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Machine_Learning_Basics_2

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Machine_Learning_Basics_2

Uploaded by

Mariela Ls
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Machine Learning Basics - Part 2

Advanced Components of Machine Learning

1. **Feature Engineering**: The process of selecting, transforming, and creating features to improve

the performance of machine learning models. Good feature engineering can significantly impact

model accuracy.

2. **Model Evaluation**: After training a model, its performance is evaluated using metrics such as

accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score (for classification), and RMSE or MAE (for regression).

Cross-validation is commonly used to assess the model's robustness.

3. **Hyperparameter Tuning**: Hyperparameters are external parameters set before training, such

as learning rate, number of layers, or regularization strength. Techniques like Grid Search, Random

Search, and Bayesian Optimization are used for tuning.

4. **Regularization**: Techniques like L1 (Lasso) and L2 (Ridge) regularization help prevent

overfitting by penalizing overly complex models.

5. **Optimization Algorithms**: Algorithms like Gradient Descent, Stochastic Gradient Descent

(SGD), and Adam are used to minimize the loss function during model training.

Popular Machine Learning Models

1. **Linear Models**: Examples include Linear Regression and Logistic Regression. These models

assume a linear relationship between input and output.

2. **Decision Trees and Ensembles**: Decision Trees, Random Forests, and Gradient Boosting

Machines (e.g., XGBoost, LightGBM) are popular for structured data.


3. **Support Vector Machines (SVMs)**: SVMs are used for classification and regression tasks by

finding a hyperplane that best separates the data.

4. **Neural Networks**: Composed of layers of interconnected nodes, neural networks are used in

deep learning to model complex patterns in data.

5. **Clustering Algorithms**: Algorithms like K-Means and DBSCAN are used for grouping similar

data points in unsupervised learning.

6. **Dimensionality Reduction Techniques**: Methods like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and

t-SNE reduce the dimensionality of data while preserving essential patterns.

Challenges in Machine Learning

1. **Data Quality and Quantity**: Insufficient or noisy data can lead to poor model performance.

2. **Overfitting and Underfitting**: Overfitting occurs when the model learns noise in the data, while

underfitting happens when the model is too simple to capture the patterns.

3. **Bias and Fairness**: Machine learning models can inherit biases from training data, leading to

unfair or discriminatory outcomes.

4. **Scalability**: Handling large-scale data efficiently requires robust infrastructure and algorithms.

5. **Interpretability**: Many machine learning models, especially deep learning models, act as "black

boxes," making it hard to understand their decisions.


Future of Machine Learning

Machine learning continues to evolve, with advancements in areas like transfer learning,

reinforcement learning, and explainable AI (XAI). As data availability and computational power

increase, machine learning is expected to play a pivotal role in solving complex real-world problems

and driving technological innovation.

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