Unit 2

Emerging technology
 Overview
• Emerging Technologies „
• Artificial Intelligence and state its branches „
• Artificial Intelligence applications „
• concepts of Augmented Reality and Virtual
Reality „
• Data Science and its applications
 Emerging technology
• Emerging technology can be understood as a
technology that is developing and evolving
fast with a prominent socio-economic impact.
• examples of emerging technologies that are
• artificial intelligence,
• virtual reality,
• augmented reality,
• and data science.
 Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of
computer science that deals with the design of
systems that mimic human intelligence.
• AI systems are designed to have features that
only humans are capable of such as reasoning
and generalization.
• AI algorithms are now extensively used in a
wide range of areas including business,
medicine, and entertainment.
 Type of AI
• artificial intelligence (AI), the ability of a
digital computer or computer-controlled robot
to perform tasks commonly associated with
intelligent beings.
• Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various
types, there are mainly two types of main
categorization which are based on capabilities
and based on functionally of AI.
 types of Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence can be divided based on
capabilities and functionalities.
– There are three types of Artificial Intelligence-based on
capabilities -
• Narrow AI
• General AI
• Super AI
• Under functionalities, we have four types of Artificial
Intelligence -
• Reactive Machines
• Limited Theory
• Theory of Mind
• Self-awareness
 Artificial Intelligence can be
divided based on capabilities and
functionalities.
 Based on Capabilities
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
• Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to
perform a dedicated task with intelligence.
• Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or
limitations, as it is only trained for one specific
task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI.
Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it
goes beyond its limits.
 Weak AI or Narrow AI:
• The most common and currently available AI
is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial
Intelligence.
• Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing
chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce
site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and
image recognition.
 Based on Capabilities
2. General AI:
• General AI is a type of intelligence which could
perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a
human.
• The idea behind the general AI to make such a
system which could be smarter and think like a
human by its own.
• Currently, there is no such system exist which
could come under general AI and can perform
any task as perfect as a human.
 General AI:
• The worldwide researchers are now focused
on developing machines with General AI.
• As systems with general AI are still under
research, and it will take lots of efforts and
time to develop such systems.
 Based on Capabilities
3. Super AI:
• Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which
machines could surpass human intelligence, and can
perform any task better than human with cognitive
properties. It is an outcome of general AI.
• Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability
include the ability to think, to reason, solve the puzzle,
make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its
own.
• Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial
Intelligence. Development of such systems in real is still
world changing task.
Cont…
 Based on functionality
1. Reactive Machines
• Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of
Artificial Intelligence.
• Such AI systems do not store memories or past
experiences for future actions.
• These machines only focus on current scenarios and
react on it as per possible best action.
• IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive
machines.
• Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive
machines.
• 2. Limited Memory
• Limited memory machines can store past
experiences or some data for a short period of
time.
• These machines can use stored data for a limited
time period only.
• Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of
Limited Memory systems. These cars can store
recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other
cars, speed limit, and other information to
navigate the road.
• 3. Theory of Mind
• Theory of Mind AI should understand the
human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able
to interact socially like humans.
• This type of AI machines are still not
developed, but researchers are making lots of
efforts and improvement for developing such
AI machines.
• 4. Self-Awareness
• Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial
Intelligence. These machines will be super
intelligent, and will have their own
consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
• These machines will be smarter than human
mind.
• Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still
and it is a hypothetical concept.
 Branches of AI
• Though there is no hard and fast way of
identifying the subfields of AI, the following
groups can be considered as branches of AI.
– a. Machine Learning
– b. Robotics
– c. Natural Language Processing
– d. Expert Systems
 Machine Learning
• Machine Learning is the study of computer
algorithms that enable the computer to learn
from data and improve itself without being
explicitly programmed.
• Machine learning algorithms learn from
experience.
• Fraud detection, recommendation systems, email
spam detector, and speech recognition are some
of the examples of applications of machine
learning.
 Cont…
• Deep learning: It is a branch of
machine learning that harnesses
artificial neural networks to acquire
knowledge from data. Deep learning
algorithms effectively solve various
problems, including NLP, image
recognition and speech recognition.
 Robotics
• Robotics is the study of machines called
robots that substitute tasks that are
traditionally done by human beings.
• Robots are also used in environments that are
considered hazardous to human beings like
handling radioactive wastes, underwater, and
space explorations.
 Natural language processing
• Natural language processing: It deals with the
interaction between computers and human
language. NLP techniques are used to
understand and process human language and
in various applications, including machine
translation, speech recognition, and text
analysis.
 Major application areas of NLP
• Spam Detection: Email service providers, like Yahoo, analyze a text
in an email to check if it is spam or not using NLP.
• Machine Translation: translation of text from one language to
another that systems, like Google Translate, do is supported by NLP.
• Virtual Assistant: voice-operated virtual assistants such as
Amazon’s Alexa and Apple’s Siri use NLP.
• Sentiment Analysis: by extracting and analyzing users’ data on
social media, it is possible to learn users’ opinions (which could be
negative, positive, or neutral) about something using NLP.
• Fake News Identification: identifying whether or not news is
trustworthy and checking the reliability of its source can be done
using NLP.
• Text Summarization: summary of a large piece of document like
academic articles can be automatically done using NLP
 Expert systems
• Expert systems :They are computer programs
designed to mimic human experts' reasoning
and decision-making abilities.
• Expert systems are used in various
applications, including medical diagnosis,
financial planning, and customer service.
 Components of expert system
• User Interface: this is part of the expert system
that users use to interact with the expert system.
• Knowledge Base: this is the repository of
knowledge of experts in the domain area. The
knowledge is organized in the form of if-then-else
rules
• Inference Engine: this is the brain of the expert
system that produces the answer by referencing
the knowledge base.
 Application of AI
• Online Shopping;
• Autonomous Cars
• Social Media
• Surveillance
• Agriculture
• Healthcare
 Augmented Reality and Virtual
Reality
• Augmented reality is an interactive
experience that enhances the real world with
computer-generated perceptual information.
Using software, apps, and hardware such as
AR glasses, augmented reality overlays digital
content onto real-life environments and
objects.
• The hardware of AR includes a processor,
sensors, input devices, and a display.
 virtual reality (VR)
• virtual reality (VR), the use of computer modeling and
simulation that enables a person to interact with an
artificial three-dimensional (3-D) visual or other
sensory environment.
• A person can interact with VR using electronic
devices such as goggles, headsets, gloves, or bodysuits.
VR attempts to create an illusory environment that can
be presented to our senses with artificial information
making our minds believe that it is (almost) a reality.
• VR creates a completely immersive experience for the
user
 Application of VR and AR
• Education: AR and VR have a wide array of uses in
education and enable to learn-on-the go using real-
time instructions. Eg; animations
• Healthcare: there are numerous AR and VR
applications implemented in the medical industry. Eg
Tele-surgery , disease diagnosis
• Entertainment: eg computer-generated data on
artifacts in art galleries and museums,
 Data Science
• Data science combines math and statistics,
specialized programming, advanced analytics,
artificial intelligence (AI), and machine
learning with specific subject matter expertise
to uncover actionable insights hidden in an
organization’s data.