Soft Computing Applications (IT 60108)

Spring, 2015‐2016

Practice Sheet – I
(Fuzzy Logic)

1. Suppose A is a fuzzy set defined over a universe of discourse X. If denotes the core of
the fuzzy set A, then is a crisp set. What about the ?

2. For a singleton fuzzy set A, how many crossover point(s) is(are) possible?

3. A crisp set A defined over 1,2,3,5,7 is 1,3,7 . What would be it’s equivalent fuzzy
set?

4. A fuzzy set is given by 1,0.1 , 2,0.2 , 3,0.3 , 4,0.9 , 0,0.0 . What is the crisp set that
can be concluded from it?

5. A membership function is defined as ∀ ∈ , R is the set of all real

numbers. Check whether can qualify as a member function.

6. ∀ ∈ , the membership function is defined as . Determine whether is

open left, open right or closed.

7. A membership function is graphically shown as follows:

1.0

0 a b c

Let this membership function be denoted as . Define : , ,

8.

1.0

a b c
 Page |2

0,

0,

Redefine when and 0 1.

9. Composition of two fuzzy relations and is

° , | , ∈ , ∈ . Let ° , then T can be defined with two rules:

Rule 1: , , , , ∀ ∈ (Max‐min composition)

Rule 2: , , ° , ∀ ∈ (Max‐product also called max‐dot

composition)

(a) Interpret the physical implication of the above mentioned two relations.

(b) Also check if ° ° according to each rule.

10. Three fuzzy sets are given as follows:

. . . .
, , ,

. . . .
, , ,

. . .
, ,

Derive the following relations:

(a) If is or is then is .

(b) If is and is ~ then is .

11. Zadeh’s max‐min rule is defined as:

̅∪ ∩ 1 ∪ ∩ | , so that

∪ ̅ is equivalent to .

Practice Sheet I IT 60108: Soft Computing Applications ©D.Samanta

 Page |3

12. Verify the following (according to Zadeh’s max‐min rule)

(a) If is then is ≡ ∪ ̅
(b) If is then is else is ≡ ∪ ̅
(Verify with the fuzzy sets in Question 10)

13. What is the minimum and maximum number of crossover points possible for a fuzzy set?

14. Decide whether the following fuzzy sets are closed or open?

(a)

(b) 2

(c)

(d) ∩ and ∪ for and with the following MFs:

1.0

15. For grading system, draw membership functions for the following:

(a) Crisp grading.

(b) Fuzzy grading with trapezoidal MF.

(c) Fuzzy grading with gaussian MF.

(You can make a reasonable assumption, if any.)

16. What is the physical representation of the fuzzy set ← , where and are two fuzzy sets
defined over a universe of discourse .

Practice Sheet I IT 60108: Soft Computing Applications ©D.Samanta

 Page |4

17. Give an example where you must follow Soft computing methods instead of Hard computing.
Justify your answer.

18. What are the three characteristics that Hard computing must obey?

19. Why Soft computing is preferable than Hard computing to solve some problems? Give examples
for each which you should consider for solving:

(a) Using Soft computing only.

(b) Using Hard computing only.

(c) Using both, Soft and Hard computing.

20. For the following fuzzy set defined over a universe of discourse, draw the graph.

10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50

15,0.5 , 20,0.4 , 25,0.3 , 30,0.6 , 35,0.8

21. Given two fuzzy sets and , defined over the universe of discourses and respectively.
Draw the graphs for the following:

(a)

(b) : →

Given,
20,0.2 , 25,0.4 , 30,0.6 , 35,0.6 , 40,07 , 45,0.8 , 50,0.8

1,0.8 , 2,0.8 , 3,0.6 , 4,0.4

10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50
1, 2, 3, 4

(c) If is then is . What rule says if 40?

22. Prove (or disprove) the validity of the following:

(a) → ≡~ ∪

(b) If → then → (Contrapositive)

(c) If → then ~ → ~ (Contranegative)

(d) If and → then

P Q → → ≡~ ∪
F F T
F T T , → ≡

Practice Sheet I IT 60108: Soft Computing Applications ©D.Samanta

 Page |5

T F F
T T T

Modus Ponens (MP): , → ⇒

Modus Tollens (MT): → ,~ ⇒ ~

Hypothetical Syllogism (HS): → , → ≡ →

Constructive Dilemma (CD): ∪ , → , → ≡ ∪

23. What will be the output fuzzy set in the following cases:

(a) If is then is

(b) If is then is
If is then is

(c)

for ,

24. State true or false:

(a) If ∝ then ⊆ where , ∈ 0,1 and , denotes cuts of the

fuzzy set .

(b) If denotes the cut of a fuzzy set, then is the universe of discourse of fuzzy set
.

(c) If denotes the cut of a fuzzy set, then or .

(d) For any two fuzzy sets and defined over a universe of discourse ,

⊕ ̅∩ ∪ ∩

Practice Sheet I IT 60108: Soft Computing Applications ©D.Samanta

 Page |6

What is ?

25. What is the output of the fuzzy element :

(a) a fuzzy set.

(b) a fuzzy rule.

(c) , the membership value of .

(d) is a rule matrix.

26. Given two fuzzy sets and , defined over the universe of discourses and respectively, and
a rule ∶ . How would you calculate the following:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

27. How you can obtain the crisp value of a fuzzy set whose membership function is defined as

28. Two fuzzy sets A and B are defined over a universe of discourse X with membership functions
and , respectively as shown below

Assume that a1= b2 and a2= b3

Draw the plot of membership functions of ∪ , ∩ and .

Practice Sheet I IT 60108: Soft Computing Applications ©D.Samanta

 Page |7

29. Consider three sets as stated below (In the context of courses offered among students)

S = {s1, s2, s3, s4} is a set of students

C = {c1, c2, c3} is a set of courses

P = {p1, p2, p3, p4} denotes a set of level of popularity

Two relations are given below:

c1 c2 c3 p1 p2 p3 p4

= s1 0.1 0.2 0.3 = c1 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.5

s2 0.2 0.3 0.1 c2 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7

s3 0.2 0.3 0.1 c3 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

s4 0.3 0.1 0.2

(a) Find R o R .

(b) What are the physical implementation of R , R and R o R ?

30. The membership distribution functions for the fuzzy sets , , are shown in the
graphs below:

The above fuzzy system is subjected to the satisfaction of the following rules for two fuzzy
inputs and .

R1: IF x is AND y is THEN is

R2: IF x is AND y is THEN is

(a) Calculate the fuzzy output.

(b) Also, show how the fuzzy output can be defuzzified into its crisp value using center of
sum (COS) method.

Practice Sheet I IT 60108: Soft Computing Applications ©D.Samanta

 Page |8

31. The support of Fuzzy set A is the set of all points x in X (is the universe of discourse) such that

(a) µA(x) > 0

(b) µA(x) = 1

(c) µA(x) = 0.5

(d) µA(x) ≠ 1

32. Takugi‐Sugeno approach to FLC design is computationally more expensive compared to

Mamdani approach because;

(a) Mamdani approach considers a less number of rules in fuzzy rule base.

(b) Searching a rule in Mamdani approach is simple and hence less time consuming.

(c) Takagi‐Sugeno approach consider a large number of rules in fuzzy rule base.

(d) Computation of each rule in Takagi‐Sugeno approach is more time consuming.

33. A membership function is defined as . The membership function is with

(a) Discrete values over a discrete domain of universe of discourse.

(b) Discrete values of a continuous domain of universe of discourse.

(c) Continuous values of a discrete domain of universe of discourse.

(d) Continuous values of a continuous domain of universe of discourse.

34. Figure below shows the membership function µA(x) of a fuzzy set A defined on a universe of
discourse X.

(a) Mark the core, crossover point(s) and support of the fuzzy set A.

Practice Sheet I IT 60108: Soft Computing Applications ©D.Samanta

 Page |9

(b) With parameters given in Fig above, formulate µA(x) as a generalized bell MF.

35. The membership functions of two fuzzy sets A and B is shown in figure below. Draw
graphically the fuzzy sets for the following.

(a) Intersection of A and B

(b) Union of A and B
(c) Compliment of A and B

36. There are two inputs I1 and I2 and an output O of a process. It is required to develop a fuzzy
logic controller (FLC) based on the Mamdani approach. The inputs and output are
expressed using three linguistic terms namely L (low), M (medium) and H (high). The
membership function distributions of the above inputs and output are shown in Figure. The
rule‐base of the fuzzy logic controller is shown in Table below:

Table

I2

L M H

L L L M

I1 M L M H

H M H H

Practice Sheet I IT 60108: Soft Computing Applications ©D.Samanta

 P a g e | 10

Suppose, at any instant, inputs to the fuzzy logic controller are I1 = 1.5 and I2 = 25.

(a) Obtain the fuzzified values of the input.

(b) Compute rule strengths of the rules corresponding to the given inputs.

(c) Decide the fuzzy output for the given inputs.

(d) Defuzzyfying the output using Center of Sum (COS) method.

Practice Sheet I IT 60108: Soft Computing Applications ©D.Samanta