Work and Energy 1

CHAPTER

M
Work and Energy 11
EXA
LL
DRI ANSWERS

Total energy consumed 9. (b) : Body gain energy when work is done on it.
1. Average power=
Total time taken 10. (d) : Angle between force and displacement should be
2. K.E. is zero at the highest point of its motion. 180° to obtain negative work.
3(i) For q = 90°, work done is zero. 11. (c) : If mass and velocity of a body are doubled,
3(ii) W = F × s = 5 × 2 = 10 J 1
Initial K.E. = mv2
2
3(iii) Work done will be negative, if the force retards the 1
motion of an object. Final K.E. = (2 m) (2v )2
2
3(iv) When a force of 1 N acts on an object and the object  1 2
= (8)  mv 
moves a distance of 1 metre in the direction the force, then the 2 
work done by the force is 1 Joule. Kinetic energy increases 8 times of initial kinetic energy.
4(i) The principle of conservation of energy states that the 12. (b) : As W = F × s or W = 7500 × 1.5 × 1000
energy in a system can neither be created nor be destroyed . = 11250000 J = 11.25 MJ
It can only be transformed from one form to another, but total OR
energy of the system remains constant. (c) : When we rub our hands, mechanical energy is converted
4(ii) Gravitational force is path independent. into heat energy.
4(iii) (a) : In the given situation, mechanical energy is conserved. 13. (a) : Since power is inversely proportional to time, crane
Mechanical energy at any height is constant. P supplies more power.
\ Mechancial energy of the body = 800 + 0 = 800 J. 14. (a) : Initial momentum = p
4(iv) (c) : h = 2 m, m = 10 kg p2
Ep = mgh = 10 × 10 × 2 = 200 J. Initial kinetic energy = E =
2m
3
5. (b) : Potential energy increases as acceleration due to if p increased by 50% then final momentum, p′ = p.
2
gravity (g) is more at poles. p′2
OR Final K.E. (E′) =
2m
2
(b) : Here, Mass of the person, m = 50 kg  3 p 1 9 p2  p2 
=  × = = 2.25   = 2.25 E
Height of the staircase, h = 40 × 15 cm = 600 cm = 6 m  2  2m 4 2m  2 m
Time taken to run up to the staircase, t = 6 s Percentage change in K.E.= (E′ – E) × 100%
The power of the person will be K.E = 1.25 E × 100% = 125% of E
work done mgh (50 kg)(10 m/s2 )(6 m) Thus, final K.E. increased by 125%
P= = = = 500 W
time taken t 6s
15. Momentum = 2 × mass × kinetic energy
6. (a) : 1 horse power (hp) = 746 W OR
7. (d) : No work is done by a man pushing a wall because (i) A bird flying in the sky.
there is no displacement takes place. (ii) A body (e.g., a stone) rolling down a hill.
8.(a) : mgh = K + mgh′ 16. (a) The potential energy of the car remains same since
K PE (= mgh) is independent of velocity.
⇒ h′ = h –
mg (b) The kinetic energy of the car becomes four times, since
OR  1 
(c) K.E.  = mv 2  is proportional to square of velocity.
 2 
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(c) The momentum of the car will also get doubled, since 21. Power = 100 W
momentum (p = mv) is proportional to velocity. Time = 5 h
17. (a) Potential energy stored in the rain drops. \ Energy consumed in one day = Power × Time
(b) When water falls from a height, its potential energy is = 100 W × 5 h = 500 Wh
converted into kinetic energy and its velocity is maximum near 500
= kWh = 0.5 kWh
at the foot of the fall. The velocity is suddenly reduced to zero, 1000
and hence its kinetic energy gets converted into heat energy by Since, 1 kWh = 1 unit
raising its temperature. \ Energy consumed = 0.5 units
18. Consider a body of mass m, when placed at a height h 22. As the gravitational potential energy turns into kinetic
from the earth’s surface. energy, so
We apply a upward force F on body, F = mg (Eg )top = (Ek )bottom
Work done by the force F, 1 2
W=F×h mghtop = mvbottom
2
W = mgh
vbottom = 2ghtop = 2(9.8 m s −2 ) (0.15 m) = 1.7 m s −1
This work done on the object which changes its position is
called gravitational potential energy OR
P. E. = W Given, force applied (F) = 5 N
\ P.E. = mgh. Displacement (s) = 2 m
OR Direction of displacement is parallel to applied force, So,
1 2 2 K.E. 2 × 10 q = 0°
Using K.E. = mv ⇒ v = = From formula, W = Fs cos q
2 m 200 × 10 −3 kg
= 5 N × 2 m × cos0° = 10 J
= 10 m/s
23. Given, mass of the sprinter, m = 60 kg
19. Relation between kinetic energy and momentum is
Initial velocity, u = 0
p2
K .E . = Final velocity, v = 10 m s–1, time, t = 3 s
2m
From equation of motion, v = u + at
Let mass of the lighter body be m and velocity be v. ⇒ 10 = 0 + a × 3
1 10
So, K .E.1 = mv 2 ⇒ Acceleration, a = m s −1
2 3
1
And, mass of the heavier body is M and velocity is be V, As, s = ut + at 2
1 2
K .E.2 = MV 2 1 10
2 ⇒ s = 0 + × × 3 × 3 = 15 m
Given K.E.1 = K.E.2 2 3

( mv )2 ( MV )2 \ Work done, (W) = Force (F) × Displacement (s)

= 10
2m 2M = 60 × × 15 [ F = ma]
( mv )2
m 3
2
= . As m < M, mv < MV = 3000 J
( MV ) M
W 3000
The heavier body will have larger momentum. So, power, P = = = 1000 W
t 3
20. (a) Positive : Since porter lift the suitcase by applying 24. Given, m = 5 kg, u = 50 m s–1, t = 5 s,
force in upward direction. Thus both force and displacement g = – 10 m s–2
are in the same direction. 1
(b) Positive : As the suitcase is falling downward and force Height covered by the body in 5 s is h = ut + gt2
2
of gravity is also acting in downward direction therefore work 1
= 50 × 5 – × 10 × (5)2 = 250 – 125 = 125 m
done is positive. 2
(c) As the person does no work on the book. It is stationary Therefore, P.E. of the body after 5 s = mgh
so, work done is zero. = 5 × 10 × 125 = 6250 J
Work and Energy 3

25. (a) Given, m = 50 kg, h = 0.5 m, g = 10 m s–2 Heat is also associated with the force of friction. Thus, work
At highest point, kinetic energy is converted into potential done by friction is not lost, but it is transferred as heat energy
energy. of the system.
\ P.E. = mgh = 50 × 10 × 0.5 = 250 J The energy possessed by a body due to its temperature is
(b) Given, m = 20 kg, v = 0.1 m s–1 known as heat energy or thermal energy.
Electrical Energy : The flow of electric current causes bulbs to
As we know that, a moving body has kinetic energy.
glow, fans to rotate and bells to ring. A definite amount of
1 1
∴ K.E. = mv 2 = × 20 × (0.1)2 = 0.1 J work has to be done in moving the free charge carriers in a
2 2 particular direction through all the electrical appliances. This
OR
causes the expenditure of electrical energy. An urban Indian
Let M be the mass of the man, M ⁄ 2 that of the boy and V and household consumes about 200 joule of energy per second on
v be their respective velocities. As the K.E. of the man is half the an average.
K.E. of the boy, so Chemical energy : Chemical energy arises from the fact that
1 2 1 1 M 2 the molecules participating in the chemical reaction have
MV = ⋅   v or v 2 = 4V 2 or v = 2V
2 2 2 2  different binding energies. A stable chemical compound has
When the velocity of the man is increased to (V + 1), their less energy than the separated parts. Chemical energy is
kinetic energies become equal. associated with the forces that give rise to the stability of the
1 1 M 1 substances. These forces bind atoms into molecules, molecules
\ M (V + 1)2 =   v 2 = M.(2V )2 into polymeric chains etc. The chemical energy obtained from
2 
2 2  4
the combustion of coal, cooking gas, wood and petroleum
or V 2 + 2V + 1 = 2V 2 or V 2 – 2V – 1 = 0
have become indispensable for us.
\ V= 2 + 1 = 2.414 m s–1 28. To illustrate the law, let us calculate kinetic energy K.E.,
–1
v = 2( 2 + 1) = 4.828 m s potential energy P.E. and total energy T.E. of a body falling
26. (a) The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its freely under gravity.
motion is called its kinetic energy. Let m be the mass of the body held at position A, at a height h
above the ground as shown in figure,
No, the kinetic energy of an object cannot be negative because
A
1
both m and v2 are always positive and K.E. = mv2 x
2
(b) Given, m = 1200 kg, s = 40 m, t = 5 s, u = 0
1 h B
From, s = ut + at 2
2 (h–x)
1
40 = 0 × t + × a × (5)2 C
2 Ground
40 × 2
a= = 3.2 m s −2 As the body is at rest at A, therefore,
25 At A : K.E. of the body = 0
Now, W = Fs = mas P.E. of the body = mgh, where g is the acceleration due to
= 1200 × 3.2 × 40 = 153600 J gravity at A.
OR T.E. of the body = K.E. + P.E.
(a) Commercial unit of energy is kilowatt-hour (kWh). = 0 + mgh
The SI unit of energy is joule. E1 = mgh...(i)
Relation between kWh and J Let the body be allowed to fall freely under gravity, when it
\ 1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J strikes the ground at C with a velocity v.
(b) Given, P = 2500 W, t = 4 h From, v2 – u2 = 2as
2500 v2 – 0 = 2 (g) h
\E=P×t = × 4 = 10 kWh = 10 units
1000 v2 = 2gh...(ii)
27. Heat energy : It is the energy possessed by a body by 1 2 1
\ At C : K.E. of the body, mv = m(2 gh) = mgh
virtue of random motion of the molecules of the body. 2 2
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P.E. of the body = mgh = mg (0) = 0 1 1

K B = mB v 2 = × (10 kg) × (9.8 m s −2 )2 ≈ 480 J
Total energy of the body = K.E. + P.E. 2 2
E2 = mgh + 0 = mgh ...(iii) OR
In free fall, let the body cross any point B with a velocity v1, Mass of the car A, mA = 1000 kg
where AB = x Mass of the car B, mB = 1000 kg
From v2 – u2 = 2as
5
v12 – 0 = 2(g) x Initial velocity of car A, uA = 36 km/h = 36   m/s = 10 m/s
18
v12 = 2gx
 5 
1 2 1  as 1km/h= m/s
At B : K. E. of the body = mv1 = m(2gx ) = mgx  18
2 2
Height of the body at B above the ground = CB = (h – x) Opposing force of friction, F = 100 N
\ P.E. of the body at B = mg (h – x) Power of the engine of car A = F uA = (100 N)(10 m/s)
Total energy of the body at B = K.E. + P.E. = 1000 W
E3 = mgx + mg (h – x) = mgx + mgh – mgx  (as power = force × velocity and N m/s = J/s = W)
E3 = mgh ...(iv) Initial velocity of car B, uB = 0
from (i), (iii) and (iv) we find that Final velocity of car A, vA = 0, (as it comes to rest after colliding
E1 = E2 = E3 = mgh with car B.
29. (a) As the two bodies are dropped, they fall with the If vB is final velocity of car B when car A collides with it, applying
same acceleration of 9.8 m s–2. When they are 10 m above the the law conservation of momentum, initial momentum of cars
ground, they have already fallen through 14.9 m – 10 m = 4.9 A and B = final momentum of cars A and B
m. The velocity at this point may be worked out from i.e., mA uA + mB uB = mA vA + mB vB
v2 = u2 + 2gh = 0 + 2 × (9.8 m s–2) × (4.9 m) or 1000 × 10 + 1000 × 0 = 1000 × 0 + 1000 × vB
= 9.8 × 9.8 m2 s–2 or v = 9.8 m s–1. or vB = 10 m/s
The momentum of A is Note : The cars A and B simply interchange their velocities, i.e.,
pA = mAv = (3.0 kg) × (9.8 m s–1) = 29.4 kg m s–1 car A comes to rest and car B moves with the initial velocity of
and that of B is car A, i.e.,10 m/s.
pB = mBv = (10 kg) × (9.8 m s–1) = 98 kg m s–1
30. Energy transformation taking place in different gadgets:
(b) The bodies are at a height of 10 m above the ground. The
(a) Solar cell - light energy to electrical energy.
potential energy of A is
uA = mAgh = (3.0 kg) × (9.8 m s–2) × (10 m) = 294 J (b) Electric heater- electrical energy to heat energy.
and that of B is (c) Magnetic compass- magnetic potential energy to kinetic
uB = mBgh = (10 kg) × (9.8 m s–2) × (10 m) = 980 J energy
(c) The kinetic energy of A is (d) Telephone- sound energy to electrical
1 1 (e) Electrical cell- chemical energy to electrical energy
K A = mAv 2 = × (3.0 kg) × (9.8 m s −2 )2 ≈ 144 J
2 2 (f) Heat engine- Heat or manual energy and chemical energy
and that of B is to mechanical energy.
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