RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE NOTES : Sorrieu’s Utopian Vision:

• The peoples of the world are grouped as

distinct nations, identified through their
flags and national costume.
• Leading the procession, way past the
Frederic Sorrieu's vision of World: statue of Liberty, are the United States
and Switzerland, which by this time were
already nation-states.
• France, identifiable by the revolutionary
tricolour, has just reached the statue.
• She is followed by the peoples of
Germany, bearing the black, red and gold
flag.
• Following the German peoples are the
peoples of Austria, the Kingdom of the
Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England,
Ireland, Hungary and Russia.
• From the heavens above, Christ, saints
and angels gaze upon the scene.

Symbolise fraternity among the

• The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics - The Pact
nations of the world.
Between Nations, a print prepared by Frédéric Sorrieu, 1848

The dream of worldwide democratic and social republics:

• The first print of the series, shows the peoples of Europe and America -men and women of all ages and
social classes - marching in a long train, and offering homage to the statue of Liberty as they pass by
it.
• She bears a torch in one hand and charter of the rights of man in the other.
• On the earth in the foreground of the image lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist
institutions.

• The Rise of Nationalism brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe.

• Emergence of nation state in place of the multinational dynastic empire of Europe.

This commonness did not In a lecture delivered at the University of Sorbonne in
Modern State:in exist from time immemorial; it was 1882, the French philosopher Ernst Renan (1823-92)
Nation State:was one in forged through struggles, through
outlined his understanding of what makes a nation:
which a centralised power the actions of leaders and the
which the majority of its common people ‘A nation is the culmination of a long past of
exercised sovereign control over endeavours, sacrifice and devotion. A heroic
citizens, and not only its
a clearly past, great men, glory, that is the social capital
rulers, came to develop upon which one bases a national idea. To have
defined territory, had been common glories in the past, to have a common
a sense of common will in the present, to have performed great
developing over a long period of
identity and shared deeds together, to wish to perform still more,
time these are the essential conditions of being a
history or descent. people,A nation is therefore a large-scale
in Europe. solidarity Its existence is a daily plebiscite.'
 The French Revolution and the Idea of Nation:
• It was France from where the concept of nationalism came into existence for the first time, with the
French Revolution in 1789. Before this, France was a territorial state.
• Political and Constitutional changes that came in the wake of the revolution led to the transfer of
sovereignty (supreme power or authority) from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.
Proclaimed that people constitute the nation and shape its destiny:

1. French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective
identity among the French citizens. Ideas of “la patrie” (the fatherland) and “le citoyen” (the citizen” emphasized
on the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
2. The royal flag was replaced by a new tricolor flag.
3. The Estates-General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
4. New hymns were composed, oaths were taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
5. A centralized administrative system was put in place.
6. Uniform laws for all citizens were formulated.
7. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished.
8. A Uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
9. French, as it was spoken and written in Paris was considered as a common language of the nation, and regional
dialects were discouraged.
Objective of French Revolution:

• It was declared the mission and destiny of France to liberate the people of Europe from despotism (Absolute
oppressive cruel power)
• News about French revolution spread to various cities of Europe, students and other members of educated
middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs (Radical groups). The activities and campaigns of these clubs
allowed the French armies to move into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s, carrying
the idea of Nationalism abroad.

NAPOLEANIC CODE OR CIVIL CODE OF 1804:

• Napoleon set about introducing many of the reforms that he had already
introduced in France.
• Through a return to monarchy Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed
democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated
revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more
rational and efficient.
Oh .. Well There's nothing
Following were the features of this code: we can do.
1. Did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before
the law.
2. Secured right to property
3. Simplified administrative divisions.
 4. Abolished feudal system.. Some important dates
• 1797
5. Freed peasants from manorial dues and serfdom. Napoleon invades Italy; Napoleonic
6. Guild restrictions removed.(In towns) wars begin.

7. Transport and communication system improved. • 1814-1815

8. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace
Settlement.
freedom.
• 1821
9. Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to Greek struggle for independence
realise that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a begins.
common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of • 1848
goods and capital from one region to another. Revolutions in Europe; artisans,
industrial workers and peasants
revolt against economic hardships;
middle classes demand constitutions
• This Code was exported to the regions under French control. In the and representative governments;
Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified Italians, Germans, Magyars, Poles,
Czechs, etc. demand nation-states.
administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed
peasants from serfdom and manorial dues were abloished • 1859-1870
Unification of Italy.

The reactions of the local populations to French rule were mixed: • 1866-1871
Unification of Germany.
• Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in • 1905
certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies Slav nationalism gathers force in the
Habsburg and Ottoman Empires.
were welcomed as harbingers of liberty.
• But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that
the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with
political freedom. WHY!?
• Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French
armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh
the advantages of the administrative changes.
Jab Extra time bach jaye tab
ye sab rat lena not so imp.
The Making of Nationalism in Europe:
• What we know today as Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms,
duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.
• Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms duchies and cantons, whose rulers had their autonomous
(free) territories. Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within territories with diverse
people.
• Most of them shared no collective identity or common culture and spoke different languages, belonging to different
ethnic groups.
• Habsburg Empire (rule over Austria-Hungary) was a patchwork of many different regions and people. Included the
Alpine Regions (Tyrol, Austria, Sudetenland), Bohemia where the aristocracy was predominantly German speaking,
Italian speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. Hungary- half of the population spoke Magyar, others spoke
different dialects. Galicia, aristocracy spoke Polish.
• Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the boundaries of the empire, a mass of subject peasant
peoples – Bohemians and Slovaks (north), Slovenes in Carniola, Croats (South), Roumans (East) in Transylvania.
• These differences did not promote a sense of political unity. The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a
common allegiance to the emperor.
 The Aristocracy and The New Middle Class:
Rich landed aristocracy: New middle class:
• United by a common way of life that cut across • In Western and Central parts the growth of
regional divisions. industrial production and trade meant growth of
• They owned estates in the countryside and also towns and commercial class.
townhouses. • Industrialization began in England in the second
• They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and half of 18th century, but in France and German
in high society. states it occurred during the 19th century.
• Their families were often connected by ties of • In this wake, new social groups- a working class
marriage. population and middle classes made up of
• This powerful aristocracy was, however, industrialists, businessmen and professionals
numerically a small group. emerged. In Central and Eastern these groups
were smaller.
The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry: • It was among the educated, liberal middle classes
that ideas of national unity following the abolition
• To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
tenants and small owners.
• While in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of
landholding was characterised by vast estates which Suffrage – The right to vote
were cultivated by serfs.

What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?

• Liberal + Nationalism 1. Political Sphere:
• It emphasised the concept of government by consent.
• Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-
• Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of
century Europe were closely allied to the
autocracy and clerical privileges.
ideology of liberalism
• A constitution and representative government through
• The word ‘liberalism’ is derived from the parliament.
Latin word ‘liber’, which means free. • Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the inviolability of
private property.
2. Social Sphere: • Equality before law didn’t stand for universal suffrage, as the
For the new middle classes right to vote in revolutionary France was only granted to
liberalism stood for freedom for property owning men. The Napoleonic Code reduced women to
the individual and equality of all the states of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and
before the law. husbands.(Patriarchal principles) : another disadvantage of
• EXTRA GYAAN (Not so important time bache tab padh lena) napoleonic code.
There were about 39 princely states in this region during the first half of the nineteenth century. Each state had its own currency and weights
and measures. If a trader was traveling from Hamburg to Nuremberg in 1833 to sell his goods, he had to pay a customs duty of 5 percent at 11
custom barriers. Duties were levied according to the weight or measurement of the goods.
o Each region had different standards of weights and measures, So, it took a lot of time to calculate the duty. Measure of cloth (elle) stood for
a different length in every state. 54.7cm Frankfurt, 55.1cm Mainz, 65.6cm Nuremberg, 53.5cm Freiburg.
o All this led to the demand for the creation of unified economic territory by the various business classes for smooth movement of goods,
people and capital from one region to another. This demand results in the formation of a customs union or zollverein.
 3.
• Economic Sphere: Why?
In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of
markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the • Challenges in the economic set up at
movement of goods and capital. that time.
*Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic • Differences in unit of weight and
exchange and growth by the new commercial classes, ∴ measurement of goods. (E.g. - Elle)
Creation of a unified economic territory was demanded.
• In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and
joined by most of the German states.
• The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over
thirty to two.
• The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing
economic interests to national unification.

• A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments

growing at the time.

A New Conservatism after 1815:

• A political philosophy which stresses the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs,
preferring gradual development to quick change, is known as conservatism.
• Following Napoleon’s downfall in 1815, conservatives believed that established, traditional
institutions of state and society (monarchy, Church, social hierarchies, property, family)
should all be preserved.
• Napoleon was defeated by Britain ,Prussia,Russia,Austria.

Were conservatives against the change?

• Conservatives didn’t propose a return to society of pre-revolutionary days as they realized, modernization
could strengthen traditional institutions, and could make the state more effective and strong. Modern army,
efficient bureaucracy, dynamic (new, better) economy, abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen
autocratic monarchies.
TREATY OF VEINNA 1815:
• In 1815, representatives of the European Powers (Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria), who defeated Napoleon,
met in Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. Congress was hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke
Metternich. Delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the objective of undoing most chances that
came in Europe during Napoleonic Wars.

• The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new
conservative order in Europe.
Changes introduced under treaty of vienna:

• The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power.
• France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
• A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
• Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was
added to Piedmont in the south.
• Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of
northern Italy.
• Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.

• German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.

The new conservative regime V/S The society:

• Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic.

• They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy
of autocratic governments.
• Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and
songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French Revolution.
• The memory of the French Revolution nonetheless continued to inspire liberals.
• One of the major issues taken up by the liberal-nationalists, who criticised the new conservative order, was freedom of the press.

The Revolutionaries:
• Fear of repression drove liberal nationalists underground. Secret societies sprang up in European states
to train revolutionaries and spread ideas. A commitment to oppose monarchial forms that had been
established after Vienna and to fight for liberty and freedom was required. Creation of Nation states seen
as a necessary part of struggle.

Giuseppe Mazzini:
• Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa in 1807.
• He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.
• As a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
• He subsequently founded two more underground societies.
• Young Italy in Marseilles.
• Young Europe in Berne.
• The idea of Giuseppe Mazzini:“He believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.”
• Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms.
• It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations.
• This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.
• Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.
• Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’
 Age of Revolutions- 1830-1848:

July revolution in france:

• ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold.’ ~Duke Metternich

• The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative
reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries.
• Installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.
• July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels, which led to Belgium breaking
away from United Kingdom of Netherlands.
Louis Philippe
Greek War of Independence:
• An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe.
• Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
• The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence
amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.
• Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West
Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
• Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion
to support its struggle a gainst a Muslim empire.

• The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

Lord Byron: • English poet who fought for the Greek war of independence.
• He organised funds and later went to fright in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.
The Romantic Imagination and National Feelings:
• Nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion.
• Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music
helped express and shape nationalist feelings.

Romanticism:
• An ideology where culture, art and ideas are focused upon to create a form of nationalist sentiments.
• Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on
emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
• Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a
nation.

Ideas of Johann Gottfried Herder(1744-1803):

• Claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people - das volk.
• It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation (volksgeist)
was popularised.
• So collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential to the project of nation-
building.

Role of Vernacular language and local folklore:

• Helpful in recovering an ancient national spirit.
• Important to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly
illiterate.
Example of Poland:
• Poland, had been partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by the Great Powers -Russia, Prussia and
Austria.
• Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent territory, national feelings were kept alive
through music and language.

Karol Kurpinski:
• Celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and
mazurka into nationalist symbols.
The Grimm Brothers: Folktales and Nation-building:
• Grimms’ Fairy Tales is a familiar name. The brothers Jacob and Wilhelm
Grimm were born in the German city of Hanau in 1785 and 1786
respectively.
• In 1812, they published their first collection of tales.
• They also published a 33-volume dictionary of the German
language.
Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments:
v After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was
imposed everywhere.
v In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed.
v Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national
resistance.
v Polish was used for Church gatherings and all religious instruction.
• As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as
punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle
against Russian dominance.

Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt:

• 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe:-
• First half of 19th century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe and there were
more seekers of job than employed people.
• Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums. Small producers in towns
faced stiff competition from cheap machine made imported goods from England where industrialization was
more advanced (especially in textile production mainly at small scale).
• The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.
• In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of
feudal dues and obligations.
• Food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris on the street.
Barricades were erected which forced Louis Philippe to flee. A National Assembly proclaimed a Republic and
granted suffrage and right to work to all adult males above 21. National workshops to provide employment
were set up.

The story of revolt is Silesia

• The journalist Wilhelm Wolff described the events in a Silesian village as follows:
In these villages (with 18,000 inhabitants) cotton weaving is the
most widespread occupation … The misery of the workers is
extreme. The desperate need for jobs has been taken advantage
of by the contractors to reduce the prices of the goods they
order …
On 4 June at 2 p.m. a large crowd of weavers emerged from
their homes and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages. They were treated
with scorn and threats alternately. Following this, a group of them forced their way into the house, smashed its
elegant windowpanes, furniture, porcelain … another group broke into the storehouse and plundered it of supplies of
cloth which theytore to shreds … The contractor fled with his family to a neighbouring village which, however,
refused to shelter such a person. He returned 24 hours later having requisitioned the army. In the exchange that
followed, eleven weavers were shot.
 1848: The Revolution of the Liberals:
• Events of February 1848 in France brought about the abdication of the monarch and a republic based
on universal male suffrage.
• In other parts of Europe were independent nation states did not exist yet (Germany, Italy, Poland,the
Austro-Hungarian Empire.), liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with
national unification.
• Taking advantage of the growing unrest, they pushed their demands for the creation of a nation state
on parliamentary principles- constitution, freedom of press and freedom of association.
The Frankfurt parliament in the Church of St Paul.
The revolution of liberals in Germany region: Contemporary colour print. Notice the women in
the upper left gallery:
• 18 May 1848- Frankfurt
• Large number of political associations whose members were middle
class professionals, business and artisans,came together in the city
of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an All German National
Assembly.
• On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive
procession in the Frankfurt parliament,convened in the Church of
St. Paul.
• They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a
monarchy subject to parliament. Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of
Prussia rejected the terms and joined other monarchs to oppose
the elected assembly. New Words:
• Opposition of aristocracy and military became stronger and the
• Feminist – Awareness of
parliament dominated by middle class resisted the demands of
women’s rights and interests
workers and artisans, which consequently made them lose their
based on the belief of the
support. Troops were called,assembly was disbanded.
social, economic and political
• Women formed their own political associations, founded
equality of the genders
newspapers and took part in political meetings and demonstrations
but were continued suffrage and political rights. Women were • Ideology – System of ideas
admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery in the reflecting a particular social
Frankfurt parliament. and political vision
Was the revolution of the liberals, 1848 a failed attempt?
• Though conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movementsin 1848, they
could not restore the old order:

• Monarchs were beginning to realise that the cycles of revolution and repression could only
be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.
• Hence, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe
began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815.
• Thus serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Habsburg dominions and in
Russia.
• The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867.
 The Making of Germany:
• Introduction: After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and
revolution.
• Nationalist sentiments were often mobilised by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving
political domination over Europe.
• This can be observed in the process by which Germany and Italy came to be unified as nation-states.
• Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class Germans, who in 1848 tried to unite the
differentregions of German confederation into a nation state governed by an elected parliament. This
liberal initiativewas repressed by the monarchy and military, supported by large landowners Junkers of
Prussia.
• Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Otto von Bismark was the
architect ofthe process of unification with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy.
• There were Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France which ended in Prussian
victory.
• On the bitterly cold morning of 18 January 1871 assembly in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles-
proclaimed Kaiser William I of Prussiaas the German Emperor.

Conclusion:
• The nation-building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power.
• The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial
systems in Germany.
• Prussian measures and practices often became a model for the rest of Germany.

Unification of Italy:

• Introduction: During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as
multinational Habsburg Empire. Italy was divided into 7 states, of which only one- Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an
Italian princely house.
• North was under Austrian Habsburgs, center was ruled by Pope, southern regions were ruled by Bourbon Kings of Spain.
• Italian language had not acquired one form and had regional and local variations.
• During 1830s- Giuseppe Mazzini put together a coherent program for a unitary Italian Republic, and also formed secret
society Young Italy for it. Revolutions in 1831 and 1848 both failed.
• For the ruling elites, unified Italy offered the possibility of economic development and political dominance.
• Ruler of Sardinia Piedmont- King Victor Emmanuel II had to unify Italian states. Chief Minister Cavour led the movement to
unify the regions of Italy he was was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.Like many other wealthy and educated
members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian. Through tactful diplomatic alliance with
France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont defeated Austrian forces in 1859.(Contribution of chief minister cavour)
• Under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi, armed volunteers joined and marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of Two
Sicilies and won the support of the local peasants to drive out the Spanish rulers in 1860.(Contribution of Giuseppe
Garibaldi)
• 1861- Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.
• Conclusion : Many Italians were illiterate and remained unaware of liberal-nationalist ideology, and had never heard of
“Italia”, and believed that ‘La Talia’ was Victor Emmanuel’s wife!
 Ethnic – Relates to a common racial, tribal, or
Unification of Britain: cultural origin or background that a community
identifies with or claims

• Introduction: In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It
was the result of a long-drawn-out process.
• There was no British natin prior to 18th century. Primary ethnic identities of people inhabiting British Isles- English,
Welsh, Scot or Irish. All of these ethnic groups having their own cultural and political traditions.
• As the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other
nations of the islands. English parliament (seized power from monarchy in 1688)
• Act of Union 1707 between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the “United Kingdom” of “Great Britain.”
• Growth of British identity and domination of the parliament by English members meant Scotland’s distinctive culture
and political institutions were systematically suppressed. Catholic clans inhabiting the Scottish Highlands suffered
repression whenever they attempted to assert independence. Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak Gaelic
language, wear their national dress, large number of them were driven out of their homeland.
• Ireland was divided between Catholics and Protestants. English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish
dominance over a Catholic country. After a failed revolt by Wolfe Tone in 1798, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into
United Kingdom in 1801.
• A new British nation was forged through the propagation of dominant English culture.
• Conclusion: Symbols of New Britain- the British Flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save our Noble King) and
the English language were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this
union.

Visualising the Nation:

• Artists in 18th and 19th century personified nation and represented a country as if it were a person.
Nations were portrayed as female figures, which sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a Allegory – When an
abstract idea (for
concrete form. instance, greed, envy,
• During F.Revol. artists used the female allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the freedom, liberty) is
expressed through a
Republic. person or a thing. An
• Attributes of Liberty are the red cap or the broken chain while Justice is generally a blindfolded allegorical story has
two meanings, one
woman carrying a pair of weighing scales. literal and one

• In France the female allegory was Marianne- her characteristics drawn from those of Liberty and the
symbolic

Republic: the red cap, tricolor and the cockade. Marianna images were marked on coins and stamps
and statues of her were in the public.Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind
the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it.
• Germania became the allegory of the German nation. She wore a crown of oak leaves which stands
for heroism.

Postage stamps GERMANIA Marianne

Nationalism and Imperialism:

• Nationalism means a feeling of pride and belongingness towards one's nation. It is a feeling that unites people
and drives them to fight for a common goal.

• Imperialism is the ideology and policy of extending the rule or authority of a country over that of another
and its people either through military, economic or political means.

• By the last quarter of the nineteenth century nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal-democratic
sentiment of the first half of the century. During this period nationalist groups became highly intolerant
towards each other and were constantly in conflict. The major European powers, in turn, manipulated the
nationalist aspirations of the subject peoples in Europe to further their own imperialist aims.
• Imperialism is a policy of extending a country’s power and influence with the help of military forces or other
means.
• BALKANS:
• In 1871 Serious nationalist tension in Europe in an area called Balkans, a region of geographical and ethnic
variation, comprising modern day- Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Romania,
Montenegro, Bosnia Herzegovina, Albania, inhabitants known as Slavs.
• Spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in Balkans along with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
made this region explosive. One by one its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and
declared independence.
• Balkan people based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove
that they had once been independent but had been subjugated by foreign powers. Rebellious nationalities in the
Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their independence.
• Balkan area became an area of intense conflict.
• Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and hoped to gain more territory at the expense of others.
Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry.
• The European powers entered into a rivalry with each other so as to establish their trade and colonies in the
Balkan region. Powers like Russia, Germany, England, and Austro-Hungary were keen on establishing their own
power over the Balkans. This led to a series of wars, finally WW1 in 1914.
• Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914.
• Many countries in the world which had been colonised by the European powers in the nineteenth century
began to oppose imperial domination.
• The anti-imperial movements that developed everywhere were nationalist.
• In the sense that they all struggled to form independent nation-states, and were inspired by a
sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism.
• European ideas of nationalism were nowhere replicated, for people everywhere developed
their own specific varietyof nationalism.
• But the idea that societies should be organised into ‘nation-states’ came to be accepted as
natural and universal.
 lOMoARcPSD|35656098

The 3) Unification of Britain .

age of Revolution : 9830 9848

-

-
The Nationalism
- - - -

in
-
Europe → British empire consisted
- -
time , the idea of
During this
¥

of Scottish and
99
th
nationalism nationalism became
very popular English ,

During century
-

in
Europe Irish
community
.

changed
.

which
emerged
as a
force ¥¥JulynevolutionCfnan# →
Industrial revolution
and mental
world Of overthrown
the political g) Bourbon king
was .

and the end result was iii) Constitutional monarchy was brought economic
prosperity .

Europe setup with Louis Philippe as Head .

→ Act of union ( 9707)
nation -
state .

¥
RiofBnus-s merged England ,
Scotland and
Belgium got separated Atom United United
teench Revolutionand Idea Kingdom
→

J of Netherlands
was
formed .

Kingdom
.

-
-
→ Later Ireland , was also

of Nationalism
-
.IE?faewasfan.F3innad99odn7a#eeee .
merged from great
Britain
Duringthe war public got support
.
-

→ ,
.

;) Started in 9789 from Greeks western

.

Europe .

ii) It was first expression of Visuals the Nation

Nationalism in Europe .
→
treatyof cuenstautinopk -
- sing -
was
signed in 9832 ¡

a
-
→ It was difficult to give
It abolished
monarchy and → Greece was declared
nation
demanded independent nation .
face to a .

democracy .

Romanticism Artists in 99M

century found
Major changes during
→
-

A cultural movement that

-
a
French Revolution .
¥ out a
way by personifying
-
rejected Nationalism by nation .

'
Science and reasons
citoyen emphasized Nations then portrayed
' .

ya Patric and le
'
a.→ → were

community and equal nights

. ¥
It introduced Nationalism
united as
female figures .

b) power transferred from monarch

to
through art science and love ,
Maung anne in frame
c →
common people
New national anthem
.

composed and Making of lteumany and

-
- - Germania in Germany
oath was taken .
Italy
d → Estate general was elected
by Unification of
g)- - Germany : Nationalism
-
and
- Imperialism
common people .
OTTO VON
g) Movement under 99M
¥ In 9799 , Napoleon sized political BISMARCK ¡
- →
During end of Century ,

p owers .
- nationalism started converting into
%) 7 years war with Austria,
imperialism .

C9vilCodeOf98 Denmark France ,

.

¥ Case
-
of Balkan
-
States :

¥
tve : )
i Established
equality In 9879 William I .
was
→ Nationalist tension Started in
before law .
Proclaimed as German Balkan 9879
ii)
area after .

Right to
property .

Emperor .

A Balkan
abolished →
large
of area was
iii) feudal system Poeouess of Nation Building
.

was iv)
under control
¥ ve : iv) Increased taxes
-
.

had demonstrated the of Ottoman Empire .

D forced people to join army .

dominance of Prussian state

→
Weakening of Ottoman Empire
allowed them to break as
* In 9895 Napoleon lost the power .

,
independent nation .

battle of Waterloo and Treaty

-
2) Unification
-
of Italy %
→ These independent States were
of Vienna was
signed .

During 99th Century Italy

→
-

divided into 7
,
jealous of each other and each
The making of Nationalism was States .
want to more
territory
- -
gain .

9nEµpe → Giuseppe : Established The situation

got more
aristocracy intense when
align class ) big European
Structure
g) European of
peasantry young Eeeveope and Italy .

powers entered the war .

.

class )
society Clow a
headed → This lead to world
The new middle
→
GiuseppeGbaldi :
finally
War I
class ( educated population armed volunteers ( also called
.

of doctors teachers ele ) → Anti imperialism movement

Bismarck of Italy)
,

started which lead

%) It was
among
the middle class that the
finally
ideas ofunity following the abolition
national
→
VfnUdtI became to
independence of many countries .

of aristocratic privileges gained popularity

.

King of Italy in -9869 .

Zollverein was formed

A custom union in
→ Count Camillo De Cavour 8
9834 . - -
-

¥
It abolished taunif barriers .
a) Lead the movement to unite
¥
Abolished 28 out of 30 currencies .

Italy .

Downloaded
b) Later by P.M ([email protected])
Virus Keliye
became .

O O
 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
1. Explain any three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after
1815. (2011 D)

@PadhleAkshay
2. Explain the contribution of Otto von Bismarck in German
unification. (2011 D)
3. Explain any three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive
in Poland in the 18th and 19th centuries. (2011 OD)
4. Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading
revolutionary ideas in Europe.
5. Describe any three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the
territories he conquered. (2011 D)
6. Explain any three causes of conflict in the ‘Balkan area’ after 1871.
(2011 OD)
7. How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react
to French rule? Explain.
8. Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic
exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the
nineteenth century in Europe. (2014 OD)
9. Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the
people belonging to other parts of Europe. (2015 D)
10. How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain.
(2015 OD, 2013 OD) @PadhleAkshay
11. Describe any three steps taken by the French revolutionaries to
create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
(2017 D)

*NOTE : Worksheet [Important Questions Of All typology with

Answers) is provided as Seperate PDF on website padhleakshay.com*