Unit III

Arrays and Structure

12 Hours
16 Marks
Industry/ Employer expected outcome of this course:
- Develop C programs that address issues with processing strings, mathematic
operations and data structures.

Course Outcome addressed by Unit:

- Implement Arrays and structures using C programs

Theory Learning Outcomes:

3.1. Write C Program to perform operations on one-dimensional array.
3.2. Declare, initialize and access elements of two-dimensional array.
3.3. Declare, initialize and access data using Structure.
3.4. Explain typedef and enum

Topics and Subtopics:

3.1. Characteristics of an array, One dimensional and two dimensional arrays, concept of
multidimensional arrays
3.2. Array declaration and Initialization
3.3. Operations on Arrays
3.4. Character and String input/output and String related operations
3.5. Introduction and Features of Structures, Declaration and Initialization of Structures,
array of structures
3.6. Typedef, Enumerated Data Type

Suggested specification table:

Distribution of Theory Marks
Remember Level Understand Level Apply and Above Level Total Marks
04 04 08 16
This specification table provides general guidelines to assist students for their learning
and to teachers to teach and assess students with respect to attainment of Learning
Outcomes (LOs). The actual distribution of marks at different taxonomy levels (R, U and
A) in the question paper may vary from above table.

3.1 What is array?

An array is a fixed-sized sequential collection of elements of the same data type.
Generally an array is used to represent a list of numbers or names.
Array is an arrangement of items at equally spaced addresses in computer memory.
Array is used to specify a variable that can be indexed.
An array provides a proper structuring of representing data, it is one of the primitive
data structure in C.

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 Depending on dimensions array can be of three types as,
- One-dimensional array
(Array with one dimension)
- Two-dimensional array
(Array with two dimensions)
- Multi-dimensional array
(Array with more than two dimensions)

3.2.1 Declaration of One-Dimensional Array

Before using an array, its data-type and dimension must be declared. Syntax for
declaring a single-dimensional (or one-dimensional) array is given below
data-type array-name[Size-of-array];
Following are some of the examples of declaration of one-dimensional arrays.
int a[10];
/* Here a is array of 10 elements of type int */
float interest_rate[5];
/* Here interest_rate is array of 5 elements of type float */
long int x[20];
/* Here x is array of 20 elements of type long int */
As already seen, when a variable is declared, memory space is allocated to it.
Similarly, when an array is declared, memory is allocated to it also. Rather, memory is
allocated to each element of the array. Figure 3.1 and 3.2 shows how memory gets allocated
to arrays declared for two examples. There are two ways of representing memory – 0th
memory location is shown at bottom (memory grows upwards) or 0th memory location is
shown at top (memory grows downwards). In these notes the first approach is used.

- Highest Memory Location

-
a[9]
a[8]
a[7]
a[6]
a[5]
a[4]
a[3]
a[2]
a[1]
a[0]
-
- 0 Memory Location
Figure 3.1: Memory Allocation for integer array a[10]
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 - Highest Memory Location
-

interest_rate[4]

interest_rate[3]

interest_rate[2]

interest_rate[1]

interest_rate[0]

-
- 0 Memory Location
Figure 3.2: Memory Allocation for float array interest_rate[5]
In C, index always starts with 0. So the last element of the array has index one less
than Size-of-array.

3.2.2 Initialization of One-Dimensional Array

When an array is declared in C, memory gets allocated to all its elements as discussed
in 3.2.1. Initially, all these elements contain garbage values. Array can be initialized at two
different stages
- At compile-time
- At run-time
At compile-time, arrays can be initialized similarly to the normal variables. For this,
declaration and initialization is combined. Syntax for the same is given below.
data-type array-name[Size-of-array] = { list of values };
Some examples are shown below.
int a[5]={23,45,13,41,22};
/* Here the values 23, 45, 13, 41 and 22 are initialized to the elements with
indices 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 of array a respectively */
float b[4]={15.43,17,8.65,2.2};
/* Here the values 15.43, 17.0, 8.65 and 2.2 are initialized to the elements with
indices 0, 1, 2 and 3 of array b respectively */
We may omit the size of array when declaration and initialization is combined. In
such case, compiler allocates the space for all the initialized elements only.
int a[ ]={23,45,13,41,22,63};
/* Here size-of-array is omitted. As six elements are initialized, compiler
allocates memory space for six integer elements and the values 23, 45, 13, 41,

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 22 and 63 are initialized to the elements with indices 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of
array a respectively */
float b[ ]={15.43,17,8.65};
/* Here size-of-array is omitted. As three elements are initialized, compiler
allocates memory space for three float elements and the values 15.43, 17.0 and
8.65 are initialized to the elements with indices 0, 1, and 2 of array b
respectively */
Partial initialization is allowed at compile-time. In this case, whatever values are
mentioned, those values get initialized to respective elements (starting from index 0) and the
remaining elements are initialized to 0.
int a[5]={23,45};
/* Here the values 23 and 45 are initialized to the elements with indices 0 and
1. Remaining elements of array are initialized to 0 */
float b[10]={15.43,17,8.65};
/* Here the values 15.43, 17.0 and 8.65 are initialized to the elements with
indices 0, 1, and 2. Remaining elements of array are initialized to 0.0 */

Arrays can also be explicitly initialized at run-time. This can be done for initializing
large arrays. One example is shown here.
for(i=0;i<150;i++)
a[i]=i;

3.2.3 Declaration of Two-Dimensional Array

Using one-dimensional array we can store list of values. But many times there is need
of storing table of values. A table contains rows and columns (i.e. two dimensions). So, a
two-dimensional array can be used for storing such values.
Syntax for declaring a two-dimensional array is given below
data-type array-name[no-of-rows][no-of-columns];
One example of declaration of two-dimensional array is shown below.
int m[3][3];
/* Here m is two-dimensional array (of type int) with 3 rows (0, 1 and 2) and 3
columns (0, 1 and 2) */
Generally, two-dimensional arrays are stored in memory with a row-major technique.
i.e. They are stored row-wise. Initially, all the elements of 0th row are stored then all the
elements of 1st row are stored and so on. Figure 3.3 shows the array m[3][3] in a matrix form
and figure 3.4 shows how memory gets allocated to that array.
Column
0 1 2
0 a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2]
Row 1 a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2]
2 a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2]
Figure 3.3: Matrix representation of integer array m[3][3]

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 - Highest Memory Location
-
m[2][2]
m[2][1]
m[2][0]
m[1][2]
m[1][1]
m[1][0]
m[0][2]
m[0][1]
m[0][0]
-
- 0 Memory Location
Figure 3.4: Memory Allocation for integer array m[3][3]

3.2.4 Initialization of Two-Dimensional Array

Two-dimensional arrays can also be declared similar to one-dimensional arrays. Some
examples of initializing two dimensional arrays are shown below.
int m[2][3] = {1,2,3,4,5,6};
/* Three elements of 0th row are initialized to 1, 2 and 3 and three elements of
1st row are initialized to 4, 5 and 6. */
int t[3][3] = {{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}};
/* Three elements of 0th row are initialized to 1, 2 and 3, three elements of 1st
row are initialized to 4, 5 and 6 and three elements of 2nd row are initialized to
7, 8 and 9. */
int a[3][2] = {
{1,2},
{3,4},
{5,6}
};
/* Two elements of 0th row are initialized to 1, 2, two elements of 1st row are
initialized to 3, 4 and two elements of 2nd row are initialized to 5, 6. */

If array is initialized completely with all values, there is no need to specify first
dimension. An example is shown below.
int m[ ][3] = {{1,2,3},{4,5,6}}; /* or int m[ ][3]={1,2,3,4,5,6}; */
/* An array with 2 rows and 3 columns get created. Three elements of 0th row
are initialized to 1, 2 and 3 and three elements of 1st row are initialized to 4, 5
and 6. */
Partial initialization is also allowed. In such case uninitialized elements are initialized
to 0. Some examples are shown below.
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 int m[2][3] = {
{1},
{2,3}
};
/* Three elements of 0th row are initialized to 1, 0 and 0 and three elements of
1st row are initialized to 2, 3 and 0. */
int t[3][3] = {0,0};
/* All the elements are initialized to 0. */

3.3 Operations on arrays

Once an array has been declared, its individual element can be accessed by using
array-name and index value that specifies the position of the element in the array. In C, index
values start from 0.
Values can be read from user through keyboard and stored in individual array element
using scanf( ) function as shown in following examples.
scanf(“%d”,&a[3]);
/* A integer value will be read from user and stored at 3rd location in the array
a. */
scanf(“%f”,&b[i]);
/* A float value will be read from user and stored at ith location in the array a.
Here i should be integer variable. */
scanf(“%d”,&a[2][1]);
/* A integer value will be read from user and stored at 1st location in the 2nd
row of array a. */
Values of array elements can be displayed using printf( ) function as shown in
following example.
printf(“%d %f %d”,a[3],b[i],c[2][1]);
/* This statement will display following values
Value of 3rd element of integer array a
Value of ith element of float array b (i should be integer variable)
Value of 1st location in 2nd row of integer array c */
We can assign values to array elements as shown in following examples.
b[6]=34.7;
/* Value 34.7 is assigned to 6th element of float array b. */
a[i]=7;
/* Value 7 will be assigned to ith element of array a. Here i should be integer
variable. */

m[0][2]=62;
/* Value 62 will be assigned to 2nd location in the 0th row of array m. */

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3.3 Character Array/ Strings
We can create character arrays just like any other data types. Character arrays are used
to implement strings. String is a null-terminated sequence of characters. One example of
declaration of character array or strings is shown below.
char name[10];
Character arrays or strings can be initialized as shown in following examples.
char name[10]={„V‟,„e‟,„n‟,„k‟,„a‟,„t‟,„e‟,„s‟,„h‟,„\0‟};
/* Here name is declared as array of 10 characters and is initialized to a string
“Venkatesh” ending with a null character („\0‟). */

Figure 3.5 shows how the memory is allocated to the string variable name and how
the characters are stored in it.
- Highest Memory Location
-
„\0‟ name[9]
„h‟ name[8]
„s‟ name[7]
„e‟ name[6]
„t‟ name[5]
„a‟ name[4]
„k‟ name[3]
„n‟ name[2]
„e‟ name[1]
„V‟ name[0]
-
- 0 Memory Location
Figure 3.5: Memory Allocation for name
Some other examples are shouwn below

char first_name[ ]={„S‟,„a‟,„c‟,„h‟,„i‟,„n‟,„\0‟};

/* Here first-name is declared as array of 7 characters and is initialized to a
string “Sachin” ending with a null character („\0‟). */
char first_name[ ]=“Sachin”;
/* Effect is same as that of previous example. */
char last_name[10]={„T‟,„e‟};
/* The values „T‟ and „e‟ are initialized to array elements with index 0 and 1.
Remaining elements are initialized to null values („\0‟). */

String is a null-terminated sequence of characters that is treated as a single data item.

Character strings are useful for building meaningful and readable programs. C does not
support string as a data type. But strings can be used in C in the form of character arrays.
General form of declaration of a string variable is as follows,
char string-name[ size ];
Some examples of string variables are shown below,

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 char first_name[15];
char last_name[20];
As string is assumed to be null-terminated, when a sting is assigned to a character
array, a null character („\0‟) is appended at the end of the string. So, while declaring size of
string variable, it should be mentioned as one more than the maximum number of characters
in the string.
e.g. If you want to store a string “Programming” (which contains 11 characters), the
size of character array should be at least 12.

3.3.1 Reading strings

A string can be read by using different ways. A string can be read by using following
functions.
- scanf( )
- getchar( )
- gets( )

3.3.1.1 Reading string using scanf( ) function

For reading a string from keyboard, we can use scanf( ) function with a format
specifier %s. One example is shown below.
char name[20];
scanf(“%s”,name);
/* & may be omitted as array works as a constant pointer. Here
name is array and sequence of characters is read at a time. */
Only problem with scanf( ) function is that, it terminates the input when it gets first
delimiter character (white space, tab or newline character). So, in the above example if user
enters following input,
Sachin Tendulkar
As after “Sachin” there is a white space, input is terminated and only “Sachin”
(followed by null character) is stored in the string name and “Tendulkar” is carried forward
for next input.
We can specify width of input using %ws as shown in following example.
char surname[10];
scanf(“%7s”,surname);
The above code executes differently according to input as shown below,
i) If user enters a string “Deo”, it will get stored followed by null character.
ii) If user enters a string “Tendulkar”, the string “Tendulk” will get stored followed
by null character (as width is mentioned as 7).
iii) If user enters a string “Kolhe Patil”, the string “Kolhe” will get stored followed by
null character and the string “Patil will be carried forward for next input. (As after
characters „K‟, „o‟, „l‟, „h‟ and „e‟ there is a white space.)
Even after specifying width of input field, scanf( ) function terminates its input when
white space is received. We can read a whole line containing any characters using scanf( )
function as shown in following example.
char text[80]; /*As single line may contain 80 characters. */
/* we may have less or more than 80 characters also. */
scanf(“%[^\n]”,text);

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3.3.1.2 Reading string using getchar( ) function
We can use getchar( ) function (defined in stdio.h file) for reading a single character.
This function can be read repeatedly for reading a string. General form of using this function
is given below.
char ch;
ch=getchar( );
We can use following code segment for reading a line of text from user.
char text[60],c;
int i=0;
do
{
c=getchar( );
text[i]=c;
i++;
}while(c!=„\n‟);
text[i–1]=„\0‟;

3.3.1.3 Reading string using gets( ) function

We can use gets( ) function (defined in stdio.h file) for reading a string containing
white spaces also. An example showing how this function can be used is shown below.
char text[100];
gets(text);

3.3.2 Displaying strings

A string can be displayed by using different ways. A string can be displayed by using
following functions.
- printf( )
- putchar( )
- puts( )

3.3.2.1 Displaying string using printf( ) function

For displaying a string on monitor, we can use printf( ) function with a format
specifier %s. One example is shown below.
printf(“%s”,name);
We can also use various formatting options as discussed in point 1.4.1.1.

3.3.2.2 Displaying string using putchar( ) function

We can use putchar( ) function (defined in stdio.h file) for displaying a single
character. This function can be read repeatedly for displaying a string. General form of using
this function is given below.
putchar(ch);
We can use following code segment for displaying whole string.
int i=0;
while(text[i]!=„\0‟)
{

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 putchar(text[i]);
i++;
}

3.3.2.3 Displaying string using puts( ) function

We can use puts( ) function (defined in stdio.h file) for displaying a string. An
example showing how this function can be used is shown below.
puts(text);

3.5 What is structure?

As discussed previously, array is a collection of elements of the same data type. But,
structure is a collection of inter-related elements of same or different data types.
Generally structure is used for maintaining records. Record is a set of inter-related data
elements.
Major benefits of structure are
- Provides mechanism for packing data of different types
- Represents collection of data items using single name
- Convenient tool for handling logically related data

Examples:
1. Student: roll, name, branch
2. Employee: ID, name, department, salary
3. Date: day, month, year
4. Time: seconds, minutes, hours
5. Bank_Customer: account_number, name, mobile, balance

3.5.1 Defining structure

Syntax for defining/creating structure is shown below.

struct struct-name
{
data-type membername;
---
---
};

Example 1:
struct student
{
int roll;
char name[15];
float percent;
};
Example 2:
struct date
{
short day;
short month;
int year;
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 };

3.5.2 Declaring structure variable

When a programmer want to use a structure defined as per previous topic, (s)he has to
declare a structure variable.
Syntax for defining structure is shown below.
struct structure-name struct-var-name;

Examples:
struct student s1;
struct date b_date;

One may also combine definition of structure and declaration of a structure variable
as shown in following example.
struct date
{
short day;
short month;
int year;
}admission_date;

3.5.3 Accessing members of structure

It is compulsory to create structure variable. One can access members of structure
through structure variables. The members can be accessed using member operator (also
called dot operator or period operator) with following syntax.
structure-var-name.member-name

Examples:
b_date.day=26;
scanf(“%d”,&admission_date.year);

3.5.4 Initializing structure

Just like any other variable, structure can also be initialized while creating a structure
variable. Some examples are shown below.

struct date admission_date = {12,10,2021};

struct date b_date = {15,8,1947};
struct student s1 = {85,“Bharat”,91.50};

Sequence of values enclosed in braces must match with the sequence in which
members are declared in the structure. Initialization of members cannot be done inside the
structure definition.

3.5.5 Example program for structure

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

struct student
{
int roll;
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 char name[20];
float percent;
};

main( )
{
struct student s1,s2;
clrscr( );

printf(“Enter data of first student:\n”);

printf(“Enter roll number: ”);
scanf(“%d”,&s1.roll);
printf(“Enter name: ”);
scanf(“%s”,s1.name);
printf(“Enter percent: ”);
scanf(“%f”,&s1.percent);

printf(“Enter data of second student:\n”);

printf(“Enter roll number: ”);
scanf(“%d”,&s2.roll);
printf(“Enter name: ”);
scanf(“%s”,s2.name);
printf(“Enter percent: ”);
scanf(“%f”,&s2.percent);

printf(“Data of first student:\n”);

printf(“Roll No: %d\nName: %s\n”,s1.roll,s1,name);
printf(“Percentage marks: %f\n”, s1.percent);

printf(“Data of second student:\n”);

printf(“Roll No: %d\nName: %s\n”,s2.roll,s2,name);
printf(“Percentage marks: %f\n”, s2.percent);

getch( );
}

3.5.6 Nested structure

One may use a structure within another structure. The concept is called nested
structure.
Example:

struct date
{
short d;
short m;
int y;
};

struct student
{
int roll;
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 char name[20];
struct date admission_date; //variable of another structure
};

3.5.7 Array of structures

In the example program discussed in 3.5.5 we have handled records of two students.
But practically, plenty of records are needed to be handled. The solution for this is to use
array of structure. Syntax for declaring array of structure is:
struct struct-name struct-var-name[size];

Example:
struct student s[75];

Sample Code:
struct student s[5];
int i;
clrscr( );

printf(“Enter data of five students:\n”);

for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf(“Enter roll number: ”);
scanf(“%d”,&s[i].roll);
printf(“Enter name: ”);
scanf(“%s”,s[i].name);
printf(“Enter percent: ”);
scanf(“%f”,&s[i].percent);
}

printf(“Data of students is as follows:\n”);

for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf(“Roll No: %d\nName: %s\n”,s[i].roll,s[i],name);
printf(“Percentage marks: %f\n”, s[i].percent);
}

getch( );

3.6.1 typedef
C supports a type-definition feature that allows user to define his/ her own data type
identifier. This user-defined identifier can then be further used for declaring variables. This
can be achieved by using following syntax.
typedef type identifier;
e.g.
typedef int my_int;
Then the variables can be declared by using the user-defined identifier (in above
example it is my_int) as,
my_int x,y,z;

One more example is

typedef struct student STUD;

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3.6.2 Enumerated data type
It helps to create our own data type and define possible values that a variable of that
data-type can take.
Example:
enum gender
{
male,female,other
};

When we create enum variable, it can accept any one value from the listing only.

enum gender person1,person2;

person1=female;
person2=male;

Sample Questions
1. Define array. [2M]
2. Define array. List its types. [2M]
3. Define i) Two-dimensional array ii) Multi-dimensional array [2M]
4. Explain one-dimensional and two-dimensional array. [4M]
5. Illustrate initialization of two-dimensional array with example. [4M]
6. Design a program in C to read n number of values in an array and display it in reverse
order. [6M]
7. State difference between array and string. [2M]
8. Differentiate between character array and integer array with respect to size and
initialization. [4M]
9. Write a program to accept ten numbers and print average of them. [6M]
10. Write a program to accept 10 numbers in array and arrange them in ascending order.
[4M]
11. Write a program to sort elements of an array in ascending order. [6M]
12. Define array. Write a program to accept ten numbers in array. Sort array elements and
display them. [6M]
13. With suitable example, explain how two-dimensional arrays can be created. [4M]
14. Write a program for addition of two 3X3 matrices. [6M]
15. Declare structure student with elements roll-no and name. [2M]
16. Write a program to declare structure employee having data member name, age, street
and city. Accept data for two employees and display it. [6M]
17. Write a program to declare structure student having rollno, name and marks. Accept
and display data for three students. [4M]
18. Develop a program using structure to print data of three students having data
members name, class and percentage. [4M]
19. Give a method to create, declare and initialize structure. Develop a program to
demonstrate nested structure. [6M]

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