Complete Java Fundamentals
Introduction to Java
Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language designed to have as few implementation
dependencies as possible.
It is widely used for developing applications for web, mobile, desktop, and more.
Key Features:
- Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA).
- Platform-independent using JVM (Java Virtual Machine).
- Strong community support.
Steps to Set Up Java:
1. Download and install the Java Development Kit (JDK).
2. Install an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) like IntelliJ IDEA, Eclipse, or VS Code.
3. Verify installation by running `java -version` and `javac -version` in the terminal.
First Program: Hello, World!
```java
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
```
Data Types and Variables
Java has two main categories of data types:
1. Primitive Types: byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, boolean.
2. Non-Primitive Types: String, Arrays, Classes.
Example:
```java
int age = 25;
double salary = 50000.50;
boolean isJavaFun = true;
```
Control Statements
Control the flow of a program using:
1. Conditional Statements: if, if-else, switch.
2. Loops: for, while, do-while.
3. Jump Statements: break, continue.
Example:
```java
if (age > 18) {
System.out.println("You are an adult.");
} else {
System.out.println("You are a minor.");
```
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Key Principles of OOP:
1. Encapsulation: Wrapping data and methods together.
2. Inheritance: Sharing behavior between classes.
3. Polymorphism: One interface, multiple implementations.
4. Abstraction: Hiding details and showing essentials.
Example:
```java
class Animal {
void sound() {
System.out.println("This is an animal sound.");
class Dog extends Animal {
@Override
void sound() {
System.out.println("Bark");
```
Exception Handling
Handle runtime errors using try-catch blocks:
```java
try {
int result = 10 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero.");
} finally {
System.out.println("Execution finished.");
```
Data Structures
Arrays, ArrayLists, and LinkedLists are commonly used in Java.
Array Example:
```java
int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4};
for (int num : numbers) {
System.out.println(num);
```
File Handling
Read and write files using the java.io package.
Example:
```java
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
public class FileExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
FileWriter writer = new FileWriter("example.txt");
writer.write("Hello, File!");
writer.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
```
Multi-threading
Run multiple threads using the Thread class or Runnable interface.
Example:
```java
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
System.out.println("Thread is running.");
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread thread = new MyThread();
thread.start();
}
}
```
