IEEE ITNEC(ISSN:2693-3128)

Power consumption based on 5G communication

2021 IEEE 5th Information Technology,Networking,Electronic and Automation Control Conference (ITNEC) | 978-1-6654-1599-6/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ITNEC52019.2021.9587128

Xiong Yu 1, Geng Li 1, Wenbing Lu 1

1.College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Corresponding Author: Xiong Yu Email:[email protected]

Abstract—At present, 5G mobile traffic base stations in consumed by the base station can be expressed as
energy consumption accounted for 60% ~ 80%, compared Equation (1).
with 4G energy consumption increased three times. In the
future, high-density overlapping heterogeneous cellular P  mPi  n (1)
network architecture means more base station deployment.
When the transmission rate increases by 10-100 times, low Where, P represents the total power consumed by the
cost and low energy consumption become the key. This base station, and mPi represents the dynamic power
paper proposes a power control algorithm based on energy consumption of the base station. Among them, Pi
efficiency, which combines cell breathing technology and represents the transmitting power of the base station, and
base station sleep technology to reduce base station energy m represents the proportional relationship coefficient
consumption on the premise of ensuring the quality of between the total power consumption of the base station
communication. To improve the efficiency of the network. and the transmitted power of the base station. The value of
m is related to the RF amplifier loss, feeder loss and the
Keywords—5G, power control, energy efficiency power consumption of related air-conditioning equipment.
I. INTRODUCTION It can be found that the total power consumption of the
base station increases linearly with the transmitted power
The research of base station energy saving technology of the base station. n represents the fixed power
in green heterogeneous cellular network mainly starts consumption of the base station, and the value of n has
from the aspects of power control, user association, base nothing to do with the transmitted power of the base
station sleep, etc. The power control technology mainly station. It mainly includes other power consumption of
reduces the energy consumption by controlling the signal processing devices, batteries and air conditioning
transmitting power of the base station or the transmitting equipment of related components.
power of the user. The user association technology can
improve the Quality of Service (QoS), system capacity In a typical macro base station with two transmitting
and energy efficiency of the user mainly by providing the antennas, m=22.9, n=412. When the transmitting power of
user with appropriate communication link and associating such an macro station decreases from 40W to 20W, the
with the base station. Base station sleep technology total power consumption of the macro base station
mainly controls the state of the base station through the decreases from 1263W to 838W, which can generally
design software to make the base station work or sleep, so save 25%-30% energy consumption.
as to improve the network energy efficiency and reduce
When the base station is in hibernation state, many
the network energy consumption.
energy consumption components, including the air
II. KEY TECHNOLOGIES OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT conditioning equipment of the base station, will be shut
IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS down, and the power consumption of the base station in
hibernation state will be greatly reduced. And on the other
A. Base station sleep technology hand, the wireless communication network in the obvious
With the rapid development of wireless cellular uneven spatial and temporal characteristics of 20% of the
network,the energy consumption of the mobile mobile data traffic by 5% of the mobile communication
communication network are more serious, for cellular base station load, in stark contrast is 50% of the mobile
base station consumes 60% ~ 80% of total energy communication base station has the lightest load bearing
consumption, therefore, reduce the energy consumption of by only 15% of mobile data traffic, actually in for the film
the base station has always been to build green, one of the clip on the base station can be run in the empty state, That
important research direction of communication network, is, it consumes a lot of energy without providing any
the base station dormancy technology is to reduce energy service to the user, which actually has a lot of room to
consumption of the base station is the most effective, the reduce the energy consumption. It can be found that if the
most common technical means. transmission power of the base stations without users can
be adjusted to zero, that is, the base stations can be put in
The total power consumed by the base station can be hibernation state, a lot of energy will be saved, thus
regarded as composed of two parts, namely, the dynamic improving the network energy efficiency, and at the same
power consumption related to the transmitted power of the time, the interference to the adjacent base stations in
base station and the fixed power consumption to maintain working state can be reduced.
the basic operation of the base station. The total power

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 B. Cell breathing technique communication quality of the base station access users,
The main idea of cell breathing technology is to regard adjust the load condition of the base station or increase the
each base station coverage area as a cell that can be network capacity of the whole communication network.
shrunk, and to change the coverage area of base station The schematic diagram of cell breathing is shown in
through some technical means, so as to improve the Figure 1.

Fig. 1. Cell respiration process state

There are many technical means to achieve cell increased to fill the coverage loopholes caused by the
breathing, which can be divided into the following three: shrinkage of the heavy load base stations, and at the same
time, some users who switch from the heavy load base
(1) Physical adjustment of the base station itself. By stations are distributed. In the light load area, let most of
adjusting the transmitting power of the base station, the the light load base stations sleep, let the users in this part
cell can expand outward by increasing the transmitting of the area access to a few base stations in the light load
power; conversely, the cell can shrink by reducing the area, to reduce the energy consumption.
transmitting power of the base station.
A. Base load
(2) Cooperative communication between base stations.
Multi-point cooperative communication technology Base station load indicates how much service the base
provides communication services for a Mu through the station currently bears, which can be expressed in
cooperation of multiple base stations, thus forming signal different ways, such as the number of users' access, the
cluster. This kind of beam forming technology can proportion of bandwidth occupied, the number of sub-
effectively reduce the mutual interference within the cell. bandwidth occupied, etc. In this paper, the proportion of
the total bandwidth of the users of the current access base
(3) Deploy the relay node. When the communication station to the total bandwidth of the base station is used to
environment in base station A deteriorates, A relay node represent the load size of the base station, as shown in
(RS) is deployed at the edge of base station A, so that Mu Equation (2).
in base station A connects to base station B through the
relay node, which is equivalent to expanding the coverage U i   U ij   i ( j) (2)
area of base station B. The coverage area of base station A
is reduced. Bij
III. POWER CONTROL ALGORITHM U ij  (3)
Bi
Main ideas of power control algorithm: According to
each base station users access of base station can be In the formula,Ui is the current load of base station i,
divided into heavy load and normal load, light load, and U i  0,1 and Uij represents the load that user j brings to
zero load four load state, and the heavy load and light load base station i when accessing base station i. Its calculation
base stations to make appropriate adjustments, power in method is as shown in Equation (3), represents the ratio of
the region of the heavy load, heavy load that the bandwidth occupied by user accessing the base station
overwhelmed the base station to drop coverage, access to to the total bandwidth of the base station; Bij represents
the user experience, in order to improve the heavy load the bandwidth occupied by user accessing the base station.
base station At the same time, the coverage range of the Bi represents the total bandwidth of the base station, and
base stations around the heavy load base stations is

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 Pi(j) refers to the user's connection state representation 3 .7
P1  R 1 
(9)
function. Pi(j)=1 means when user j is connected to base  
station i, and Pi(j)=0 means when user j is not connected P2  R 2 
to base station i.
The power control algorithm designed in this paper
Different base station access number of users, the load can also be applied to the macro station and small base
of different base station is not the same, according to the station. According to the path loss formula, when applied
Equation (2) can be calculated for each of the base station to the macro station and small base station.
load size, and then set Ll and L2 two threshold method,
according to the base station load each base station can be The corresponding relationship between base station
divided into four states: zero load state, light load power variation and coverage variation is shown in Table
condition, normal and heavy load condition, state of base II.
station load classified as table I. Table II base station power change and its coverage
Table I Base station load state partition table
Base station coverage varies shrink 1/8 Expansion 1/6
Base station status Base station load
Micro cell 0.63 times 1.74 times
zero load state U1=0
transmit
light load state 0<Ui<L1 Small cell 0.79 times 1.31 times
power change
normal load state L1<Ui<L2
Macro cell 0.57 times 1.81 times
heavy load state L2<Ui<1

B. Base station power adjustment

It is assumed that the initial transmitted power of base When the radio frequency power of the base station is
station n is P1 and the initial coverage radius is R1. After reduced, the overall power consumption of the base
power adjustment, the base station is denoted as ase station will be greatly reduced. The micro base station is
station m, its transmitted power is P2 and the adjusted the key to reducing power consumption. Therefore, the
coverage radius becomes R2. It is assumed that the signal target of the base station transmit power adjustment in this
power received by user a at the coverage edge of base design is the micro base station. Of course, for the multi-
station m is denoted as Pna, as shown in Equation (4). The macro cell network, the algorithm in this paper It can be
signal power received by User a at the coverage edge of directly used for the power control of the base station of
base station m is denoted as Pma. As shown in Equation the macro cell. Compared with the micro base station, the
(5), the change in the coverage area of base station should power control effect of the small base station is much
be reflected in that, for User a, the received signal power weaker, but for the small base station itself, the same
at the coverage edge of base station remains unchanged power control can still greatly reduce the power.
before and after the change in the transmitted power of the Therefore, this algorithm is also applicable to macro base
stations and small base stations.
base station, as shown in Equation (6).
PL1 ( dB )
According to the load current base station status,
1 adjust the base station transmission power, this paper
Pna  P1  pl  P1 10
1
10
(4) respectively each processing cycle to sleep the zero load
PL2 ( dB )
base stations, to shrink the heaviest load base stations, to
sleep the lightest load base station processing, micro base
Pma  P2  pl21  P2 10 10
(5) station power changes with its coverage as shown in table
2, the relation between the transmission power of micro
Pna  Pma (6) base station in a specific adjustment strategy is as follows:
Where PL (dB) represents the path loss. If the power (1) The zero-load base station is directly dormant, that
control technology is for the micro-base station,Equation is, its transmission power is set to 0.
(7) and Equation (8) can be obtained. (2) all the light load base station according to the load
R1 from small to large, sorting the dormant on the lightest
PL1  33  37 log 10 (7)
load base station processing, adjust the transmission
R2 power is zero, at the same time with the adjacent and in
PL 2  33  37 log10 (8) light load condition or normal load condition of micro
base station district extension processing, extend the
From Equation (4) ~ (8), the relationship between the coverage of 1/6, to fill the dormancy of the base station
change of base station transmit power and the change of coverage holes.
cell coverage is shown in Equation (9)

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 (3) Sort all the heavy-load base stations according to (1) Parameters initialization Settings. Set the
their load from large to small, and carry out cell shrinkage transmitting power of each base station as the default
treatment on the heavy-load base stations to reduce their transmitting power of the base station.
coverage by 1/8, so as to improve the communication
quality of users in the heavy-load area and balance the (2) Calculate the current load of each base station. The
load of each base station is calculated as shown in
load of each base station.
Equation (1), and the working state of each base station is
C. Algorithm flow and steps divided according to the load of each base station in Table
The network energy efficiency in this paper is defined I.
as the ratio of the total channel capacity of the access (3) Base station power adjustment, that is, all zero-
network users to the total transmission power of the base load base station transmission power adjustment to 0, that
station, the unit is bit/s/w, and the energy efficiency is, sleep control; Base station sleep setting for the base
expression is (10). station with the lightest load, cell shrinkage control for the
base station with the heaviest load.
 C k
(10) (4) Base station activation procedure. If the number of
n

 (P  P
i 1
i 0i ) microbase stations under heavy load is greater than the
total number of microbase stations, or the drop-off rate is
higher than the threshold value, the base station activation
C k  B  log12SNR (11) procedure will be started. Each base station power
processing cycle can activate at most one microbase
Equation (10), n represents the total number of all station or small base station in the dormant state.
types of base stations; Pi represents the current transmitted
power of the ith base station; when the base station is
dormant, the transmitted power is 0; P0i represents the
inherent power loss of the ith base station, which has
nothing to do with the working state of the base station;
the total power consumption of the base station has a
linear growth relationship with the transmitted power of
the base station. Therefore, to facilitate calculation, In the
subsequent parameter calculation of this paper, this value
is not considered, that is, the default value is zero. Ck
represents the channel capacity of the user k who is
connected to the network and can communicate
normally.It is the maximum reliable transmission rate that
Fig. 2. Flow chart of power control algorithm based on energy
the user can reach, and its value is calculated according to efficiency
the Shannon formula. As shown in Equation (11), B
represents the bandwidth allocation for each user with IV. COMPREHENSIVE SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS
access to the network. In this paper, once the user is
connected to the network, the bandwidth is uniformly According to the different base station power control
allocated at 200 kHz, and SNR represents the signal-to- algorithms, several comparison algorithms are presented
noise ratio of the user. Then, under certain restrictive for performance comparison analysis. The proposed
conditions, combined with formula (10), the algorithm algorithm is called cell breathing algorithm, and the
formula is shown as (12). comparison algorithms are as follows:
(1) min-con (minimization load algorithm) and min-

C k max algorithm: The min-con algorithm is the congestion
s.t. C k  C min Pmin  Pi  Pmax (12)
n reduction cell load algorithm. Firstly, the algorithm
P i calculates the load of all base stations and finds out all the
i 1 heavily loaded base stations. Then, it reduces the power
through unified repeated iteration of all the heavily loaded
Where, Cmin represents the minimum channel capacity
base stations to shrink the coverage, specifically by 1/8.
threshold of each user, Pmin and Pmax represent the lowest
Until all the regulated base stations have become heavily
and highest transmitted power of the base station in the
loaded or one of the base stations has adjusted its power to
non-dormant state, and are multiples of the base station's
the minimum operating power; Min-max algorithm is
default transmitted power, respectively. The designed
based on min-con, which increases the transmitting power
power control algorithm flow diagram based on energy
of light load base station to cover more areas.
efficiency is shown in Figure 2. It can be seen from the
flow diagram that a power processing cycle of the power (2)ccza(centralized cell zooming algorithm) Algorithm:
control algorithm is divided into the following steps: ccza namely centralized area scaling algorithm, the
algorithm firstly calculates all load, the base station in a

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 processing cycle, according to the base station load size
from small to large, sorting, in turn, will be the minimum
load base station dormancy, if you don't increase
model.next, small load base station continues to deal with
time, otherwise, into the next cycle, algorithm when the
design focus on the drops and the power consumption of
the network, user data rates, system capacity, and network
coverage vulnerabilities were not properly considered.
(3) PL-CB (Path loss-based cell breathing) algorithm:
PL-CB is a cell respiration algorithm based on path loss.
Under the premise of limiting the maximum transmitting
power of the base station and the minimum user Fig. 4. Energy efficiency contrast
transmission rate, the algorithm constantly updates the
transmitting power of the base station according to the Figure 4 is the simulation result of network energy
real-time transmission rate of the access user, according to efficiency. It can be seen from the figure that the cell
the nonlinear programming theory, to find the optimal breathing algorithm designed in this paper has the highest
balance between energy consumption and total throughput. energy efficiency, which is about 15% higher than the
The result of the algorithm has much to do with the second-best ccza algorithm. In addition, ccza algorithm
threshold value of user transmission rate, which is and PL-CB algorithm can also effectively improve
difficult to determine an appropriate value. network energy efficiency. Among them, the performance
(4) original and sleep algorithms: The original of ccza and the algorithm designed in this paper is
algorithm refers to that the user is connected to the relatively close, but they have a long period of seven
corresponding base station only according to the access cycles to achieve the best effect, and then they are all
selection algorithm without adopting any base station stable. PL-CB almost achieves the best effect in three
power control technology to adjust the base station power; cycles, but it still fluctuates greatly in the following period.
Sleep algorithm also does not adopt any base station V. CONCLUSIONS
power control technology to adjust base station power,
and it takes base station sleep measures for zero-load base This paper proposes a power control algorithm based
stations on the basis of original algorithm. on energy efficiency. The algorithm combines cell
breathing technology and base station sleep technology to
reduce base station energy consumption while ensuring
communication quality, thereby improving network
energy efficiency.
VI. Acknowledgment
This work was supported by Science and Technology
Project of State Grid Corporation of China (No.KJ-21-1-
56).
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