𝐵 = 700 𝑚𝑚, 𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 50 𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝐵𝐶 = 300 𝑚𝑚, 𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 40 𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝐵 = 𝑇0
𝐺𝑆 = 80 × 103 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐺𝐴 = 28 × 103 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝐵𝐴 = 𝑇0 + 2𝑇0 = 3𝑇0
Polar Moment of Inertia
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝐵, 𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 3𝑇0
𝜋 4
𝜋
𝐽𝐴𝐵 = × 𝐷𝐴𝐵 = × 504 = 613.59 × 103 𝑚𝑚4
32 32 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝐵𝐶, 𝑇𝐵𝐶 = 𝑇0
A compound shaft consists of a steel segment and an aluminium segment and is acted upon by two torques as shown
in Fig. Draw the twisting moment diagram. Determine the maximum permissible value to T0 subjected to the
following conditions:
i) Maximum shear stress in steel = 85 MPa
ii) Maximum shear stress in aluminium = 50 MPa
iii) Angle of twist at free end > 5° 𝑇0 50
G steel = 80 GPa, G aluminium = 28 GPa =
251.33 × 103 𝐵𝐶 20 𝐴𝐵
Condition I : Torque based on shear stress in steel (AB):
𝑇0 = 628.325 × 103 𝑁𝑚𝑚 = 628.325 𝑁𝑚
𝜏𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 85 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜏 𝑇𝐵 Condition III : Torque (T0) based on angle of twist at free end
=
𝑅 𝐽𝐴𝐵 for shaft in series:
𝜃 = 𝜃𝐴𝐵 + 𝜃𝐵𝐶
85 3𝑇0
=
25 613.59 × 103 𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿
𝜃= +
𝑇0 = 695.402 × 103 𝑁𝑚𝑚 = 695.402 𝑁𝑚 𝐺𝐽 𝐴𝐵 𝐺𝐽 𝐵𝐶
𝜋
5×
Condition II : Torque based on maximum shear stress in 180
3 × 700 300
Aluminium (BC): = 𝑇0 +
𝜏𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 50 𝑀𝑃𝑎 80 × 103 × 613.59 × 103 28 × 103 × 251.33 × 103

𝑇
=
𝜏 𝑇0 = 1021.72 × 103 𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝐽 𝐵𝐶 𝑅 𝐴𝐵
A stepped shaft is subjected to couple in same directions at the changes in section and the free end is a shown in Fig.
The length of each section is 0.5 m and the diameter are 80 mm, 60 mm and 40 mm. If G = 80 GPa, find the angle of
twist in degree at the free end.

𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡

𝑇𝐶𝐷 = 880 𝑁𝑚
𝑇𝐵𝐶 = 880 + 2200 = 3080 𝑁𝑚
𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 880 + 2200 + 3300 = 6380 𝑁𝑚

Polar Moment of Inertia 𝑇𝐿 6380 × 103 × 500 −3 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝜃𝐴𝐵 = = = 9.916 × 10
𝐺𝐽 𝐴𝐵 80 × 103 × 4.0212 × 106
𝜋 4
𝜋
𝐽𝐴𝐵 = × 𝐷𝐴𝐵 = × 804 = 4.0212 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
32 32
𝑇𝐿 3080 × 103 × 500
𝜋 𝜋 𝜃𝐵𝐶 = = = 0.01512 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝐽𝐵𝐶 = 4
× 𝐷𝐵𝐶 = × 604 = 1.2723 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 𝐺𝐽 𝐵𝐶 80 × 103 × 1.2723 × 106
32 32

𝜋 𝜋
𝑇𝐿 880 × 103 × 500
𝐽𝐶𝐷 = 4
× 𝐷𝐶𝐷 = × 404 = 251.33 × 103 𝑚𝑚4 𝜃𝐶𝐷 = = = 0.0219 𝑟𝑎𝑑
32 32 𝐺𝐽 𝐶𝐷 80 × 103 × 251.33 × 103

𝜃 = 𝜃𝐴𝐵 + 𝜃𝐵𝐶 + 𝜃𝐶𝐷 = 0.046936 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 2°41′

 Indeterminate Shaft
 When shaft consists of two members
 When the torsional members are constrained by two supports are called as
statically indeterminate shaft.
 Consider a shaft AC and CB are fixed at A and B as shown in Fig.
 To find torsional moment at each fixed
end A and B.
 Condition I: Torque at C
𝑻 = 𝑻𝑨 + 𝑻𝑩
 Condition II: Angle of twist in each part
should be equal and opposite
𝜽𝑪𝑨 = 𝜽𝑪𝑩
𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑳
=
𝑮𝑱 𝑪𝑨 𝑮𝑱 𝑪𝑩
 Indeterminate Shaft
 Shaft consists of more than two members
 Consider a shaft consist of member AB, BC and CD as shown in Fig.
 Find the relation between T1, T2 and T3 in term of T1 and T3.
 From FBD at junction B
𝑻𝑩 = −𝑻𝟏 + 𝑻𝟐
𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝑩 + 𝑻𝟐
 From FBD at junction C
−𝑻𝑪 = −𝑻𝟐 + 𝑻𝟑
𝑻𝟑 = 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝑪
 Total angle of twist for indeterminate shaft
𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 + 𝜽𝟑 = 𝟎
𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑳 𝑻𝑳
+ + =𝟎
𝑮𝑱 𝟏 𝑮𝑱 𝟐 𝑮𝑱 𝟑
Refer Fig. shaft AB of diameter 40 mm is subjected to a clockwise torque of 100 Nm at point C.
i) Find the reactive torque at the supports ii) Find the max. shear stress in parts AC and CB iii) Find the angle of
twist at 2 m from B Take G = 80 GPa.
Condition II:
𝑇 = 𝑇𝐴 + 𝑇𝐵
100 = 1.6 𝑇𝐵 + 𝑇𝐵
100 = 2.6 𝑇𝐵
𝑇𝐵 = 38.46 𝑁𝑚
Polar Moment of Inertia 𝑇𝐴 = 1.6 × 38.46 = 61.54 𝑁𝑚
𝜋 𝜋 Max. shear stress occurs in section AC having max. Torque.
𝐽= × 𝑑4 = × 404 = 251.33 × 103 𝑚𝑚4 𝜏 𝑇
32 32
=
Condition I: 𝑅 𝐽
𝜃𝐴𝐶 = 𝜃𝐶𝐵 𝜏 61.54 × 103
=
𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿 20 251.33 × 103
=
𝐺𝐽 𝐴𝐶 𝐺𝐽 𝐶𝐵 𝜏 = 4.897 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2
Since GJ are same for both AC and CB Angle of twist at 2 m from B.
𝑇𝐴 × 2.5 = 𝑇𝐵 × 4 𝑇𝐵 𝐺𝜃
=
𝐽 𝐿
𝑇𝐴 = 1.6 𝑇𝐵 𝜃 = 3.8256 × 103 𝑟𝑎𝑑
A solid steel shaft ACB of diameter 40 mm is held against rotation at ends. A and B as shown in Fig. Horizontal
forces P are applied at the ends of the vertical arm. Determine the allowable value of the forces P if the maximum
permissible shear stress in the shaft is 80 MPa.

Polar Moment of Inertia

𝜋 𝜋
𝐽= × 𝑑4 = × 404 = 251.33 × 103 𝑚𝑚4
32 32
Let TA and TB are the torque at A and B fixed ends in
clockwise direction.
Torque at junction C:
𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 𝑇𝐶
𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 400 𝑃
For Indeterminate shaft,
𝜃𝐴𝐶 = 𝜃𝐶𝐵
𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿
=
𝐺𝐽 1 𝐺𝐽 2
Since GJ are same for both AC and CB
𝑇1 × 900 = 𝑇2 × 800

𝑇1 = 0.889 𝑇2
 A solid steel shaft ACB of diameter 40 mm is held against rotation at ends. A and B as shown in Fig. Horizontal
forces P are applied at the ends of the vertical arm. Determine the allowable value of the forces P if the maximum
permissible shear stress in the shaft is 80 MPa.

𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 400 𝑃
0.8937 × 106 + 1.0053 × 106 = 400 𝑃
𝑃 = 4.7475 × 103 𝑁

Maximum torque produced in part AC and hence max. shear

is also induced in AC only.
𝜏 𝑇2
=
𝑅 𝐽
80 𝑇2
=
20 251.33 × 103
𝑇2 = 1.0053 × 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑇1 = 0.889 × 1.0053 × 106 = 0.8937 × 106 Nmm
Fig. shows a horizontal shaft AB subjected to torque at C and D. Determine i) The end fixing couples in magnitude
and direction. ii) The diameter of shaft, if the maximum shear stress is not to exceed 80 MPa.
Let T1, T2 and T3 are the positive torque an AB, BC and CD
respectively.
From FBD,
−𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 10
𝑇1 = −10 + 𝑇2
−𝑇2 + 𝑇3 = 16
𝑇3 = 16 + 𝑇2
For indeterminate shaft in series
𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + 𝜃3 = 0
𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿
+ + =0
𝐺𝐽 1 𝐺𝐽 2 𝐺𝐽 3
GJ= Constant
−10 + 𝑇2 × 0.9 + 𝑇2 × 0.6 + 16 + 𝑇2 × 0.9 = 0
Divide throughout by 0.9
−10 + 𝑇2 + 0.667 𝑇2 + 16 + 𝑇2 = 0
𝑇2 = −2.25 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑇1 = −12.25 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑇3 = 13.79 𝑘𝑁𝑚
 Fig. shows a horizontal shaft AB subjected to torque at C and D. Determine i) The end fixing couples in magnitude
and direction. ii) The diameter of shaft, if the maximum shear stress is not to exceed 80 MPa.

Diameter of shaft
Diameter of shaft to resist the maximum torque is 13.75
kNm and maximum shear stress (80 MPa).
𝜏 𝑇3
=
𝑅 𝐽
80 13.75 × 106
= 𝜋
𝑑ൗ × 𝑑4
2 32

𝑑 = 95.66 𝑚𝑚
 Content of Buckling
 Introduction
 Assumptions of Euler’s Theory
 Effective Length
 Types of Columns
 Limitations of Euler’s Theory
 Simple Numerical
 Outcomes

 CALCULATE torsional shear stress in shaft and buckling on the

column.
 Introduction
 Columns are long and slender vertical structural members of uniform
cross section area subjected to compressive loads.
 Lateral deflection of a column under large axial load is known as
buckling.
 The critical loads for columns with different end conditions will be
derived using Euler’s theory.
 Euler’s Theory
 Assumptions
 The column is made up of homogeneous, isotropic and perfectly elastic material
which obeys Hooke’s law.
 The column has uniform cross section.
 The column is initially straight and the load is applied axially.
 The weight of the column is negligible.
 The column fails by buckling alone.
 Direct compressive stresses are small compared to bending stresses.
 Length of the column is large compared to its lateral dimensions.
 Euler’s Theory
 Sign Convention for bending
 Bending of a column with convexity towards its initial position is considered
positive as shown in Fig. (a).
 Bending of a column with concavity towards its initial position is considered
negative as shown in Fig. (b).
 Effective Length
 The effective or equivalent length of a column with given end conditions is defined
as the length of an equivalent column of the same material and cross section with
hinged ends having same value of crippling load as that for given column.
 If Le = Equivalent length of a column with any end condition.
 Euler buckling load is given by
𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑷= 𝟐
𝑳𝒆
 Types of Column Buckling
 Column with both ends hinged (or pinned)
 Equivalent Length (Le) = L
 Euler buckling load
𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑷= 𝟐
𝑳𝒆

𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑷= 𝟐
𝑳
 Types of Column Buckling
 Column with one ends fixed and the other free
 Equivalent Length (Le) = 2L
 Euler buckling load
𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑷= 𝟐
𝑳𝒆

𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑷=
(𝟐𝑳)𝟐

𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑷=
𝟒𝑳𝟐
 Types of Column Buckling
 Column with both ends fixed
 Equivalent Length (Le) = 𝑳Τ𝟐
 Euler buckling load
𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑷=
𝑳𝟐𝒆

𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑷=
(𝑳ൗ𝟐)𝟐

𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑷=
𝑳𝟐
 Types of Column Buckling
 Column with one ends fixed and the other hinged or pinned
 Equivalent Length (Le) = 𝑳ൗ 𝟐
 Euler buckling load
𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑷=
𝑳𝟐𝒆

𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑷=
(𝑳ൗ )𝟐
𝟐

𝟐𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑷=
𝑳𝟐
 Limitations of Euler’s Theory
 According to Euler’s theory, the crippling load for a column with any end condition
is given by,
𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑷= 𝟐
𝑳𝒆
 As 𝑰 = 𝑨𝑲𝟐 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂
Where, K = Minimum radius of gyration
𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑨𝑲𝟐
𝑷=
𝑳𝟐𝒆

𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑨
𝑷= 𝟐
𝑳𝒆
𝑲
 Limitations of Euler’s Theory
 The crippling stress 𝝈𝒄𝒓 𝒊𝒔
𝑷 𝝅𝟐 𝑬
𝝈𝒄𝒓 = =
𝑨 𝑳𝒆 𝟐
𝑲
𝑳
Here, 𝑲𝒆 is known as the slenderness ratio. It can be defined as the ratio of equivalent
length of column to its minimum radius of gyration.
A bar of length 4 m when used as SSB and subjected to UDL of 30 kN/m over the whole span, deflects 15 mm at
center. Determine the crippling load when it is used as a column with following conditions: i) Both ends pin-joined
ii) One end fixed and other end hinged iii) Both ends fixed.
Deflection of beam with simply supported carrying UDL 𝒊𝒊) 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒅
is given by: 𝐿
For both ends pinned, 𝐿𝑒 =
2
5𝑤𝐿4
𝛿= 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 2𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
384 𝐸𝐼 𝑃= 2 =
𝐿𝑒 𝐿2
5 × 30 × 40004
15 = 2𝜋 2 × 6.67 × 1012
384 𝐸𝐼 𝑃= 2 = 8228.8 × 103 𝑁
4000
𝐸𝐼 = 6.67 × 1012 𝑁𝑚𝑚2
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅
𝐿
i) Crippling load when, both ends pin-joined For both ends pinned, 𝐿𝑒 =
2
For both ends pinned, 𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 4𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃= 2 =
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝐿𝑒 𝐿2
𝑃= 2 = 2
𝐿𝑒 𝐿
4𝜋 2 × 6.67 × 1012
𝑃= = 16457.6 × 103 𝑁
𝜋 2 × 6.67 × 1012 4000 2
𝑃= 2 = 4114.4 × 103 𝑁
4000
 Calculate the safe, compressive load on hollow C.I. column with one end rigidly fixed and other end hinged. The
column having 150 mm external diameter, 100 mm internal diameter and 10 m length. Use Euler’s formula with
factor of safety 5. Take E = 95 X 103 N/mm2.
𝜋 2 𝜋 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒅
𝐴 = 𝐷 − 𝑑 = 1502 − 1002 = 9817.477 𝑚𝑚2
2
𝐿
4 4 For both ends pinned, 𝐿 =
𝑒 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 2𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝐼= 𝐷4 − 𝑑4 = 1504 − 1004 = 19.9417 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 𝑃= 2 =
64 4 𝐿𝑒 𝐿2

2𝜋 2 × 95 × 103 × 19.9417 × 106

𝑃= 2 = 373.95 × 103 𝑁
10000

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 5

𝑃 373.95 × 103
𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = =
𝐹𝑂𝑆 5

𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 74.79 𝑘𝑁

Calculate the maximum value of slenderness ratio of a mild steel column for which Euler’s formula is valid. Take E
= 210 GPa, σc = 330 N / mm2
𝐵𝑦 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝐿 2
𝜋 2𝐸
=
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝐾 𝜎𝑐𝑟
𝑃= 2
𝐿𝑒
Assuming both end hinged, 𝐿 𝜋 2𝐸 𝐸
𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿 = =𝜋
𝐾 𝜎𝑐𝑟 𝜎𝑐𝑟

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐴𝐾 2
𝑃= 2 = 𝐿 𝐸 210 × 103
𝐿𝑒 𝐿2 =𝜋 =𝜋×
𝐾 𝜎𝑐𝑟 330
𝑃 𝜋 2𝐸
= 𝐿
𝐴 𝐿 2 = 79.250
𝐾 𝐾

𝜋 2𝐸
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = 2
𝐿
𝐾
A solid circular bar 25 m long and 120 mm diameter was found to extend 1.2 mm under tensile load of 52 kN. The
bar is used as strut. Determine crippling load and also safe load taking FOS 3 with the following end condition:
i) Both ends are fixed ii) One end fixed and other end hinged iii) Both ends are pin joined
𝜋 2 𝜋
𝐴 = 𝑑 = × 1202
4 4
𝑃𝐿 ii) If one end is fixed and the other hinged,
𝛿𝑙 = 𝐿 25 × 103
𝐴𝐸
𝐿𝑒 = =
𝑃𝐿 52 × 25 × 103 2 2
𝐸= =𝜋 = 95.79 × 103 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝛿𝑙 × 1202 × 1.2 𝜋
4 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 2 × 95.79 × × 1204
i) When both ends are fixed, 𝑃= = 64
𝐿2𝑒 25 × 103 2
𝐿 25 × 103 ( )
𝐿𝑒 = = = 12500 2
2 2
2 𝜋 2 × 95.79 × 𝜋 × 1204
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 64 𝑃 = 30.794 𝑘𝑁
𝑃= 2 =
𝐿𝑒 12500 2
𝑃 30.794
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 = = = 10.265 𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝑂𝑆 3
𝑃 = 61.59 𝑘𝑁

𝑃 61.59
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 = = = 20.53 𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝑂𝑆 3
A solid circular bar 25 m long and 120 mm diameter was found to extend 1.2 mm under tensile load of 52 kN. The
bar is used as strut. Determine crippling load and also safe load taking FOS 3 with the following end condition:
i) Both ends are fixed ii) One end fixed and other end hinged iii) Both ends are pin joined
iii) If both ends are pin joined,
𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿 = 25 × 103
2 𝜋 2 × 95.79 × 𝜋 × 1204
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 64
𝑃= 2 =
𝐿𝑒 (25 × 103 ) 2

𝑃 = 15.4 𝑘𝑁

𝑃 15.4
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 = = = 5.13 𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝑂𝑆 3
Two brass rods used as compression member, each of 3 m effective length, have the cross-sections as shown in Fig.
i) Determine the wall thickness of the hollow square rod for which the rods have the same cross-sectional area.
ii) Using E = 105 GPa, determine the critical load of each rod.
𝐵𝑦 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃= 2
𝐿𝑒
For hollow circular rod.
𝜋
𝜋 2 × 105 × (604 − 404 )
𝑃= 64
(3000)2
𝑃 = 58.786 𝑘𝑁
i) Let the wall thickness of square rod be ‘t’. For hollow square rod.
Then, if the two rods have the same cross sectional area. Inner side = 60 – 7.4765 X 2 = 45.047 mm
2 604 45.0474
𝜋 𝜋 × 105 × −
12 12
602 − 402 = 602 − (60 − 2𝑡)2 𝑃=
4 (3000)2

𝑡 = 7.4765 𝑚𝑚 𝑃 = 84.845 𝑘𝑁
Determine the crippling load for a T section of dimensions 10 cm X 10 cm X 2 as shown in Fig. and having length of
5 m. It’s hinged at both ends. E = 200 GPa.

Section Area (cm2) Distance (y) (cm)

1 A1 = 8 X 2 = 16 cm2 y1 = 8/2 = 4 cm
2 A2 = 10 X 2 = 20 cm2 y2 = 8 + (2/2) = 9 cm

𝐴1 𝑦1 +𝐴2 𝑦2
𝑦ത = = 6.78 cm
𝐴1 +𝐴2

𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥1 + 𝐼𝑥𝑥2

8 × 23 2 × 103
𝐼𝑦𝑦 = +
2×83 12 12
𝐼𝑥𝑥1 = 𝐼𝐺1 + 𝐴1 ℎ12 = + 16(4 − 6.78)2 = 208.98 𝑐𝑚4
12 𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 172 𝑐𝑚4 = 172 × 104 𝑚𝑚4
10 × 2 3
𝐼𝑥𝑥2 = 𝐼𝐺2 + 𝐴2 ℎ22 = + 20(9 − 6.78)2 = 105.23 𝑐𝑚4 As 𝐼𝑦𝑦 < 𝐼𝑥𝑥
12

𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 208.98 + 105.23 = 314.21 𝑐𝑚4 = 314.21 × 104 𝑐𝑚4

Determine the crippling load for a T section of dimensions 10 cm X 10 cm X 2 as shown in Fig. and having length of
5 m. It’s hinged at both ends. E = 200 GPa.

𝐵𝑦 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃= 2
𝐿𝑒

For a beam hinged at both ends,

𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿 = 5000 𝑚𝑚
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 2 × 200 × 172 × 104
𝑃= 2 =
𝐿𝑒 (5000) 2

𝑃 = 135.8 𝑘𝑁
A straight cylindrical bar of 15 mm diameter and 1.2 m long is freely supported at its two ends in a horizontal
position. It is loaded with a concentrated load of 100 N at the centre when the centre deflection is observed to be 5
mm. If placed in the vertical position and loaded vertically, what load would cause it to buckle? Also find the ratio of
the maximum stress in the two cases.
𝐵𝑦 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
For a simply supported beam of length L subjected to a central
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
concentrated load W, deflection at mid span is given by, 𝑃= 2
3 𝐿𝑒
𝑊𝐿
𝑦= For a beam hinged at both ends,
48 𝐸𝐼
𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿 = 5000 𝑚𝑚
𝑦 = 5 𝑚𝑚, 𝑊 = 100 𝑁, 𝐿 = 1.2 𝑚 = 1200 𝑚𝑚 2 3 𝜋 4
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 × 289.73 × 10 × 64 × 15
𝑃= 2 =
𝜋 4 𝜋 𝐿𝑒 (1200) 2
𝐼= 𝑑 = × 15 4
64 64
𝑃 = 4934.8 𝑁
𝑊𝐿3 By flexure formula,
𝑦= 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
48 𝐸𝐼 =
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐼
100 × 12003
5= 𝜋
48 × 𝐸 × × 154 15
64
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 7.5 𝑚𝑚
2
𝐸 = 289.73 × 103 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2
A straight cylindrical bar of 15 mm diameter and 1.2 m long is freely supported at its two ends in a horizontal
position. It is loaded with a concentrated load of 100 N at the centre when the centre deflection is observed to be 5
mm. If placed in the vertical position and loaded vertically, what load would cause it to buckle? Also find the ratio of
the maximum stress in the two cases.
𝑊𝐿 100 × 1200
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 30000 𝑁𝑚𝑚
4 4

𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 30000
= 𝜋 × 154
7.5
64
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 90.54 𝑀𝑃𝑎
For vertical position,
𝑃 4934.8
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =𝜋 = 27.93 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴 × 152
4

90.54
Ratio of maximum stresses is = 3.24
27.93
A steel bar of rectangular cross-section 60 mm X 80 mm and pinned at each end is subject to axial compression. If
the proportional limit of the material is 210 MPa and E = 210 GPa, determine the minimum length for which Euler’s
equation may be used to determine the buckling load.

𝐵𝑦 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑒𝑛𝑑.

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿
𝑃= 2 𝐿 = 1721 𝑚𝑚 = 1.721 𝑚
𝐿𝑒

𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴 = 210 × 60 × 80 = 210 × 4800 𝑁

80 × 603
𝐼= = 1.44 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
12

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃= 2
𝐿𝑒

𝜋 2 × 210 × 103 × 1.44 × 106

210 × 4800 =
𝐿2𝑒

𝐿𝑒 = 1721 𝑚𝑚 = 1.721 𝑚
Thank You!!!