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Arduino

Uploaded by

unknown
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Defining Arduino

An Arduino is actually a microcontroller based kit which can be either used


directly by purchasing from the vendor or can be made at home using the
components, owing to its open source hardware feature. It is basically used
in communications and in controlling or operating many devices. It was
founded by Massimo Banzi and David Cuartielles in 2005.

Arduino Architecture:
Arduino’s processor basically uses the Harvard architecture where the
program code and program data have separate memory. It consists of two
memories- Program memory and the data memory.The code is stored in
the flash program memory, whereas the data is stored in the data memory.
The Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0.5
KB is used for the bootloader), 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM and
operates with a clock speed of 16MHz.
Arduino Architecture
Arduino Pin Diagram
A typical example of Arduino board is Arduino Uno. It consists of
ATmega328- a 28 pin microcontroller.

Arduino Pin
Diagram
Arduino Uno consists of 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used
as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button

Power Jack: Arduino can be power either from the pc through a USB or
through external source like adaptor or a battery. It can operate on a
external supply of 7 to 12V. Power can be applied externally through the
pin Vin or by giving voltage reference through the IORef pin.

Digital Inputs: It consists of 14 digital inputs/output pins, each of which


provide or take up 40mA current. Some of them have special functions like
pins 0 and 1, which act as Rx and Tx respectively , for serial
communication, pins 2 and 3-which are external interrupts, pins 3,5,6,9,11
which provides pwm output and pin 13 where LED is connected.

Analog inputs: It has 6 analog input/output pins, each providing a


resolution of 10 bits.

ARef: It provides reference to the analog inputs

Reset: It resets the microcontroller when low.

How to program an Arduino?


The most important advantage with Arduino is the programs can be directly
loaded to the device without requiring any hardware programmer to burn
the program. This is done because of the presence of the 0.5KB of
Bootloader which allows the program to be burned into the circuit. All we
have to do is to download the Arduino software and writing the code.

The Arduino tool window consists of the toolbar with the buttons like verify,
upload, new, open, save, serial monitor. It also consists of a text editor to
write the code, a message area which displays the feedback like showing
the errors, the text console which displays the output and a series of menus
like the File, Edit, Tools menu.

5 Steps to program an Arduino


 Programs written in Arduino are known as sketches. A basic
sketch consists of 3 parts
1. Declaration of Variables
2. Initialization: It is written in the setup () function.
3. Control code: It is written in the loop () function.

 The sketch is saved with .ino extension. Any operations like


verifying, opening a sketch, saving a sketch can be done using the
buttons on the toolbar or using the tool menu.
 The sketch should be stored in the sketchbook directory.
 Chose the proper board from the tools menu and the serial port
numbers.
 Click on the upload button or chose upload from the tools menu.
Thus the code is uploaded by the bootloader onto the
microcontroller.
Few of basic Adruino functions are:
 digitalRead(pin): Reads the digital value at the given pin.
 digitalWrite(pin, value): Writes the digital value to the given pin.
 pinMode(pin, mode): Sets the pin to input or output mode.
 analogRead(pin): Reads and returns the value.
 analogWrite(pin, value): Writes the value to that pin.
 serial.begin(baud rate): Sets the beginning of serial
communication by setting the bit rate.
How to Design your own Arduino?
We can also design our own Arduino by following the schematic given by
the Arduino vendor and also available at the websites. All we need are the
following components- A breadboard, a led, a power jack, a IC socket, a
microcontroller, few resistors, 2 regulators, 2 capacitors.

 The IC socket and the power jack are mounted on the board.
 Add the 5v and 3.3v regulator circuits using the combinations of
regulators and capacitors.
 Add proper power connections to the microcontroller pins.
 Connect the reset pin of the IC socket to a 10K resistor.
 Connect the crystal oscillators to pins 9 and 10
 Connect the led to the appropriate pin.
 Mount the female headers onto the board and connect them to the
respective pins on the chip.
 Mount the row of 6 male headers, which can be used as an
alternative to upload programs.
 Upload the program on the Microcontroller of the readymade
Adruino and then pry it off and place back on the user kit.
7 Reasons why Arduino is being preferred these days
1. It is inexpensive
2. It comes with an open source hardware feature which enables
users to develop their own kit using already available one as a
reference source.
3. The Arduino software is compatible with all types of operating
systems like Windows, Linux, and Macintosh etc.
4. It also comes with open source software feature which enables
experienced software developers to use the Arduino code to
merge with the existing programming language libraries and can
be extended and modified.
5. It is easy to use for beginners.
6. We can develop an Arduino based project which can be
completely stand alone or projects which involve direct
communication with the software loaded in the computer.
7. It comes with an easy provision of connecting with the CPU of the
computer using serial communication over USB as it contains built
in power and reset circuitry.
So this is some basic idea regarding an Arduino. You can use it for many
types of applications. For instance in applications involving controlling
some actuators like motors, generators, based on the input from sensors.

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