Assignment 4

So Hee Kim

Section 12.4 [Cross Product]

38.

Since the scalar triple product calculates the volume of the parallelepiped, we can conclude that
the four points are one the same plane if the scalar triple product of the three vectors (AB, BC,
CD) is 0.

AB=<2,-4,4>, BC=<2,3,-6>, CD=<-2,4,-4>

𝐴𝐵 ∙ (𝐵𝐶 × 𝐶𝐷) =< 2, −4,4 >∙< 12,20,14 > = 24 − 80 + 56 = 0
Since the scalar triple product is 0, we can determine that the four points A, B, C, and D are
coplanar.

42.
𝑣 = 5𝑗 =< 0,5,0 >
|𝑢| = 3, 𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
|𝑢 × 𝑣| = |𝑢||𝑣| sin 𝜃 = 15 sin 𝜃
𝜋
Since −1 ≤ sin 𝜃 ≤ 1, the maximum value occurs when sin 𝜃 = 1 (𝜃 = 2 ), where |𝑢 × 𝑣| = 15.
And since the length of the vector cannot be a negative value, the minimum value will occur when
sin 𝜃 = 0 (𝜃 = 0), where |𝑢 × 𝑣| = 0.

And using the right-hand rule, we can find the direction of 𝑢 × 𝑣.

⃗ and has no direction.
When u is on the y-axis, 𝑢 × 𝑣 = 0
When u has a positive x component, 𝑢 × 𝑣 points upwards.
When u has a negative x component, 𝑢 × 𝑣 points downwards.

44.
(a) If we put v=<x,y,z> and calculate the cross product with <1,2,1>, the result will be (2𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑖 −
(𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑗 + (𝑦 − 2𝑥)𝑘 =< 3,1, −5 >. Therefore,
2𝑧 − 𝑦 = 3
𝑥−𝑧 =1
𝑦 − 2𝑥 = −5
If we parameterize the equation with z as t, 𝑥 = 𝑡 + 1, 𝑦 = 2𝑡 − 3. Therefore, vector v can be
any vector in the form of <t+1, 2t-3, t>.

(b) The definition of the cross product indicates that the cross product of two vectors is a vector
that is orthogonal to both vectors. However, if we calculate <1,2,1> ∙<3,1,5>=10, we can see that
<3,1,5> is already not orthogonal to <1,2,1>. Therefore, there can be no vector v that satisfies
this equation.

Section 12.5 [Equations of Lines and Planes]

40.
If we set z=t, we can parameterize the three variables.
𝑥 =𝑡+1
𝑦 = 3 − 2𝑡
𝑧=𝑡
And with a point on the line, which we can find by putting any value into t, we can find the
equation of the line of intersection. When t=0, the point will be (1,3,0).
(1,3,0) + 𝑡(1, −2,1)
To find the normal vector of the plane, we must find a vector that is perpendicular to both the
direction vector of the line and the normal vector of the given plane. Therefore, we can calculate
the cross product.
< 1, −2,1 >×< 1,1, −2 > = < 3,3,3 >
And so, the plane will have the normal vector <3,3,3> and will contain the point (1,3,0), which
will produce the equation 3(𝑥 − 1) + 3(𝑦 − 3) + 3(𝑧 − 0) = 0, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4.

46.
The point of intersection can be found by putting in the parameterized expression of the line
inside the equation of the plane. 3(t-1)-(1+2t)+2(3-t)=5, -t+2=5, t=-3. Therefore, the point of
intersection will be (-3-1, 1-6, 3+3)=(-4,-5,6).

58.
(a)
The direction vector of the line will be parallel to the cross product of two normal vectors, which
will be < 3, −2,1 >×< 2,1, −3 > = < 5,11,7 >. And If we put z=0, we can find a point on the
line, which is (1,1,0). Therefore, the equation of the line will be (1,1,0)+t(5,11,7).
𝑥 = 5𝑡 + 1
𝑦 = 11𝑡 + 1
𝑧 = 7𝑡
(b)
 𝑛1∙𝑛2 <3,−2,1>∙<2,1,−3> 1
To find the angle 𝜃 between the two planes, cos 𝜃 = |𝑛1||𝑛2| = = 14. Therefore,
√9+4+1√4+1+9
1
𝜃= cos −1(14) ≅ 85.9°.

62.
The equation of the plane that consists of all the points that are equidistant from the two points
will have a normal vector that is parallel to the vector that connects the two points, and contain
the middle point of the two points. Following this, the normal vector will be <-8,-2,-4>, and the
point will be (-2,4,3). Therefore, the equation of the plane will be -8(x+2)-2(y-4)-4(z-3)=0,
4x+y+2z=2.

64.

(a) The given parametric equations for the line can be shown as
𝑟1 =< 1 + 𝑡, 1 − 𝑡, 2𝑡 >
𝑟2 =< 2 − 𝑠, 𝑠, 2 >
If the two lines intersect, they will meet at a point. Since the z value of r2 is fixed to the value of
2, t must be 1 for the two lines to possibly meet. With t=1, r1=<2,0,2>, which is also a point in r2
when s=0. Therefore, the point where the two lines intersect will be <2,0,2>.

(b) To find the equation of the plane, we must find a normal vector of the plane, along with the
point inside the plane (which we already found above). The normal vector of the plane that
contains the two lines will be the vector that is orthogonal to both lines, which could thus be
calculated by the cross product of the two direction vectors.
< 1, −1,2 >×< −1,1,0 > = < −2, −2,0 >
Therefore, the equation of the plane will be -2(x-2)-2(y-0)=0, which is 2x+2y=4.

Section 12.6 [Cylinders and Quadrics]

44.
45.
If we rotate a point that has a distance r from the x-axis around the x-axis, we obtain a circle that
satisfies the equation 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑟 2 . Since the distance is given as √𝑥 in the problem, the
2
equation of the surface will be 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = (√𝑥) = 𝑥, which is 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 .

Section 13.1 [Vector Functions and Space Curves]

28.
We can easily see that the curve with the given parametric equations is the intersection of the
two surfaces since the satisfy the given equations (sin2 𝑡 = (sin 𝑡)2 , sin2 𝑡 + cos 2 𝑡 = 1). We can
use this fact to sketch the curve.

30.
1
Using the relationships between the parametrized expressions < 𝑡 2 , ln 𝑡 , 𝑡 > , we can find
multiple surfaces that suffice this relation.
y = ln 𝑡 = ln √𝑡 2 = ln √𝑥
2

2
1 1 2
𝑥=𝑡 =( ) =( )
1 𝑧
𝑡
1 1
𝑦 = ln 𝑡 = ln( ) = ln( )
1 𝑧
𝑡
1 2 1
Therefore, 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑥 = (𝑧 ) , 𝑦 = ln(𝑧 ) can be examples of three different surfaces that
contain the given curve.

32.
If we put in the parametrized expressions of the helix into the equation of the sphere,
sin2 𝑡 + cos 2 𝑡 + 𝑡 2 = 5, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡 2 = 4 , 𝑡 = 2 𝑜𝑟 − 2 . Therefore, the two
intersecting points can be found by putting 2 and -2 into t. When t=2, the point will be (sin2, cos2,
2), and when t=-2, the point will be (sin(-2), cos(-2), -2).

49.
Let’s use t for r1 and s for r2 to determine whether the particles of two trajectories may collide.
Then we will obtain the three equations as follows.

(1)𝑡 2 = 4𝑠 − 3
(2)7𝑡 − 12 = 𝑠 2
(3)𝑡 2 = 5𝑠 − 6
If we solve (1) and (3), we obtain s=3. The corresponding point will be (9,9,9). And we can see
that r1 also obtains this point when t=3. Therefore, we can conclude the two particles collide
when t=3.

Section 13.2 [Derivatives and Integrals of Vector Functions]

8.
(a), (c)
𝜋 3 √3
𝑟 (− ) = 𝑖 + (− − 1) 𝑗
3 2 2
𝜋 √3 1
𝑟 ′ (− ) = 𝑖+ 𝑗
3 2 2

(b)
𝑟 ′ (𝑡) = − sin 𝑡𝑖 + cos 𝑡 𝑗

14.
𝑟(𝑡) =< sin2 𝑎𝑡, 𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑡 , cos 2 𝑐𝑡 >
To calculate the derivative of the vector function, we must find the derivative of each of the
components.
The derivative for sin2 𝑎𝑡 is 2 asin 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑎𝑡
The derivative for 𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑡 𝑒 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑏𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑏𝑡 (1 + 𝑏𝑡)
The derivative for cos 2 𝑐𝑡 is −2𝑐 cos 𝑐𝑡 sin 𝑐𝑡 = −𝑐 sin(2𝑐𝑡)
Therefore, the derivative of the vector function is 𝑟 ′ (𝑡) = 2 asin 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑎𝑡 𝒊 + 𝑒 𝑏𝑡 (1 + 𝑏𝑡)𝒋 +
−𝑐 sin(2𝑐𝑡) 𝒌

16.
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑡(𝑎 × 𝑏) + 𝑡 2 (𝑎 × 𝑐)
𝑟 ′ (𝑡) = (𝑎 × 𝑏) + 2𝑡(𝑎 × 𝑐)

22.
𝑟 ′ (𝑡) =< 2𝑒 2𝑡 , −2𝑒 −2𝑡 , 𝑒 2𝑡 (1 + 2𝑡) >
By substituting the value of t by 0, we can find the tangent vector, which is <2, -2, 1>. And to find
the unit tangent vector, we can divide the tangent vector by its magnitude, which is
2 −2 1
√4 + 4 + 1 = 3. Therefore, the unit tangent vector is < 3 , 3 , 3 >.
𝑟 ′′ (𝑡) =< 4𝑒 2𝑡 , 4𝑒 −2𝑡 , 4𝑒 2𝑡 (1 + 𝑡) >
𝑟 ′′ (0) =< 4, 4, 4 >
𝑟 ′ (𝑡) ∙ 𝑟 ′′ (𝑡) = 8𝑒 4𝑡 − 8𝑒 −4𝑡 + 4𝑒 4𝑡 + 4𝑡𝑒 4𝑡 + 8𝑡𝑒 4𝑡 + 8𝑡 2 𝑒 4𝑡
= 12𝑒 4𝑡 − 8𝑒 −4𝑡 + 12𝑡𝑒 4𝑡 + 8𝑡 2𝑒 4𝑡

25.
𝑟(𝑡) =< 𝑒 −𝑡 cos 𝑡 , e−t sin 𝑡 , e−t >
𝑟 ′ (𝑡) =< −𝑒 −𝑡 (sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡), 𝑒 −𝑡 (cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡) , −𝑒 −𝑡 >
Also, we must find the t value for the point (1,0,1), which is when t=0. To find the direction vector
of the tangent line, we simply put in t=0 into the vector derivative function, which will produce
<-1, 1, -1>. Since the tangent line starts at the point (1,0,1), the parametric equation will be as
follows.
𝑥 = 1 − 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑡

28.
𝑟 ′ (𝑡) =< −2 sin 𝑡 , 2 cos 𝑡 , 𝑒 𝑡 >
Since the tangent line should be parallel to the plane, the normal vector of the plane must be
perpendicular to the tangent vector.
< −2 sin 𝑡 , 2 cos 𝑡 , 𝑒 𝑡 >∙< √3, 1,0 > = 0
−2√3 sin 𝑡 + 2 cos 𝑡 = 0, cos 𝑡 = √3 sin 𝑡
𝜋
Therefore, in the given range, t would be 6 . And if we substitute the value of t into r(t), we will
𝜋
find the point (√3, 1, 𝑒 6 ).

33.
𝑟1′ (𝑡) =< 1,2𝑡, 3𝑡 2 >
𝑟2′ (𝑡) =< cos 𝑡 , 2 cos 2𝑡 , 1 >
Therefore, the tangent vectors at the point of intersection will each be <1,0,0> and <1,2,1>. To
find the angle of intersection, we can calculate the dot product.
<1,0,0>∙<1,2,1> 1 1
cos 𝜃 = = . Therefore, 𝜃 = cos −1( ) ≅ 66°.
√1+0+0√1+4+1 √6 √6

34.
(1)𝑡 = 3 − 𝑠
(2)1 − 𝑡 = 𝑠 − 2
(3)3 + 𝑡 2 = 𝑠 2
By using (1), we can substitute t=3-s into (3), and find that s=2, t=1. Therefore, the point of
intersection will be (1,0,4).
𝑟1′ (𝑡) =< 1, −1,2𝑡 >
𝑟2′ (𝑡) =< −1,1,2𝑠 >
Therefore, the tangent vectors at the point of intersection will each be <1,-1,2> and <-1,1,4>. To
find the angle of intersection, we can calculate the dot product.
<1,−1,2>∙<−1,1,4> 6 1 1
cos 𝜃 = = 6√3 = . Therefore, 𝜃 = cos −1 ( ) ≅ 55°.
√1+1+4√1+1+16 √3 √3

40.
To find the integral of the vector function, we must find the integral for each of the components.
sin 𝜋𝑡
∫ cosπt = +𝐶
𝜋
cos 𝜋𝑡
∫ sinπt = − +𝐶
𝜋
1
∫ 𝑡 = 𝑡2 + 𝐶
2
sin 𝜋𝑡 cos 𝜋𝑡 1
Therefore, the integrated function will be 𝜋 𝑖 − 𝜋 𝑗 + 2 𝑡 2 + 𝐶.

48.
𝑑
𝑢(𝑡) × 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑢 ′ (𝑡) × 𝑣(𝑡) + 𝑢(𝑡) × 𝑣 ′ (𝑡) = < cos 𝑡 , − sin 𝑡 , 1 >×< 𝑡, cos 𝑡 , sin 𝑡 > +
𝑑𝑡
< sin 𝑡 , cos 𝑡 , 𝑡 >×< 1, − sin 𝑡 , cos 𝑡 >
= (− sin2 𝑡 − cos 𝑡 + cos 2 𝑡 − 𝑡 sin 𝑡)𝑖 − 2(sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 − 𝑡)𝑗
+ (cos 2 𝑡 − 𝑡 sin 𝑡 − sin2 𝑡 − cos 𝑡)𝑘

Section 13.3 [Arc Length, Curvature, Torsion]

2.
𝑟 ′ (𝑡) =< 3𝑡 2, 6, 6𝑡 >
|𝑟 ′ (𝑡)| = √9𝑡 4 + 36𝑡 2 + 36 = 3𝑡 2 + 6
3
∫ 3𝑡 2 + 6 𝑑𝑡 = (33 − 03 ) + 6(3 − 0) = 27 + 18 = 45
0

4.
 𝑟 ′ (𝑡) =< 12, 12√𝑡, 6𝑡 >
|𝑟 ′ (𝑡)| = √144 + 144𝑡 + 36𝑡 2 = 6𝑡 + 12
1
∫ 6𝑡 + 12 𝑑𝑡 = 3(12 − 02 ) + 12(1 − 0) = 3 + 12 = 15
0

12.
1
x 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2
4
From the two equations, we can find the parametrized equation of the space curve, which is
𝑟(𝑡) =< cos 𝑡 , 2 sin 𝑡 , 2 − cos 𝑡 − 2 sin 𝑡 > 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋.
Then 𝑟 ′ (𝑡) =< −sin 𝑡 , 2 cos 𝑡 , sin 𝑡 − 2 cos 𝑡 >.
2𝜋
𝐿 = ∫ √8 cos 2 𝑡 − 4 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 + 2 sin2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ≅ 13.5191
0

14.
(a)
𝑟 ′ (𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 (sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡)𝑖 + 𝑒 𝑡 (cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡)𝑗 + √2𝑒 𝑡 𝑘
|𝑟 ′ (𝑡)| = √2𝑒 2𝑡 + 2𝑒 2𝑡 = 2𝑒 𝑡
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝑠(𝑡) = 2𝑒 𝑡 ; 𝑟(𝑡(𝑠)) = sin (ln ( )) 𝑖 + (cos (ln ( )) 𝑗 + 𝑘
2 2 2 2 √2
(b)
(2 sin(ln 2), 2 cos(ln 2) , 2√2)

18.
(a)
𝑟 ′ (𝑡) =< 2𝑡, 𝑡 sin 𝑡 , 𝑡 cos 𝑡 >
𝑟 ′ (𝑡) < 2𝑡, 𝑡 sin 𝑡 , 𝑡 cos 𝑡 > 2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝑇(𝑡) = ′ = =< , , >
|𝑟 (𝑡)| √5𝑡 √5 √5 √5
cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡
< 0, ,− >
𝑇 ′ (𝑡) √5 √5 cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑁(𝑡) = ′ = =< 0, ,− >
|𝑇 (𝑡)| 1 √5 √5
(b)
|𝑇 ′ (𝑡)| 1
𝐾(𝑡) = =
|𝑟 ′ (𝑡)| √5𝑡

20.
(a)
𝑟 ′ (𝑡) =< 1, 𝑡, 2𝑡 >
𝑟 ′ (𝑡) < 1, 𝑡, 2𝑡 >
𝑇(𝑡) = ′ =
|𝑟 (𝑡)| √1 + 5𝑡 2
 3 3 3
𝑇 ′ (𝑡) < −5𝑡(1 + 5𝑡 2 )−2, (1 + 5𝑡 2 )−2, 2(1 + 5𝑡 2 )−2 >
𝑁(𝑡) = ′ = =
|𝑇 (𝑡)| √5
5𝑡 2 + 1
√5𝑡 1 2
<− , , >
√1 + 5𝑡 2 √5(1 + 5𝑡 2 ) √5(1 + 5𝑡 2 )
(b)
√5
|𝑇 ′ (𝑡)| 2 √5
𝐾(𝑡) = ′ = 1 + 5𝑡 = 3
|𝑟 (𝑡)| √1 + 5𝑡 2
(1 + 5𝑡 2)2

Section 13.4 [Motion in Space]

2.
(a)

𝑟(2.4) − 𝑟(2)
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 2.5(𝑟(2.4) − 𝑟(2))
2.4 − 2

(b)
𝑟(2) − 𝑟(1.5)
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 2(𝑟(2) − 𝑟(1.5))
2 − 1.5
(c)
𝑣(2) = 𝑟′(2)
(a), (b), (c), (d)

4.
2
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑟 ′ (𝑡) =< 2𝑡, − >
𝑡3
 6
𝑎(𝑡) = 𝑣 ′ (𝑡) =< 2, − >
𝑡4
4 1
|𝑣(𝑡)| = √4𝑡 2 + 6
= 2 √𝑡 2 + 6
𝑡 𝑡

10.
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑟 ′ (𝑡) =< −2 sin 𝑡 , 3,2 cos 𝑡 >
𝑎(𝑡) = 𝑣 ′ (𝑡) =< −2 cos 𝑡 , 0, −2 sin 𝑡 >
|𝑣(𝑡)| = √4 + 9 = √13

12.
𝑟(𝑡) =< 𝑡 2 , 2𝑡, ln 𝑡 >
1
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑟 ′ (𝑡) =< 2𝑡, 2, >
𝑡
′ (𝑡)
1
𝑎(𝑡) = 𝑣 =< 2,0, − 2 >
𝑡
1 1
|𝑣(𝑡)| = √4𝑡 2 + 4 + = 2𝑡 +
𝑡2 𝑡

16.
∫ 𝑎(𝑡) = 𝑣(𝑡) =< − cos 𝑡, 2 sin 𝑡, 3𝑡 2 > +𝑐 1
Since v(0)=<0,0,-1>, <-1,0,0>+c=<0,0,-1>. Thus, c1=<1,0,-1>.
And v(t) =< − cos 𝑡 + 1,2 sin 𝑡, 3𝑡 2 − 1 >
𝑟(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑣(𝑡) =< − sin 𝑡 + 𝑡, −2 cos 𝑡 , 𝑡 3 − 𝑡 > +𝑐2
Since r(0)=<0,1,-4>, <0,-2,0>+c2=<0,1,-4>, Thus, c2=<0,3,-4>.
And r(t) =< − sin 𝑡 + 𝑡, −2 cos 𝑡 + 3 , 𝑡 3 − 𝑡 − 4 >
20.
𝑟(𝑡) =< 𝑡 3 , 𝑡 2 , 𝑡 3 >
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑟 ′ (𝑡) =< 3𝑡 2 , 2𝑡, 3𝑡 2 >
𝑎(𝑡) = 𝑣 ′ (𝑡) =< 6𝑡, 2, 6𝑡 >
|𝑎(𝑡)| = √72𝑡 2 + 4
𝐹 (𝑡) = 𝑚 < 6𝑡, 2,6𝑡 >
𝐹(𝑡) = 𝑚√72𝑡 2 + 4