NC- Numerical Control Programming

Elements of CNC machine

Content :
 Introduction to Manufacturing , History & Processes
 Introduction to Conventional Lathe
 Introduction to MCMT/CNC
 Elements of CNC machine
 Introduction To CNC Programming
 Introduction to SIEMENS 808D controller.
 Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing
 Cutting Tools and Parameter selection Turning.
 Programming using Siemens standard cycles for Turning
 Hands on practical – All standard Cycles of 808D Turning
Elements of CNC machine

Purpose Objectives
• This lesson introduces about different Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able
elements of Lathe Machine. aware of:

• Mechanical elements of CNC Machines.

• Electrical elements of CNC Machines.
• Workflow of CNC machine
• Applications of CNC Machines.
• Advantage/Disadvantage of CNC Machine.
Mechanical Elements Of CNC Turning Machine
• Headstock
• CNC Lathe Bed
• Chuck
• Tailstock
• Tailstock Quill
• Switch or Foot Pedals
• CNC Control Panel
• Tool Turret
Mechanical Elements
 Headstock
• Headstock of a cnc lathe machine have the main motor of cnc lathe machine which
drives the main spindle.
• Chuck is mounted on this main spindle.

• Here is another cnc lathe machine, the headstock covers are removed, so you can see
the Main drive (Main Motor), Gears.
• Gears can be selected with the cnc programming instructions (M41,M42,M43)
 CNC Lathe Bed

The tool turret travel over the cnc lathe bed, which is specially
hardened so any kind of machining can’t affect them
 Chuck

1. CNC lathe machine chuck grips the

component which are to be machined.
2. Chuck itself has many parts.
3. Jaws are mounted on the chuck to grip
the part.
Tailstock
1. Tailstock are mostly used to give an extra gripping force for component machining.

2. For long components machining they provide extra force on the other end so machining

process can complete smoothly.

3. You can see in the above picture at the one end chuck is gripping the component and on

the other end tailstock is providing the extra force.

 Tailstock Quill
Actually you move the whole tailstock forward or reverse, but in that way it is not used to grip
the part, but tailstock is travelled to a point near the component and then it is set there, after
that you actuate the tailstock quill which travel either with hydraulic pressure or pneumatic
pressure to grip the component.
Foot Switch or Foot Pedals

• Foot switches are used to actual the chuck and tailstock quill.
• Through these pedals cnc machinist’s open and close the
chuck to grip the component, the same way tailstock quill is
taken to forward position or reversed through theses pedals.
CNC Control Panel
• The brain of the CNC machine, all the cnc program are stored
inside this panel, CNC machinists control the whole machine
through the keys on this panel.
• CNC machinists start/stop the machine move axis by pressing
different keys on this panel.
• They can enter new program by using this panel, programs
can be transferred by using USB port on this panel as well.
• So this is the main part which controls the whole CNC
machine.
 Tool Turret
1. The tool are mounted on the tool turret which are used for
component machining.
2. Tool turrets vary in shapes and number of tools that can be
mounted on them.
Electrical/Electronics Elements Of CNC Machine
• Stabilizer

• Machine Controller

• Machine Control Unit (MCU)

• Drive System

• Feedback System

• Stepper Motors

• Servo Motors

• Encoders
Stabilizer
Machine Control Unit
The machine control unit is the heart of the CNC System. There are two sub units in machine control unit

The Data Process Unit

On receiving the part program, the DPU firstly interrupts and encodes the part program into internal
machine codes. The interpolator of DPU then calculate the intermediate positions of the motion in terms
of basic length units which is the smallest unit length that can be handled by the controller. The
calculated data are processed to Control Loop Unit for further action.

Control Loop Unit

The data from the DPU are converted into electrical signals in the CLU to control the driving system to
perform the required motion. Other functions such as machine spindle On/Off , Coolant On/Off, Tool
Clamp On/Off are also controlled by this unit according to the internal machine codes.
Machine Control Unit
 Machine Controller

• It is also known as HMI(Human Machine Interface)

• It’s an inbuilt Computer which handles all

the elements of machine tools and also
gives feed back each and every axis positions
in 3d graphical Display.

• Operator can make a program and also execute

it in machining mode for machining the work
part on the machine controller
 Servomotor
• A servomotor is a rotary actuator or
linear actuator that allows for precise
control of angular or linear position,
velocity and acceleration.

• It consists of a suitable motor coupled

to a sensor for position feedback

• A servo motor consists of several main

parts, the motor and gearbox, a position
sensor, an error amplifier and motor driver
and a circuit to decode the requested position..

• Servomotors are used in applications

such as robotics, CNC machinery or
automated manufacturing
 Stepper Motor
• Conventional servo motors are classified as continuous rotation motors
• Stepper motors rotate through a specific number of degrees, or steps, then stops.
• Each incoming pulse results in the shaft turning a specific angular distance.
• Stepper motors can control velocity, distance, and direction of mechanical load
Feedback System
• In order to have a CNC machine work accurately the positional values and speed of the axes needs to
be constantly updated.

Positional Feedback Device Velocity Feedback Device

• Position feedback devices gives • This device gives information of the velocity
information of the position of the axis of the axis
• Positional feedback devices are two types • It can be used for the linear or rotary axis
1. Linear encoder for direct positional • Its measures velocity in term of voltage
measurement (Linear Axis) generated from a tachometer mounted
2. Rotary encoder for angular and indirect at the end of motor shaft.
linear measurements (Rotary Axis)
Work-flow of CNC Machine

A typical CNC system consists of the following six elements

• Part program

• Program input device

• Machine control unit

• Drive system

• Machine tool

• Feedback system
Work-flow of CNC Machine
Part Program

• A part program is a series of coded instructions required to produce a part. It controls the
movement of the machine tool and the on/off control of auxiliary functions such as spindle rotation
and coolant. The coded instructions are composed of letters, numbers and symbols and are arranged
in a format of functional blocks as in the following example :

• N10 G01 X5.0 Y2.5 F15.0

| | | | |
| | | | Feed rate (15 in/min)
| | | Y-coordinate (2.5")
| | X-coordinate (5.0")
| Linear interpolation mode
Sequence number
Program Input Device
• The program input device is the mechanism for part programs to be entered into the CNC control.
The most commonly used program input devices are keyboards, punched tape reader, diskette
drivers, through RS 232 serial ports and networks

Machine Control Unit (MCU)

The machine control unit (MCU) is the heart of a CNC system. It is used to perform the following
functions:
• Read coded instructions
• Decode coded instructions
• Implement interpolations (linear, circular, and helical) to generate axis motion commands
• Feed axis motion commands to the amplifier circuits for driving the axis mechanisms
• Receive the feedback signals of position and speed for each drive axis
• Implement auxiliary control functions such as coolant or spindle on/off, and tool change
Drive System
• A drive system consists of amplifier circuits, stepping motors or servomotors and ball lead-screws.
The MCU feeds control signals (position and speed) of each axis to the amplifier circuits. The control
signals are augmented to actuate stepping motors which in turn rotate the ball lead-screws to
position the machine table.

Machine Tool
• CNC controls are used to control various types of machine tools. Regardless of which type of machine
tool is controlled, it always has a slide table and a spindle to control of position and speed.
The machine table is controlled in the X and Y axes, while the spindle runs along the Z axis.

Feedback System
• The feedback system is also referred to as the measuring system. It uses position and speed
transducers to continuously monitor the position at which the cutting tool is located at any particular
time. The MCU uses the difference between reference signals and feedback signals to generate the
control signals for correcting position and speed errors.
 Applications Of CNC Machines

• Aerospace
• Machinery
• Electrical
• Fabrication
• Automotive
• Instrumentation
• Mold making
• Medical
 Applications Of CNC Machines

Automotive Industry

Engine Block Different products

 Applications Of CNC Machines
Aerospace Industry

Crankshaft

Cam-shaft
 Applications Of CNC Machines
CNC Mold Making
 Advantage Of CNC Machine
• Productivity
Reduces non-cutting movement & maximum utilization of machine hence reduces cycle time there
by productivity increases.
• Quality
1. Parts are more accurate.
2. Parts are more repeatable.
3. Less waste of material.
• Complex shapes Machining
1. Slide movements under computer control.
2. Computer controller can calculate steps.
• Easy Management control
1. Production Planning
2. Process Planning
• Accuracy
When programmed correctly, CNC machines are usually 100% correct with what they produce
 Disadvantage of CNC Machine

• Machine Cost is Higher than Conventional Machine.

• Higher Maintenance Costs .

• Higher Labor Costs .

• Higher Machine Attachment Costs.

• Higher Tooling Costs.

QUERIES