Complex numbers & Argand diagrams

1
f(z) = z4 + az3 + bz2 + cz + d
where a, b, c and d are real constants.
The equation f(z) = 0 has complex roots z1, z2, z3 and z4
When plotted on an Argand diagram, the points representing z1, z2, z3 and z4 form the
vertices of a square, with one vertex in each quadrant.
Given that z1 = 2 + 3i, determine the values of a, b, c and d.
(6)
(Total for Question 1 is 6 marks)
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2. f(z) = 8z3 + 12z2 + 6z + 65.

1
Given that − i 3 is a root of the equation f(z) = 0,
2

(a) write down the other complex root of the equation,

(1)

(b) use algebra to solve the equation f(z) = 0 completely.

(3)

(c) Show the roots of f(z) on a single Argand diagram.

(2)

(d) Show that the roots of f(z) form the vertices of an equilateral triangle in the complex plane.
(2)
(Total for Question 2 is 8 marks)
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3. (a) Sketch, on an Argand diagram, the set of points

π
X = {z ∈ ℂ : |z – 4 – 2i| < 3} ∩ {z ∈ ℂ : 0 ≤ arg (z) ≤ }.
4
(3)

On your diagram

(b) shade the part of the diagram that is included in the set,

(c) use solid lines to show the parts of the boundary that are included in the set, and use dashed
lines to show the parts of the boundary that are not included in the set.

(d) Show that the complex number z = 5 + 4i is in the set X .

(3)
(Total for Question 3 is 6 marks)
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4. f(z) = z3 − 8z2 + pz − 24
where p is a real constant.
Given that the equation f(z) = 0 has distinct roots
 12 
α , β and  α + − β 
 α 
(a) solve completely the equation f(z) = 0
(6)
(b) Hence find the value of p.
(2)
(Total for Question 4 is 8 marks)

5 Given that
z1 = 2 + 3i
|z1z2| =

arg(z1z2) =
where z1 and z2 are complex numbers,
(a) write z1 in the form r(cos θ + i sin θ)
Give the exact value of r and give the value of θ in radians to 4 significant figures.
(2)
(b) Find z2 giving your answer in the form a + ib where a and b are integers.
(6)
(Total for Question 5 is 8 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________

6. (a) Shade on an Argand diagram the set of points

 π 3π 
{z ∈ ℂ : z –1 – i ≤ 3} ∩  z ∈ C : ≤ arg( z − 2) ≤ .
 4 4 
(5)

The complex number w satisfies

π
w – 1 – i= 3 and arg (w – 2) = .
4

(b) Find, in simplest form, the exact value of |w|2.

(4)
(Total for Question 6 is 9 marks)
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7. f(z) = z3 + z2 + pz + q, where p and q are real constants.

The equation f(z) = 0 has roots z1 , z2 and z3.

When plotted on an Argand diagram, the points representing z1 , z2 and z3form the vertices of
a triangle of area 35.

Given that z1 = 3, find the values of p and q.

(Total for Question 7 is 7 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________

8.

The complex numbers z1 = −2, z2 = −1 + 2i and z3 =1 + i are plotted in Figure 1, on an

Argand diagram for the complex plane with z = x + iy
(a) Explain why z1, z2 and z3 cannot all be roots of a quartic polynomial equation with real
coefficients.
(2)
z −z  π
(b) Show that arg  2 1  =
 z3 − z1  4
(3)
1 π 
(c) Hence show that arctan (2) − arctan   =  
3  4 
(2)
(d) Copy Figure 1 and shade the set of points of the complex plane that satisfy the inequality
z + 2 ≤ z −1− i
(2)
(Total for Question 8 is 9 marks)

9 Given that there are two distinct complex numbers z that satisfy
 3π 
{z : |z – 3 – 5i| = 2r} ∩  z : arg( z − 2) = 
 4 
determine the exact range of values for the real constant r.
(7)
(Total for Question 9 is 7 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________
Question Scheme Marks AOs
1 z2  2  3i B1 1.1b

 z3  p  3i and  z4  p  3i May be seen in an Argand diagram M1 3.1a

 z3  4  3i and  z4  4  3i May be seen in an Argand
diagram, but the complex numbers used in their method takes A1 1.1b
precedence
 z 2  4 z 13 z 2  8 z  25
or
 z 2  3i z 2  3i z 4  3i z 4  3i
or
a   2  3i  2  3i  4  3i  4  3i
and
b  2  3i2  3i  2  3i4  3i  2  3i4  3i
 2  3i4  3i  2  3i4  3i  4  3i4  3i
and
dM1 3.1a
2  3i2  3i4  3i  2  3i2  3i4  3i 
c    

  2  3i4  3i4  3i  2  3i4  3i4  3i
and
d  2  3i2  3i4  3i4  3i
or
Substitutes in one root from each conjugate pair and equates real and
imaginary parts and solves simultaneously
2  3i  a 2  3i  b 2  3i  c 2  3i  d  0
4 3 2

4  3i  a 4  3i  b 4  3i  c 4  3i  d  0

4 3 2

a  4, b  6, c  4, d  325 A1 1.1b
f  z   z 4  4 z 3 6 z 2  4 z  325 A1 1.1b

(6)

(6 marks)

Notes:
B1: Seen 2  3i
M1: Finds the third and fourth roots of the form p  3i . May be seen in an Argand diagram
A1: Third and fourth roots are 4  3i . May be seen in an Argand diagram
dM1: Uses an appropriate method to find f  z  . If using roots of a polynomial at least 3 coefficients
must be attempted.
A1: At least two of a, b, c, d correct
A1: All a, b, c and d correct
Note: Using roots 2  3i and 2  3i leads to z 4  10 z 2  169 Maximum score B1 M1 A0 M1 A0
A0
 Question Scheme Marks AOs
2 1
f ( z ) = 8 z 3 + 12 z 2 + 6 z + 65 ; root α= −i 3
2
(a) 1
+i 3 B1 1.2
2
(1)
(b) 13
Attempts quadratic factor: z 2 − z + or 4 z 2 − 4 z + 13 M1 1.1b
4
So f ( z )= (4 z 2 − 4 z + 13)(2 z + 5) (oe) M1 1.1b
1 1 5
So roots are z1= − i 3 , z2= + i 3 and z3 = − A1 1.1b
2 2 2
(3)
(c)
Correct complex roots B1 1.1b

Correct real root B1ft 1.1b

(2)
(d) 2
1 5
E.g. | z1 − z2 |=
2 3 , | z1 − z3=|  +  + 3= 12= 2 3 and
2 2
| z2 − z3 |=
2 3 by symmetry.
 3 π
( )
OR arg( z2 − z3 )= arg 3 + i 3 = tan −1 
 3 = 6
, so (by symmetry) M1 3.1a
 
π π
angle at z3 is 2 × =, and since by symmetry the angles at z1 and z2
6 3
π
are equal, they must also each be (so all add to π ).
3
All three sides of the triangle are the same length, and so the vertices form
an equilateral triangle.
π A1 2.1
OR All three angles are and so the triangle formed by the vertices is
3
equilateral.
(2)
(8 marks)
Notes:
(a)
B1: Correct conjugate root.
(b)
M1: Attempts quadratic factor z − 2Re(α ) z + | α |2 or ( z − α )( z − α * ) . As a minimum accept an attempt at
the product of roots.
M1: Attempts to find the linear term, e.g. by factorisation or dividing by quadratic term or use of product of
roots being 65.
A1: Correct solutions. All three must be stated. Ignore labelling. Answers only score zero marks in (b).
Algebra must be used.
(c)
B1: Correct placement of complex roots, symmetric about real axis, in first and fourth quadrants, closer to
imaginary axis than real axis. Lines/arrows not needed, just points.
B1ft: Correct placement for real root. If root is correct then on real axis further from origin than other roots,
but follow through if a positive root found in (b).
(d)
M1: A complete method to find either all three sides or all three angles of the triangle.
A1: Sides/angles all correct from correct work/reasoning and conclusion made to draw the argument
together.
 Question Scheme Marks AOs
 π
=A { z ∈  :| z − 4 − 2i| < 3} , B =  z ∈  : 0  arg( z )   and
 4
X = A∩ B .
3(a)

Circle B1 1.1b
Sector B1 1.1b
Set X B1ft 1.1b
(3)
(b)
| 5 + 4i − 4 − 2i |2 =|1 + 2i |2 = 12 + 22 = 5 < 9 so 5 + 4i ∈ A M1 1.1b
4i) 5Im(5 + =
Re(5 + = 40 , so 5 + 4i ∈ B OR
4i) 4 and Im(5 + 4i) =
4 π M1 2.2a
 0.6747 … and 00.6747 … , so 5 + 4i ∈ B
= tan −1  =
arg(5 + 4i)
5 4
As 5 + 4i is in both A and B , so 5 + 4i ∈ X = A ∩ B A1 2.1
(3)
(6 marks)
Notes:
(a)
B1: A circle/relevant arcs of circle in the first (and fourth) quadrant(s) only with centre above the real axis
(shown dotted above). If only arcs shown, they should be only in the first quadrant, as shown dashed above.

B1: Correct sector/portion of sector intersecting the circle, above the real axis and below the line y = x .
B1: Correct region shaded, inside their circle and sector (as long as they intersect), with indication that the arcs
of the circle are excluded, but the rays of the sector are included - dotted/dashed lines for excluded and solid
for included. Ignore lines that are not part of the boundary. If the circle was initially drawn solid, accept if it
is clearly indicated the arcs are not included.
(b)
M1: Attempts to show that 5 + 4i is inside the circle, ie considers | 5 + 4i − 4 − 2i | (or its square) and compares
with 3 (or 9).
M1: Attempts to show that 5 + 4i is inside the sector, ie finds the argument and checks it is in the range
required.
A1: Both attempts correct with a conclusion that 5 + 4i is inside the set X – must be clear it has been checked
to be in both sets.
Question Scheme Marks AOs
 12  12 M1 1.1b
4. (a) α + β + α + −β= 8 so 2α + = 8
 α  α A1 1.1b
⇒ 2α 2 − 8α + 12 = 0 or α 2 − 4α + 6 = 0
4 ± (−4) 2 − 4(1)(6) M1 1.1b
⇒α = or (α − 2) 2 − 4 + 6 = 0 ⇒ α = ...
2(1)
⇒ α = 2 ± i 2 are the two complex roots A1 1.1b
A correct full method to find the third root. Common methods are:
(
Sum of roots = 8 ⇒ third root =8 − 2 + i 2 − 2 − i 2 =... ) ( )
third root =2 + i 2 +
12
2+i 2
(
− 2 − i 2 =... )
24 M1 3.1a
Product of roots =
= 24 ⇒ third root = ...
(
2+i 2 2−i 2 )( )
( z − α )( =
z − β ) z 2 − 4 z + 6 ⇒=
f ( z) (z 2
− 4 z + 6 ) ( z − γ ) ⇒ γ = ...
(or long division to find third factor).
Hence the roots of f ( z ) = 0 are 2 ± i 2 and 4 A1 1.1b
(6)
(b) E.g. f(4) = 0 ⇒ 43 − 8 × 42 + 4 p − 24 = 0 ⇒ p = ...
(
Or p =2 + i 2 ) (2 − i 2 ) + 4 (2 + i 2 ) + 4 (2 − i 2 ) ⇒ p =... M1 3.1a
Or f ( z ) = ( z − 4)( z − 4 z + 6) ⇒ p = ...
2

⇒ p=
22 cso A1 1.1b
(2)
(8 marks)
Notes
(a) M1 Equates sum of roots to 8 and obtains an equation in just α .
A1 Obtains a correct equation in α .
M1 Forms a three term quadratic equation in α and attempts to solve this equation by
either completing the square or using the quadratic formula to give α = ....
A1 α= 2 ± i 2
M1 Any correct method for finding the remaining root. There are various routes
possible. See scheme for common ones.
Allow this mark if –24 is used as the product.
See note below for a less common approach.
A1 Third root found with all three roots correct. Note α and β need not be identified.
(b) M1 Any correct method of finding p. For example, applies the factor theorem, process
of finding the pair sum of roots, or uses the roots to form f(z).
A1 p = 22 by correct solution only. Note: this can be found using only their complex
roots from (a) (e.g. by factor theorem)
Note for (a) final M – it is possible to find the second and third roots using only one initial
root (e.g. if second root forgotten or error leads to only one initial root being found).
 
Product of roots = αβ  α + − β  = 24 ⇒ αβ 2 − (α 2 + 12 ) β + 24 =
12
0 , substitutes in α and
 α 
attempts to solve the quadratic in β to achieve remaining roots. The final M can be gained
once three roots in total have been obtained. (This is unlikely to be seen as part of a correct
answer.) Allow if −24 has been used for the product.
Question Scheme Marks AOs
5(a)  3
z1  13 and arg z1  tan 1   B1 1.1b
 2 
z1  13 cos 0.9828  i sin 0.9828 B1ft 1.1b

(2)
(b) A complete method to find the modulus of 𝑧𝑧2
e.g. M1 3.1a
A1 1.1b
z1  13 and uses z1 z2  z1  z2  39 2  z2  3 26 or 234
A complete method to find the argument of 𝑧𝑧2

e.g. arg  z1 z2   arg  z1   arg  z2    arg  z2   ... M1 3.1a
4
  A1 1.1b
 3 
arg  z2    tan 1   or  0.9828 or 0.1974...
4 
 2 4
z2  3 26 cos ' 0.1974...'  i sin ' 0.1974...'
or
b b ddM1 1.1b
z2  a  bi  a 2  b 2  234 and tan 1 0.1974    0.2
a a
 a  ... and b  ...
Deduces that z2  15  3i only A1 2.2a

Alternative z1 z2  a  bi2  3i  2a  3b  3a  2b i

2a  3b  3a  2b  39 2  or 3042

2 2 2

M1 3.1a
 a 2  b 2  234 A1 1.1b
or
z1 z2  z1  z2  39 2  z2  3 26 or 234
 a 2  b 2  234
  3a  2b   3a  2b
arg 2a  3b  3a  2b i   tan 1     1 M1 3.1a
4 
 2a  3b  4 2a  3b
A1 1.1b
 a  5b
Solves a  5b and a 2  b 2  234 to find values for a and b ddM1 1.1b
Deduces that z2  15  3i only A1 2.2a

(6)

(8 marks)
Notes:

(a)
 3
B1: Correct exact value for z1  13 and arg z1  tan 1   . The value for arg z1 can be implied by
 2 
sight of awrt 0.98 or awrt 56.3°
B1ft: Follow through on r  z1 and   arg z1 and writes z1  r cos   i sin   where 𝑟𝑟 is exact and
 is correct to 4 s.f. do not follow through on rounding errors.
(b)
M1: A complete method to find the modulus of 𝑧𝑧2
A1: z2  3 26
M1: A complete method to find the argument of 𝑧𝑧2
  3 
A1: arg  z2    tan 1   or  0.9828 or 0.1974...
4 
 2 4
ddM1: Writes z2 in the form r cos   i sin   , dependent on both previous M marks.
Alternative forms two equations involving a and b using the modulus and argument of z2 and solve
to find values for a and b
A1: Deduces that z2  15  3i only
(b) Alternative: z1 z2  a  bi2  3i  2a  3b  3a  2b i
M1: A complete method to find an equation involving a and b using the modulus
A1: Correct simplified equation a 2  b 2  234 o.e.
M1: A complete method to find an equation involving a and b using the argument.
 2a  3b  
Note tan 1   this would score M0 A0 ddM0 A0
 3a  2b  4
A1: Correct simplified equation a  5b o.e.
ddM1: Dependent on both the previous method marks. Solves their equations to find values for a
and b
A1: Deduces that z2  15  3i only
Question Scheme Marks AOs

6(a)
Im M1 1.1b

M1 1.1b

A1 2.2a

M1 3.1a
O 2 Re

A1 1.1b

(5)
(b)
( x − 1) + ( y − 1) = 9, y = x − 2 ⇒ x = ..., or y = ...
2 2
M1 3.1a
14 14
x=
2+ ,y= A1 1.1b
2 2
2 2
 14   14 
w =
 2 +  + 
2
 M1 1.1b
 2   2 
= 11 + 2 14 A1 1.1b
(4)
(9 marks)
Notes
(a)
M1: Circle or arc of a circle with centre in first quadrant and with the circle in all 4 quadrants or
arc of circle in quadrants 1 and 2
M1: A “V” shape i.e. with both branches above the x-axis and with the vertex on the positive real
axis. Ignore any branches below the x-axis.
A1: Two half lines that meet on the positive real axis where the right branch intersects the circle
or arc of a circle in the first quadrant and the left branch intersects the circle or arc of a circle in
the second quadrant but not on the y-axis.
M1: Shades the region between the half-lines and within the circle
A1: Cso. A fully correct diagram including 2 marked (or implied by ticks) at the vertex on the
real axis with the correct region shaded and all the previous marks scored.
(b)
M1: Identifies a suitable strategy for finding the x or y coordinate of the point of intersection.
Look for an attempt to solve equations of the form ( x ± 1) + ( y ± 1) = 9 or 3 and y =± x ± 2
2 2

A1: Correct coordinates for the intersection (there may be other points but allow this mark if the
correct coordinates are seen). (The correct coordinates may be implied by subsequent work.)
14 14
Allow equivalent exact forms and allow as a complex number e.g. 2 + + i
2 2
M1: Correct use of Pythagoras on their coordinates (There must be no i’s)
A1: Correct exact value by cso
 14 14
Note that solving ( x − 1) + ( y − 1) =9, y =x + 2 gives x= , y= 2 +
2 2
and hence the
2 2
correct answer fortuitously so scores M1A0M1A0

Example marking for 3(a)

M1: Circle with centre in first quadrant

M0: The branches of the “V” must be above the x-axis
A0: Follows M0
M1: Shades the region between the half-lines and within
the circle
A0: Depends on all previous marks
M1: Circle with centre in first quadrant
M0: The vertex of the “V” must be on the positive x-axis
A0: Follows M0
M1: Shades the region between the half-lines and within
the circle (BOD)
A0: Depends on all previous marks
M1: Circle with centre in first quadrant
M0: The vertex of the “V” must be on the positive x-axis
A0: Follows M0
M1: Shades the region between the half-lines and within the
circle
A0: Depends on all previous marks
M1: Circle with centre in first quadrant
M1: A “V” shape i.e. with both branches above the x-axis and
with the vertex on the positive real axis. Ignore any branches
below the x-axis.
A1: Two half lines that meet on the positive real axis where
the right branch intersects the circle in the first quadrant and
the left branch intersects the circle in the second quadrant.
M1: Shades the region between the half-lines and within the
circle
A1: A fully correct diagram including 2 marked at the vertex
on the real axis with the correct region shaded and all the
previous marks scored.
Question Scheme Marks AOs

7 Complex roots are e.g. α ± βi

or
( z + z + pz + q ) ÷ ( z − 3) = z 2 + 4 z + p + 12
3 2

or B1 3.1a
f ( 3) = 0 ⇒ 3 + 32 + 3 p + q = 0
3

or
One of: 3 + z2 + z3 = −1, 3 z2 z3 =−q, 3 z2 + 3 z3 + z2 z3 =p
Sum of roots α + β i + α − β i + 3 =−1 ⇒ α =...
or M1 1.1b
α + β i + α − β i =−4 ⇒ α =...
α = −2 A1 1.1b
So 1 × 2 β × 5 = 35 ⇒ β = 7 M1 1.1b
2
q =−3 ("− 2 + 7i")("− 2 − 7i") =...
or
p = 3 ("− 2 + 7i") + 3 ("− 2 − 7i") + ("− 2 + 7i")("− 2 − 7i") M1 3.1a
or
( z − 3) ( z − ("− 2 + 7i") ) ( z − ("− 2 − 7i") ) =...
q = −159 or p = 41 A1 1.1b
−36 − q
3p + q =−36 ⇒ p = =41 and q = −159 A1 1.1b
3
(7)
Alternative
(z 3
+ z 2 + pz + q ) ÷ ( z − 3) = z 2 + 4 z + p + 12 B1 3.1a
−4 ± 42 − 4 ( p + 12 )
z + 4 z + p + 12 =0 ⇒ z =
2

2
=−2 ± i p + 8( ) M1 1.1b

α = −2 A1 1.1b
β
= p +8 M1 1.1b
1
× ( 3 + 2 ) × 2 p + 8 = 35 ⇒ p = ... M1 3.1a
2
p = 41 A1 1.1b
3 p + q =−36 ⇒ q =−159 A1 1.1b
(7)
(7 marks)
 Notes
B1: Recognises that the other roots must form a conjugate pair or obtains z 2 + 4 z + p + 12 (or
q
z2 + 4z − ) as the quadratic factor or writes down a correct equation for p and q or writes down
3
a correct equation involving " z2 " and " z3 "
M1: Uses the sum of the roots of the cubic or the sum of the roots of their quadratic to find a
value for “α”
A1: Correct value for “α”
M1: Uses their value for “α” and the given area to find a value for “β”. Must be using the area
and triangle dimensions correctly e.g. 1 × β × 5 = 35 ⇒ β = 14 scores M0
2
M1: Uses an appropriate method to find p or q
A1: A correct value for p or q
A1: Correct values for p and q
Alternative
q
B1: Obtains z 2 + 4 z + p + 12 (or z 2 + 4 z − ) as the quadratic factor
3
M1: Solves their quadratic factor by completing the square or using the quadratic formula
A1: Correct value for “α”
M1: Uses their imaginary part to find “β” in terms of p
M1: Draws together the fact that the imaginary parts of their complex conjugate pair and the real
root form the sides of the required triangle and forms an equation in terms of p, sets equal to 35
and solves for p
A1: A correct value for p or q
A1: Correct values for p and q
Question Scheme Marks AOs
8 (a) Complex roots of a real polynomial occur in conjugate pairs M1 1.2
so a polynomial with z1, z2 and z3 as roots also needs z2* and z3* as
roots, so 5 roots in total, but a quartic has at most 4 roots, so no quartic A1 2.4
can have z1, z2 and z3 as roots.
(2)
z2 − z1 −1 + 2i − (−2) 1 + 2i 3 − i
(b) = = × = ... M1 1.1b
z3 − z1 1 + i − (−2) 3+i 3−i
3 − i + 6i + 2 5 + 5i 1 1
= = = + i oe A1 1.1b
9 +1 10 2 2
1 1
As + i is in the first quadrant (may be shown by diagram),
2 2
 z2 − z1  1  π
A1* 2.1
hence arg =  arctan =  2  ( arctan(1)
= ) *
 z3 − z1  1  4
 2
(3)
(c)  z2 − z1 
arg=
  arg ( z2 − z1 ) − arg ( z3 − z1 )= arg (1 + 2i ) − arg ( 3 + i ) M1 1.1b
 z3 − z1 
1 π
Hence arctan ( 2 ) − arctan   = * A1* 2.1
3 4
(2)
(d)
Line passing through z2 and the
negative imaginary axis drawn.
B1 1.1b

Area below and left of their line

shaded, where the line must have
negative gradient passing through B1 1.1b
negative imaginary axis but need
not pass through z2

Unless otherwise indicated by the student mark Diagram 1(if used)

if there are multiple attempts.
(2)
(9 marks)
 Notes
(a) M1 Some evidence that complex roots occur as conjugate pairs shown, e.g. stated
as in scheme, or e.g. identifying if −1 + 2i is a root then so is −1 − 2i . Mere
mention of complex conjugates is sufficient for this mark.
A1 A complete argument, referencing that a quartic has at most 4 roots, but
would need at least 5 for all of z1, z2 and z3 as roots.
There should be a clear statement about the number of roots of a quartic (e.g a
quartic has four roots), and that this is not enough for the two conjugate pairs and
real root.
(b) M1 Substitutes the numbers in expression and attempts multiplication of
numerator and denominator by the conjugate of their denominator or uses
calculator to find the quotient. (May be implied.)
NB Applying the difference of arguments and using decimals is M0 here.
A1 1 1
Obtains + i . (May be from calculator.) Accepted equivalent Cartesian
2 2
forms.
A1* Uses arctan on their quotient and makes reference to first quadrant or draws
diagram to show they are in the first quadrant. to justify the argument.
(c) M1 Applies the formula for the argument of a difference of complex numbers
and substitutes values (may go directly to arctans if the arguments have
already been established). If used in (b) it must be seen or referred to in (c)
for this mark to be awarded. Allow for arg ( z2 − z1 ) − arg ( z3 − z1 ) if z2 − z1
and z3 − z1 have been clearly identified in earlier work.
A1* Completes the proof clearly by identifying the required arguments and using
the result of (b). Use of decimal approximations is A0.
(d) B1 Draws a line through z2 and passing through negative imaginary axis.
B1 Correct side of bisector shaded. Allow this mark if the line does not pass
through z2. But it should be an attempt at the perpendicular bisector of the
other two points – so have negative gradient and pass through the negative
real axis.

Ignore any other lines drawn for these two marks.

Question Scheme Marks AOs
9  x  3   y  5  2r  and y  x  2
2 2 2
B1 1.1b

 x  3  x  2  5  2r 
2 2 2

or M1 3.1a
 y  2  3   y  5  2r 
2 2 2

2 x 2  18  4r 2  0
or A1 1.1b
2 y  8 y  26  4r 2  0
2

b 2  4ac  0  02  4 218  4r 2   0  r  ...

or
x  9  2r  9  2r 2  0  r  ...
2 2
dM1 3.1a
or
b  4ac  0  8  4 226  4r 2   0  r  ...
2 2

Finds a maximum value for r

M1 3.1a
2r  2  52  3  2  r  ...
2

3 2 26 A1 1.1b
r o.e.
2 2 A1 1.1b
Alternative
Using a circle with centre (3, 5) and radius 2r and y  x  2 B1 1.1b

y  5  1 x  3  y  x  2
M1 3.1a
x  2  x  2  x  ...
0, 2 A1 1.1b

2r  3  0  5  2  r  ...
2 2
dM1 3.1a
Finds a maximum value for r
M1 3.1a
2r  2  52  3  2  r  ...
2

3 2 26 A1 1.1b
r o.e.
2 2 A1 1.1b

(7)

(7 marks)

Notes:
B1: Correct equations for each loci of points
M1: A complete method to find a 3TQ involving one variable using equations of the form
 x  3   y  5  2r  or 2r 2 or r 2 and y   x  2
2 2 2

A1: Correct quadratic equation

dM1: Dependent on previous method mark. A complete method uses b 2  4ac  0 or rearranges to
find x 2  f r  and uses f r   0 to the minimum value of r.
M1: Realises there will be an upper limit for r and uses Pythagoras theorem
2r    y coord of centre   x coord of centre  2
2 2 2

condone r    y coord of centre   x coord of centre  2

2 2 2

3 2 26
A1: One correct limit, either  r or r  o.e.
2 2
A1: Fully correct inequality
Alternative
B1: Using a circle with centre (3, 5) and radius 2r and y  x  2
M1: A complete method to find the point of intersection of the line y   x  2 and circle where the
line is a tangent to the circle.
A1: Correct point of intersection
dM1: Finds the distance between the point of intersection and the centre and uses this to find the
minimum value of r. Condone radius of r.
M1: Realises there will be an upper limit for r and uses Pythagoras theorem
2r    y coord of centre   x coord of centre  2
2 2 2

3 2 26
A1: One correct limit, either  r or r  o.e.
2 2
A1: Fully correct inequality