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# Computer Science Core Concepts

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manju yadav
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5 views

# Computer Science Core Concepts

Uploaded by

manju yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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# Computer Science Core Concepts

## 1. Data Structures & Abstract Data Types (ADTs)

### Key Concepts


- Abstract Data Types (ADTs) are mathematical models for data types
- Data structures are concrete implementations of ADTs
- ADTs define behavior, data structures define implementation

### Common Data Structures


1. Arrays
- Contiguous memory allocation
- O(1) access time
- Fixed size in most languages
- Limited by size of contiguous memory block

2. Linked Lists
- Non-contiguous memory allocation
- O(n) access time
- Dynamic size
- Each node contains data and reference to next node

3. Trees
- Hierarchical structure
- Root node with child nodes
- Binary trees: max 2 children per node
- Used in search algorithms and databases

### Time Complexity Comparison


- Array access: O(1)
- Linked list access: O(n)
- Binary tree search: O(log n)

## 2. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

### Core Principles

1. Encapsulation
- Bundling data and methods that operate on that data
- Information hiding
- Public vs private access modifiers

2. Inheritance
- Creating new classes based on existing ones
- Parent/child relationship
- Code reuse and hierarchy

3. Polymorphism
- Multiple forms of a single interface
- Method overriding
- Method overloading

4. Abstraction
- Hiding complex implementation details
- Showing only necessary features
- Interface-based programming

### Best Practices


- Single Responsibility Principle
- Open/Closed Principle
- Dependency Injection
- Composition over Inheritance

## 3. Algorithm Analysis & Complexity

### Big O Notation


- Measures algorithm efficiency
- Focuses on worst-case scenario
- Ignores constants and lower-order terms

### Common Time Complexities


1. O(1) - Constant Time
- Array access
- Hash table insertion/lookup

2. O(log n) - Logarithmic Time


- Binary search
- Balanced tree operations

3. O(n) - Linear Time


- Linear search
- Array traversal

4. O(n log n) - Linearithmic Time


- Merge sort
- Quick sort (average case)

5. O(n²) - Quadratic Time


- Bubble sort
- Nested loops

### Space Complexity


- Memory usage analysis
- Stack vs Heap allocation
- Recursive call stack implications

## 4. Database Management Systems

### Relational Databases

1. Key Concepts
- Tables (Relations)
- Primary and Foreign Keys
- Normalization
- ACID properties

2. SQL Operations
- SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
- JOIN operations
- Aggregation functions
- Indexing

3. Normalization Forms
- 1NF: Atomic values
- 2NF: Full functional dependency
- 3NF: No transitive dependencies
- BCNF: Every determinant is a candidate key

### NoSQL Databases

1. Types
- Document stores (MongoDB)
- Key-value stores (Redis)
- Column-family stores (Cassandra)
- Graph databases (Neo4j)

2. CAP Theorem
- Consistency
- Availability
- Partition tolerance

## 5. Operating Systems & Process Management


### Process Management

1. Process States
- New
- Ready
- Running
- Waiting
- Terminated

2. Scheduling Algorithms
- First-Come, First-Served (FCFS)
- Shortest Job First (SJF)
- Round Robin (RR)
- Priority Scheduling

### Memory Management

1. Virtual Memory
- Page tables
- Page faults
- Memory mapping

2. Memory Allocation
- Segmentation
- Paging
- Fragmentation

### Concurrency

1. Thread vs Process
- Shared resources
- Context switching
- Communication methods

2. Synchronization
- Mutexes
- Semaphores
- Deadlock prevention

### Important Concepts


- Context Switching
- Interrupt Handling
- File System Management
- Device Management

### Best Practices


- Resource allocation strategies
- Deadlock prevention
- Process scheduling optimization
- Memory management efficiency

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