Assignment No.

1. Define Software Testing and explain why it is essential in the Software development
Process.
→Software Testing is the process of evaluating a software product or system to ensure it
meets the required standards, works as expected, and is free of defects. It involves executing
a software application or system with the intent of finding inconsistencies.
Essentials in Software development Process: - • Quality Assurance - Testing ensures that the
software meets the standards and functions as expected.
• Early Detection - Identifying bugs and defects early in the development process reduces
the cost and time required to fix them.
• Requirement verification - Testing ensures that the software fulfills all the specified
requirements and functions correctly under different conditions.
• Improves User Experience - By ensuring that the software is free from defects, testing
enhances the user experience, leading to higher customer satisfaction.
• Risk Mitigation - Testing helps identifying potential risks in the software, such as security
vulnerabilities, performance issues, or integration problems.
• Compliance and Standards - Many industries require software to comply with specific
standards.
2. List down the phases of Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC).
→The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a structured process used for planning,
creating, testing, and deploying and information system. Here are the key phases of the
SDLC:
* Requirement Gathering and Analysis
* System Design
* implementation [or coding]
* Testing
* Deployment
* Maintenance
* Review and Evaluation

3. Define Quality in the context of Software development. How does Quality relate to
customer satisfaction and business success?
→In the context of software development, quality refers to the degree to which a software
product meets the specified requirements and provides value to the user. Quality
encompasses various attributes including functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency,
maintainability, and portability. High-quality software not only fulfills its intended purpose
but also performs well under specified conditions, is secure, and is easy to use and maintain.
4. Define validation and verification (V&V) in the context of software right.
ANS: Validation confirms that software meets the user requirements, needs, and
expectations. It checks if the software does the right thing. Verification ensures that the
software is built correctly and meets the specified requirements. It checks if the software is
built right.
5.Define Error
→IN the context of Software development and testing. The error is a mistake or flaw or
incorrect action that leads to incorrect or unexpected behavior in a software program.
Types of errors: (1) Syntax error (2) Logical error (3) Runtime error

6.Describe the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and its various phases. How does
the SDLC contribute to the overall quality of a software product?
→ The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a structured process used to design,
develop, test, and deliver high-quality software products. It encompasses various phases
that ensure a systematic and efficient approach to software development.
Phases of SDLC: (1) Planning: - Define project scope, goals, timelines, budgets and resources.
(2) Requirements Gathering: - collect and document user requirements and specifications.
(3)Design: Create architectural and detailed designs for the software.
(4) Implementation: Write and test the code.
(5) Testing: Verify the software meets requirements and works as expected.
(6) Deployment: Deliver the software to end users.
(7) Maintenance: Support, update, and refine the software.
• Contribution to SDLC to overall Quality of a Software Product:
1. Structured Approach
2. Requirement Clarity
3. Design Quality
4. Testing force
5. Risk Management
6. User Involvement
7. Documentation
7.Differentiate between Quality Assurance (QA) & Quality Control (QC).
ANS

Quality Assurance (QA) Quality Control (QC)

1 QA focuses on providing assurance that the quality requested will be achived |
1. QC focuses on fulfilling the quality requested.
2. QA is the technique of managing quality. |
2. QC is the technique to verify quality.
3. QA is a managerial tool. |
3. QC is a corrective tool.
4. QA is a process oriented. |
4. QC is a product oriented.
5. QA is a preventive technique. |
5. QC is a corrective technique.
6. QA is a proactive measure. |
6. QC is a reactive measure.
7. QA is a less time consuming activity.|
7. QC is a more time consuming activity.
8. Example: verification. |
8. Example: validation.
 Assignment No. 02
1. What are the goals of Software testing?
→ The goals of software testing are as follows:
• Detection of defects:-Identify errors, logic, or defects in the software.
• Ensuring correctness: Verify that the software meets the specified requirements and works
as expected.
2. What do you mean by Software test case?
→ A Software test case is a set of inputs, execution conditions, and expected results
designed to test a specific functionality or feature of a software application.
3. List the different types of Black Box testing?
→1 Equivalence Partitioning,
2Boundary Value Analysis
3State Transition Testing
4Error Guessing.
4. List the advantages of Software testing?
→1 Improved Quality
2 Reduced Maintenance
3 Increased Reliability
4 Enhanced User Experience
5 Reduced Risk
6 Improved Security
7 Cost Saving.
5. What is test case in software testing?
→A test case in software testing is a set of input values, expected results and preconditions
designed to test a specific functionality or feature of a software application, verifying that it
behaves as expected.
6. Explain different types of software testing with advantages & disadvantage.
→1) Unit testing: Testing individual units or role as functions.
• Advantage: a) Early defect detection
b) Improved code quality
c) Reduced debugging time
• Disadvantage: a) Time consuming to write unit test
b) Requires skilled developers

2) Integration testing: Testing how individual units of code work together.

• Advantage: a) Ensures components work correctly together
b) Reduces system integration issues
• Disadvantage: a) Requires more complex testing
b) Can be more difficult to isolate bugs
③ System testing: Testing the whole Software System to ensure it meets requirements.
• Advantage: • Ensures System meets requirements.
• Provides Confidence in system quality.
• Disadvantage: • Time Consuming & Resource Intensive.
• Requires a Complete System build.
④ Acceptance testing: Testing to ensure the software meets the acceptance criteria.
• Advantage: • Ensures Software meets user expectations.
• Provides confidence in software quality.
• Disadvantage: • May not detect all defects.
• Can be time-consuming.
⑤ Black Box testing: Testing without knowledge of the internal working of the software.
• Advantage: • Focuses on user experience.
• Can be performed by non-technical testers.
• Disadvantage: • May not detect all defects.
• Can be time-consuming.
⑥ White Box testing: Testing with knowledge of the internal working of the software.
• Advantage:
• Ensures code quality.
• Can be performed by developers.
• Disadvantage:
 • Requires knowledge of programming language. • Can be time-consuming.
7. write a test case design for Facebook login page in detail ?
→* Heder
1) Test case name: WWW.login facebook.com
2) Test case type: Functional Test Case
3) Requirement: 143
4) Module: 1
5) Severity: Minor
6) Release: First
7) Version: 1.0
8) Pre-condition: User ID & Password
9) Test data: User ID – Aditi
Password – Aditi_123

STEP Description Input EXpection Actual Status Remark

NO. O/p O/p
1 Enter the 1)www.facebook.com 1)Open AS EXP +ve -
face book face book
official login page
website
2)To create an 2)user ID As EXP +Ve -
account &
password
2 Insert the user name and 1) Login 1) AS 1)+VE 1)password
Adim user password successful EXP wll be
name& 2) Login 2) Not 2)-VE 2)user name
password Faild exp is blank
3) Login 3) Not 3)-VE 3)user name
Faild exp &
4) Login 4) Not 4)+VE 4) password
Faild exp both are
blank
3 Click on Click on button Enter the AS Exp +VE -
login facebook
button home page
4 Click on Click on cancel button Exit to AS Exp +VE -
cancel home page
button
 5 Click adm Click on profile Show AS Exp +Ve -
profile admin
profile
6 Click on Show on AS Exp +VE -
notification notification

8. Write a test case design for appointment in hospital in detail ?

→* Heder
1) Test case name: Login health care
2) Test case type: Functional Test Case
3) Requirement: 123
4) Module: 1
5) Severity: Linor
6) Release: First
7) Version: 1.0
8) Pre-condition: User ID & Password
9) Test data: User ID – Aditi
Password – Aditi_123

Step Description Input Expected off

Actual status Remark
no. off
1 Enter the www.healthcare.com Login in page As Exp +v -
URL of health
care should
br perform
2 IN URL faild - Login in page Not -ve URL
not perform exp may be
con
3 Enter the Dr. Mehta 1)enter the As EXP V+ -
appointment Date: 01/04/2025 home page
page & give & select Dr.
faild & date
2)Not select Error -VE Not
Dr. mess select
Dr.
3) not select Error -ve Not
Date mess select
date
 4 Click on Click on button Appointment 1)AS +Ve -
submit book exp -VE
button 2) not
exp
5 Click on Click on cancel Appointment As Exp +VE -
cancel cancel
button to
call back to
return

ASSIGNEMENT NO. 3
1. Why it is necessary testing Software?-→ Software testing is crucial because it
decreases bugs, ensuring compliance and simplifies debugging, improving overall
functionality and software quality.

2. Define integration testing? -→Integration testing is a software testing level where

individual modules or components are combined and tested as a group to identify defects in
their interactions and ensure they work together as expected.
3. What do you by Validation testing?-→ Validation testing ensures that the developed
software meets the business requirements and user needs. It verifies that the right product
is built by checking if the software fulfills its intended purpose in real-world scenarios.

4. Define verification testing. ?→ Verification testing ensures that the software is being
developed correctly by evaluating whether it meets the specified design, requirements, and
standards. It focuses on process like reviews, inspections, and walkthroughs during the
development phase.
5.Explain strategic approach to software testing? →• A strategic approach to software
testing involves a well planned systematic process to ensure software quality. Key elements
include: 1. Defining objectives: Clearly outlining testing goals such as defect detection,
performance validation, and requirement compliance.
2. Early Testing: Starting testing activities early in the development lifecycle to identify
defects early & reduce cost.
3. Test Planning: Creating detailed test plans that outline the scope, schedule, resource, and
methods for testing.
4. Risk Based Testing: Prioritizing testing efforts based on the potential impact and likelihood
of risk.
5. Test Level: Incorporating multiple levels of testing such as unit, integration, system, and
acceptance Testing to cover all aspects of the software.
6.Test Automation: Leveraging automation tools for repetitive tasks to increase efficiency
and accuracy.
7.Continuous Feedback: Using test results to provide feedback for iterative improvement.
8.Comprehensive Coverage: Ensuring that all functional requirements are tested in detail.
6.Explain Unit Testing with objectives, advantages & disadvantages.
→ Unit Testing: Unit Testing is a software testing method where individual components or
units of a program are tested to ensure they work as expected. Unit testing is often
automated and written by developers during the development process.
Unit Testing with objectives:
• Validation of Functionality: Ensure that individual units perform their intended tasks
correctly.
• Early detection of Errors: Identify & fix bugs at an early stage of development.
• Code Quality: Improve the reliability & maintainability of code.
• Ease of integration: Simplify integration testing by ensuring components function correctly
in isolation.
Advantages of Unit Testing:
• Early bug detection: Identifies bugs during the initial stages of development, saving time &
cost
• Improves code quality: Encourages developers to write simpler & more reliable code
• Facilitates refactoring: Makes it safer to refactor existing code without introducing new
issues
• Simplified testing: Enables isolated testing of individual modules or components
• Promotes continuous integration: Allows for automated testing during development
Disadvantages of Unit Testing:
• Time-consuming: Writing and maintaining tests increases development time
• Limited scope: Cannot detect integration or system-level issues
• False security: Comprehensive test coverage might overlook border problems
• Skill-dependent: Requires expertise to design effective tests
 ASSIGNMENT NO. 4
1. What do you understand by Software metrics? →Software metrics are quantitative
measures used to assess the quality, processes, and productivity of software products,
projects, and people. They help in measuring factors like code complexity, defect rates, and
project timelines, which are crucial in guiding software development efficiency and software
reliability.

2. What is a Defect? →A defect is an imperfection or error in a software product that causes

it to behave incorrectly or produce incorrect results. It occurs when the software does not
meet the software specification, often due to coding mistakes, design flaws, or incorrect
implementations. Defects are also commonly referred to as bugs.
3. What do you mean by Product metrics? →Product metrics are qualitative and
quantitative measures used to assess the characteristics and quality of a software product.
These metrics evaluate attributes such as size, complexity, performance, reliability, and
maintainability. Example: size metrics, complexity metrics, quality metrics.
4. What are goals of defect management process [DMP]? →The goals of the defect
management process [DMP] are the effectively identify document, analysis, resolve defect to
improve software quality and ensure customer satisfaction.
• Defect Prevention: Minimize defects by identifying root cause and implementing process
improvements.
• Early Detection: Ensure timely identification of defects during development and testing.
• Defect Removal: maintain a clear record of reported defects their status and resolution
program.
• Defect Breakdown: fix defect efficiently while minimizing the impact on the software.
• quality Improvement: user defect to data enhance software processes and reduce
recurrence of similar issues.
• Customer Satisfaction: Deliver a high-quality product by addressing and resolving all critical
defect before realize.
• Risk Mitigation: Address high-impact defects promptly to minimizing risks to project
timeline and software performance.

5.Define software metrics and explain their significance in the software development life
cycle? →Software Metrics:- software metrics is a quantitable measure used to access various
aspects of software development main tehance and quality They provide valuable insights
into the software development life cycle enabling teams to track program identify areas for
improvement and make informed decision.
*Significance in SDLC :-
• Improved Decision Making: Metrics provide data-driven insights for informed decisions.
• Process Optimization: Identify areas for process improvement and optimize workflow.
• Quality Assurance: Maintain and control software quality through development.
• Risk Management: Detect potential risks and take proactive measures.
• Team Performance: Evaluate team productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness.
• Customer Satisfaction: Measure software quality and functionality to meet customer
hopes.
• Cost Estimate: Estimate development cost and resource allocation.

ASSIGNEMENT NO. 5
1. What do you understand by SQA? →SQA stands for Software Quality Assurance. It
comprises the methods and activities that ensure software meets the specified
requirements and quality standards. SQA includes methods like testing, code reviews and
validation to detect defects and improve the software development process. Ensure the final
product is reliable, functional and efficient. It involves both the prevention of defects and
the detection of issues during development.
2. What is the purpose of SQA? →The purpose of SQA is to ensure that software products
meet predefined quality standards. SQA involves implementing processes to verify
compliance with requirements and regulations, and improve development practices which
deliver quality and reliable, efficient & user satisfactory software.
3. List the types of Software Reviews? →The types of software reviews are as follows:
1]Walkthrough
2]Inspections
3] Audits
4]Management Reviews
5]Technical Reviews.
4.Explain the major activities involved in Software Quality Assurance (SQA).
→The major activities involved in Software Quality Assurance (SQA) include:
• Requirement Review: Ensuring requirements are clear, complete, and testable.
• Test Planning: Defining the test strategies, objectives, and resources allocation.
• Test Design: Creating the test cases, test scripts, and preparing test data.
• Test Execution: Running test to identify defects and issues.
• Defect Tracking: Logging and managing identified defects through resolution.
• Process Audits: Evaluating development processes to ensure compliance with standards.
• Code Reviews: Reviewing code for errors, adherence to coding standards, and
optimization.
• Continuous Improvement: Analyzing feedback to refine processes and improve product
quality.
5) Explain software reviews in details along with objects and advantages?
→Software reviews are systematic checks that are exams. Software to detect, introduce
quality and objectives:
Objectives :
• Find defects early when they are cheaper to fix.
1 Improve Quality: Ensure software meets standards and work well.
2 ensure compliance: Make sure software follows requirements and regulations.
3 share knowledge: Help team members learn from each other.
4 Improve process: Identify ways to make development more efficient.
Advantages :

1 Catch issues Early: Saves time and money by finding defects early.
2 Better Quality: Improves overall software quality.
3 Cost saving - Fixing issues early reduces later costs.
4 Better Compliance - Ensure the software meets all required standards.
5 Collaboration - Promote team work and knowledge sharing.
6. Explain Statistical Software Quality Assurance in details.
→ Statistical Software Quality Assurance refers to the application of statistical methods and
techniques to improve the quality of software products. It integrates statistical analysis into
the Software development and testing process to ensure that the software meets quality
standards while minimizing delays and variations.
Key aspects include:
1. Data Driven Decision: Using data to make informed decisions about software quality.
2. Statistical Process Control (SPC): Monitoring processes to detect and correct defects early.
3. Metrics : Analyzing defect rates, test coverage, and other performance metrics to assess
quality.
4. Sampling and Testing: Using statistical sampling and tests to evaluate software.
Benefits:
• Objective, data-driven decision
• Early detection of issues, reducing costs
• Improved software quality and efficiency
• Continuous process improvement and resource optimization