Geometry I

Types of Angles
Acute angle  < 90
Right angle  = 90
Obtuse angle 180 >  > 90
Straight angle  = 180
Reflex angle 180 <  < 360
Complementary angles
 +  = 90
Supplementary angles
 +  = 180 


a + b + c + d + e = 360

a
e
b
d c

a=d a b
c d
c=b
vertically opposite angles
e=h e f
g h
g=f

a=e
c=g
corresponding angles
b=f
d=h

c=f
alternate angles
d=e

c + e = 180
co-interior angles
d + f = 180
Angle Properties of Triangles and Quadrilaterals

1. Triangle
a
a + b + c = 180
a+b=d
b c d

2. Isosceles triangle
A
b = c  AB = AC

b c
B C

3. Equilateral triangle
A AB = BC = AC  a = b = c = 60
a

b c
B  C

4. BC > AB > AC  a > c > b

A
a

B b c C

5. Quadrilateral
A
a a + b + c + d = 360

D d bB
c
C

6. Trapezium
* One pair of parallel opposite sides.

7. Isosceles trapezium
* One pair of parallel opposite sides.
* Non-parallel sides are equal in length.
8. Parallelogram
 * Two pairs of parallel opposite sides.
* Opposite sides are equal in length.
* Opposite angles are equal.


A D

* Diagonals bisect each other.

X
AX = XC and BX = XD
B C

9. Rectangle
 * Two pairs of parallel opposite sides.
* Opposite sides are equal in length.
||

||

* All four angles are right angles. (90)



* Diagonals are equal in length.

* Diagonals bisect each other.

10. Rhombus
 * Two pairs of parallel opposite sides.
* Four equal sides.
* Opposite angles are equal.

A D
* Diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
* Diagonals bisect the interior angles.
* ABD = CBD
B C * BAC = DAC
11. Square

* Two pairs of parallel opposite sides.
* Four equal sides.



* All four angles are right angles. (90)


* Diagonals are equal in length.

* Diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
* Diagonals bisect the interior angles.

12. Kite
* No parallel sides.
* Two pairs of equal adjacent sides.
* One pair of equal opposite angles.

A * Diagonals intersect at right angles.

 D
* One diagonal bisects the interior angles.
B 

* BAC = DAC
* BCA = DCA

Pythagoras’ Theorem

B C

For a right-angled triangle ABC,

AC2 = AB2 + BC2
Polygons
A polygon is a closed plane figure with three or more straight lines
Number of sides Name of polygons
3 Triangle
4 Quadrilateral
5 Pentagon
6 Hexagon
7 Heptagon
8 Octagon
9 Nonagon
10 Decagon
A polygon with n sides is called n-gon. (e.g., 11-gon, 12-gon)
If a polygon in which the sides are all equal length and the interior are equal, it is called regular
polygon.
For a n-gon, sum of the interior angles = (n − 2) × 180
(n − 2) 180
For a regular n-gon, size of each interior angle =
n
360
size of each exterior angle =
n

Coordinate Geometry
y

x
o

Length AB = (x 2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

 x +x y +y 
Midpoint of AB =  1 2 , 1 2 
 2 2 
y 2 − y1 rise
Gradient of AB = Slope of AB = = = tan 
x 2 − x1 run

If two lines are parallel then their gradients are equal.

l1 l2  m1 = m2

1
If a line has a gradient of m, a line perpendicular to it has a gradient of − .
m
The Equation of a straight line
1. y = mx + c
m = gradient, c = y-intercept
y

x
y = mx + c

2. y − y1 = m(x − x1 )

m = gradient, (x1 , y1 ) = a point on the line

Distance of a point to a line

P

A B
Q

Horizontal and Vertical Lines

y
x=a

y=b
b

o a x

gradient of horizontal line = 0

gradient of vertical line = undefined
Circles

major arc
circumference major sector

radius

•
•
O diameter
minor sector
center
minor arc

semicircle
major segment

•
semicircle
minor segment

angle x is subtended by arc AB

A B

Circumference = perimeter = 2r = d

circle area = r 2
arc length = r ( in radian)

=  2r ( in degree)
360
sector arc = r 2  ( in radian)

=  r 2 ( in degree)
360
Equation of a circle

P(x, y)
r
C(a, b) • Q
O
x

CP 2 = CQ2 + PQ2

r 2 = (x − a)2 + (y − b) 2

r = radius, centre = (a, b)

This is a standard form of equation of a circle.
The general form is
x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

centre = (−g, −f)

radius = g2 + f 2 − c

Symmetric Properties of Circle

O
•
A B
M

OM ⊥ AB  AM = MB

II A
N
B
O•
Q
M
P

AB = PQ  OM = ON
III

O
•

P Q
A
If PQ is a tangent at A, then OA ⊥ PQ

IV A

P •O

B
ˆ = BPO
If PA and PB are tangents from an external point P, then APO ˆ and PA = PB.

Angle Properties of Circle

I
P

•
O

A B

AOB = 2  APB

II
P Q

A B
APB = AQB = ARB
III
P Q

A • B
O

R
APB = AQB = ARB = 90

IV
A

D B

C
DAB + DCB = 180
ADC + ABC = 180

A
 C


T
B

=