MODULE 2

(LESSONS 1-3)

by

JIEAR A. SISON, MAEM

Course Facilitator
First Semester, Academic Year 2022-2023

Course Title: LIVING IN THE IT ERA

Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

Course Description: This course takes one aspect of the debate concerning the new
Economic-innovation in the form of the introduction of information
and communication technologies and places it in the historical
context of industrial revolutions.

Credit hours: 3 hours

Pre-Requisite: NONE

Program Objectives: The BSIT graduates are expected to become globally

competent, Innovative and socially and ethically responsible
computing professionals engaged in life-long learning endeavors.
They are capable of contributing to the country’s national
development goals.

Dear Learners,

Our courseware is specially designed to

equip you with the necessary knowledge and skills so
they can navigate the terrain of present technology.
Consider this module as a guide to strengthening
human productivity and a tool for exploring the
twenty-first century.

This will be use throughout the semester.

This will serve your medium in teaching-learning
process wherein you will be assessed each lesson how
much you have learned from the subject matter. You
are required to submit this module on
_________________of this First Semester , Academic Year
2022-2023 or else you are mark incomplete.
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Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

MODULE 2

Introduction

In this Module, you shall be introduced how computer systems manipulate, interpret and
communicate using the data form the outside world. There are five (5) topics to be discussed.
Namely; 1. How Computers Work , 2. How Computer Interpret Data, 3. How Computers
Communicate With One Another , 4. How Computers Connect To Other Computers and 5.
How Human Communicate With Computers.

Living in the Information Technology and https://www.geeksonsite.com/blog/how-does-a-

computer-work, https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/binary.htm will be the bases in
understanding the topics.

Read the discussion and answer the questions that follow. Perform the activity
and submit via Google Classroom provided.

LESSON 1 HOW COMPUTERS WORK?

Learning Objectives:

1. To provide knowledge about how the computers work.

2. To develop a skill on how the computers work.
3. To value of how the computers work .

Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe how the computers work.

2. Create a diagram on how the computers work.
3. Appreciate the value on how computers work.

Discussion:

HOW COMPUTERS WORK

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Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

A computer is a machine composed of hardware and software components. It

receives data through an input unit based on the instructions it is given and after it
processes the data, it sends it back through an output device.

How does this come together to make the computer work?

The input devices of a computer can depend on the type of

computer we are dealing with but most typically we will find a
mouse, keyboard, scanner or even applications (software)
installed on the computer. Once the data has been received, the
central processing unit (CPU) along with the help of other
components, takes over and processes the information it was
given.

Once the data is ready, it will be sent back through an output device which can
be a monitor, speaker, printer, ports, etc.

To better imagine how a computer works, knowing what’s inside will make it
easier. Here are the main parts of a computer system :
 CPU – or Central Processing Unit is considered the most important
component in a computer and for good reason. It handles most operations
that make it function, by processing instructions and giving signals out to
other components. The CPU is the main bridge between all the computer’s
major parts.
 RAM – Random Access Memory, or RAM for short, is a computer component
where data used by the operating system and software applications store
data so that the CPU can process them quickly. Everything stored on RAM is
lost if the computer is shut off. Depending on the applications you use, there
is typically a maximum limit of RAM you will need for the computer to function
properly.
 HDD – Also known as Hard Disk Drive, it is the component where photos,
apps, documents and such are kept. Although they are still being used, we
have much faster types of storage devices such as solid state drives (SSD)
that are also more reliable.
 Motherboard – There is no acronym for this component but without it, there
can’t be a computer. The Motherboard acts as the home for all other
components, allows them to communicate with each other and gives them
power in order to function. There are components that don’t require a
physical connection to the Motherboard in order to work, such as Bluetooth or

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Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

Wi-Fi but, if there is no connection or signal what so ever, the computer won’t
know it’s there.
 Video and Sound Cards – Two components which help the user interact
with the computer. Although one can use a computer with a missing sound
card, it’s not really possible to use it without a video card. The sound card is
used mainly to play sound through a speaker. However, a video card is used
to send images on the screen. Without it, it would be like looking at an empty
monitor.
 Network adapter – Even though it is not actually required to operate the
computer, the Network adapter improves the user’s experience as it provides
access to the internet. Modern computers with operating systems such as
Windows 10 will not offer the user all of its features without an Internet
connection.

Computer Number System

Humans use the decimal number

system to count, measure and compute.
The decimal number system has ten digits,
such as 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9.

A computer, on the other hand, can

only understand two digits – a 0 and a 1.
These two numbers play an important role
in the way computers communicate with one
another. This type of number system is called the binary number system, with the prefix
bi, which means 2.

Binary is a base-2 number system invented by Gottfried Leibniz that is made up

of only two numbers: 0 and 1. This number system is the basis for all binary code,
which is used to write data such as the computer processor instructions used every day.

There are other types of number systems, such as :

 Octal number system

From the prefix octa, meaning it uses 8
digits
 Hexadecimal number system
Hexa means 6
Deci means 10 means it uses 16 digits to
represent its value.

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Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

However, these special number systems are merely a way to bridge the
computer’s binary language to a somewhat understandable human (decimal) language
since computer data can be complicated.

How does binary work?

The 0s and 1s in binary represent OFF or ON, respectively. In a transistor, a "0"

represents no flow of electricity, and "1" represents electricity being allowed to flow. In
this way, numbers are represented physically inside the computing device, permitting
calculation. This concept is further explained in our section on how to read binary
numbers.

Why do computers use binary?

Binary is still the primary language for computers for the following reasons.

 It is a simple and elegant design.

 Binary's 0 and 1 method is quick to detect an electrical
signal's off or on state.
 The positive and negative poles of magnetic media are
quickly translated into binary.
 Binary is the most efficient way to control logic circuits.

How to read binary numbers

The following chart illustrates the binary number 01101000. Each column
represents the number two raised to an exponent, with that exponent's value
increasing by one as you move through each of the eight positions. To get the
total of this example, read the chart from right to left and add each column's
value to the previous column: (8+32+64) = 104. As you can see, we do not count
the bits with a 0 because they're "turned off."

Exponent: 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

Value: 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

ON/OFF: 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

The next example is 11111111 in binary, the maximum 8-bit value of 255.
Again, reading right to left we have 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 + 128 = 255.

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LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

Value: 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

ON/OFF: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

NOTE:

Counting on a computer normally starts at "0" instead of "1." Therefore,

counting all the bits does equal 255, but if you start at 0, it's 256.

TIPS:

If you took the binary code from the first example (which totaled 104) and
put it into ASCII, it would produce a lowercase h. To spell the word hi,
you would need to add the binary for the letter i, which is 01101001.
Putting these two codes together, we have 0110100001101001 or 104 and
105, which represents hi.

How does a computer convert text into binary or 0's and 1's?

Computers convert text and other data into binary by using an assigned ASCII
value. Once the ASCII value is known that value can be converted into binary. In the
following example, we take the word hope, and show how it is converted into binary that
the computer understands.

Let's take the first character h and break down

the process.

Once the letter h (in lowercase) is typed on

the keyboard, a signal to the computer as input.
The computer knows the ASCII standard value
for h is 104, which can be converted by the
computer into the binary value 01101000.

After the h is converted to binary, the computer

can store and process the data as ones and
zeros.

When storing this data, each character takes

8 bits (1 byte), which means to store hope
as plaintext it would take 4 bytes or 32-bits.
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Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

How does the computer convert binary back into text?

When the computer needs to convert the binary data back into human-readable
text, it's the reverse of the previously shown process. For example, a computer may
convert the binary 01101000 into the decimal value 104 which it knows is the
letter h using the ASCII standard conversion. Hence, you see the letter 'h' output to
your computer's monitor.

Hexadecimal

Another numbering system used by computers is hexadecimal, or Base 16. In

this system, the numbers are counted from 0 to 9, then letters A to F, before adding
another digit. The letters A through F represent decimal numbers 10 through 15,
respectively. The below chart indicates the values of the hexadecimal position compared
to 16 raised to a power and decimal values. It is much easier to work with large numbers
using hexadecimal values than decimal.

To convert a value from hexadecimal to binary, you merely translate each

hexadecimal digit into its 4-bit binary equivalent. Hexadecimal numbers have either
a 0x prefix or an h suffix.

For example,

Consider the hexadecimal number:

3F7A
Using the Binary chart and the Hex
chart below, this translates into the
binary value:

0011 1111 0111 1010

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Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

Equivalent Number Values Chart

DECIMAL BINARY OCTAL HEXADECIMAL

0 0000 000 0

1 0001 001 1

2 0010 002 2

3 0011 003 3

4 0100 004 4

5 0101 005 5

6 0110 006 6

7 0111 007 7

8 1000 010 8

9 1001 011 9

10 1010 012 A

11 1011 013 B

12 1100 014 C

13 1101 015 D

14 1110 016 E

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Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

15 1111 017 F

How does a computer process data into information?

A computer uses hardware and software in the following four functions to allow it
to process data.

Input

Before a computer can process anything, data must

receive input. For example, typing on a keyboard
can enter input into the computer.

Process

After a computer has received input data, a program

is used to process that information. A typical program
may calculate, manipulate, or organize the data to create
information that is understandable and presentable
to the user.

Output

After the data is processed into information, it is displayed

as output to the user. For example, the program displays
the information on your monitor when you use the
Windows Calculator.

Storage

Finally, the computer can store the created information for later use.

Summary:

HOW COMPUTERS WORK

A computer is a machine composed of hardware and software components. It
receives data through an input unit based on the instructions it is given and after it
processes the data, it sends it back through an output device.

The input devices of a computer can depend on the type of computer we are
dealing with but most typically we will find a mouse, keyboard, scanner or even
10
Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

applications or software installed on the computer. Once the data has been received, the
central processing unit (CPU) along with the help of other components, takes over and
processes the information it was given.

Once the data is ready, it will be sent back through an output device which can
be a monitor, speaker, printer, ports, etc.

Computer Number System

Humans use the decimal number system to count, measure and compute. The
decimal number system has ten digits, such as 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9.

A computer, on the other hand, can only understand two digits – a 0 and a 1.
These two numbers play an important role in the way computers communicate with one
another. This type of number system is called the binary number system, with the prefix
bi, which means 2.

Binary is a base-2 number system invented by Gottfried Leibniz that is made up

of only two numbers: 0 and 1. This number system is the basis for all binary code,
which is used to write data such as the computer processor instructions used every day.

How does a computer process data into information?

A computer uses hardware and software in the following four functions to allow it
to process data.

Input - Before a computer can process anything, data must

receive input.

Process - After a computer has received input data, a program is

used to process that information.

Output - After the data is processed into information, it is displayed

as output to the user.

Storage - Finally, the computer can store the created information

for later use.

Assessment:

Copy the questions/statements and answer it using the template provided.

1.Describe how computers works not less than 5 sentences.

2.Create a diagram on how computers work.
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Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

Learning Activity

To Do:

Complete the table below by writing down what is ask in the following column :.

DESCRIBE ASCII CODE Example (Upper Case ASCII Code of your

Character) Example Character
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

References:

Books: Living in the IT Era

Website: https://www.geeksonsite.com/blog/how-does-a-computer-work.

********** END of MODULE 2, LESSON 1*********

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Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

LESSON 2 HOW COMPUTERS INTERPRET DATA

Learning Objectives:

1. To provide knowledge about How Computers Interpret Data.

2. To develop a skill on How Computers Interpret Data..
3. To value on how Computers Interpret Data

Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe how computers interpret data.

2. Create a flow chart on how computers interpret data
3. Appreciate how computers interpret data.

Discussion:

How Computers Interpret Data

Computers use binary - the digits 0 and 1 - to store

data. A binary digit, or bit, is the smallest unit of data in
computing. It is represented by a 0 or a 1.

Binary numbers are made up of binary digits (bits).

Example ,the binary number 1001.

The circuits in a computer's processor are made up of

billions of transistors. A transistor is a tiny switch that is
activated by the electronic signals it receives.

The digits 1 and 0 used in binary reflect the on and off

states of a transistor.

Computer programs are sets of instructions. Each

instruction is translated into machine code - simple binary
codes that activate the CPU.

Programmers write computer code and this is converted by a translator into binary
instructions that the processor can execute. All software, music, documents, and any other
information that is processed by a computer, is also stored using binary.

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Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

To include strings, integers, characters and colors. This should include considering the
space taken by data, for instance the relation between the hexadecimal representation of colors
and the number of colors available.

In a computer , the processor is the center of activity. The

processor, as we noted, is also called the central
processing unit (CPU).
The central processing unit consists of electronic circuits
that interpret and execute program instructions, as
well as communicate with the input, output, and
storage devices.

It is the central processing unit ( CPU) that

actually transforms data into information. Data is
the raw material to be processed by a computer.
Such material can be letters, numbers, or facts like
grades in a class, baseball batting averages, or
light and dark areas in a photograph. Processed
data becomes information, data that is
organized, meaningful, and useful.

In school, for instance, an instructor could enter various

student grades (data), which can be processed to produce final
grades and perhaps a class average (information). Data that is
perhaps uninteresting on its own may become very interesting once it
is converted to information. The raw facts (data) about your finances,
such as a paycheck or a donation to charity or a medical bill may not
be captivating individually, but together, these and other acts can be
processed to produce the refund or amount you owe on your income
tax return (information).

Computer memory, also known as primary storage, is closely associated with

the central processing unit but separate from it. Memory holds the data after it is
input to the system and before it is processed. It also holds the data after it has been
processed but before it has been released to the output device. In addition, memory
holds the programs (computer instructions) needed by the central processing unit.

With the different types of number systems, it is important to

understand how computers interpret the letters on the keyboard through the
14 series of 0’s and 1’s. This normally done through the number systems
convert characters from the keyboard and later display them on the monitor.
Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

The following steps:

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Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

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Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

Continuation of ASCII Printable Characters

Notice how the characters are represented in decimal, octal and hexadecimal formats.
17 Computer programmers create programs so that computers can do specific tasks. People who write
programs are programmers. Depending on the skills set of a programmer, a program can be
developed based on the programming language the programmer is familiar with.
Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

Summary:

Computers use binary - the digits 0 and 1 - to store data. A binary digit, or bit, is the
smallest unit of data in computing. It is represented by a 0 or a 1.

Computer programs are sets of instructions. Each instruction is translated into machine
code - simple binary codes that activate the CPU.

Programmers write computer code and this is converted by a translator into binary
instructions that the processor can execute. All software, music, documents, and any other
information that is processed by a computer, is also stored using binary.

Processed data becomes information, data that is organized, meaningful, and useful.

Computer memory, also known as primary storage, is closely associated with the central
processing unit but separate from it. Memory holds the data after it is input to the system and
before it is processed.

With the different types of number systems, it is important to understand how computers
interpret the letters on the keyboard through the series of 0’s and 1’s.

Assessment:

Copy the questions/statements and answer it using the template provided.

1. Describe how computers interpret data.

2. Create a flow chart on how computers interpret data.

Learning Activity

To Do:

Complete the table below by identifying the exact equivalent code of given
character .The first one is done for you.

GIVEN HEXADECIMAL BINARY EQUAVALENT

CHARACTER
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Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

C 63 0110 0011

References:

Books: Living in the IT ERA 10th Edition

Website: https://computersciencewiki.org/index.php/Data_representation
https://homepage.cs.uri.edu/faculty/wolfe/book/Readings/Reading

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Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

********** END of MODULE 2, LESSON 2**********

LESSON 3 COMPUTERS COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER

Learning Objectives:

1. To provide knowledge about how computers communicate with one another.

2. To develop a skill using how computers communicate with one another.
3. To value on how computers communicate with one another.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe how computers communicate with one another.

2. Create a diagram on how computers communicate with one another.
3. Appreciate the value on how computers communicate with one another.

Discussion:

COMPUTERS COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER

A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a
computer system, combining the functions of a data bus to carry information, an address bus to
determine where it should be sent, and a control bus to determine its operation. The technique
was developed to reduce costs and improve
modularity, and although popular in the
1970s and 1980s, more modern computers
use a variety of separate buses adapted to
more specific needs

A bus is a pathway for digital signals

to rapidly move data. There are three
internal buses associated with processors:
the data bus, address bus, and control bus.
Together, these three make up the “system
bus.”

The system bus is an internal bus,

intended to connect the processor with internal hardware devices, and is also called the “local”
bus, Front Side Bus, or is sometimes loosely referred to as the “memory bus.”

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NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

Data moving in and out of the data bus is bi-directional, since the processor reads and
writes data, however, the others are uni-directional, since the processor always determines
when and what it will read from or write to. The address bus carries addressing signals from the
processor to memory, I/O (or peripherals), and other addressable devices around the processor.
Control signals move out of the
processor, but not in to it.

Figure 1:

Internal System bus. by W Nowicki –

Own work, based on a diagram in
The Essentials of Computer
Organization and Architecture by
Linda Null, Julia Lobur. CC BY-SA
3.0

The data bus “width” of an MCU is typically 8-, 16-, 32- or 64-bits, although MCUs of just
a 4-bit data bus or greater than 64-bit width are possible. The width of the data bus reflects the
maximum amount of data that can be processed and delivered at one time. A 64-bit processor
has a 64-bit data bus and can communicate 64-bits of data at a time, and whether the data is
read or written is determined by the control bus.

The physical location of the data in memory is carried by the address bus. An internal
hardware component, having received the address from the address bus and about to receive
the data, enables a buffer to allow the flow of signals to or from the location that was designated
by the address bus. The address bus carries only the information regarding the address, and is
synchronized with the data bus to accomplish read/write tasks from the processor. The address
bus is only as wide as is necessary to address all memory in the system.

Other communication buses also communicate with the processor but are external to the
system, such as Universal Serial Bus, RS-232, Controller Area Network (CAN), eSATA, and
others. External peripherals may be set up to use the internal bus, and this was common with
computers that used “expansion cards” to connect products to the internal bus. However, with
one card per device this became untenable for the long term, and other bus communication
systems such as USB were developed.

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NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

A system bus can be “extended” to communicate with other computers via a chassis
called a backplane. Internal buses have very rapid throughput and low latency. Several
computers can be rack-mounted in a single backplane for very fast communication between
computers.

What is the Address Bus?

The address bus is used by the CPU to send the address of the memory location
or the input/output port that is to be accessed at the instant. It is a unidirectional
bus i.e. the address can be transferred in one direction only and that is form CPU
to the required port or location.

Whether it is a read operation or write operation the CPU calculates the address
of the required data and sends it on the data bus for the execution of the required
operation. The maximum number of memory locations that can be accessed in a
system is determined by the number of lines of an address bus.

What is Data Bus?

A data bus is used to carry the data and instructions from the CPU to memory
and peripheral devices and vice versa. Thus it is a bidirectional bus. It is one
of most important parts of the connections to the CPU because every
program instruction and every byte of data must travel across the bus at
some point.

The size of the data bus is measured in bits. The data bus size has much
influence on the computer architecture because the important parameters of
it like word size, the quantum of data etc. are determined and manipulated by
the size of the data bus.

Generally, a microprocessor is called n-bit processors.

Thus as the CPU became more advanced, the data bus

grew in size.

A 64-bit data bus can transfer 8 bytes in every bus

cycle and thus its speed is much faster as compared to
the 8-bit processor that can transfer one byte in every
bus cycle.

What is a Control Bus?

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A control bus contains various individual lines carrying synchronizing signals that
are used to control. Various peripheral devices connected to the CPU. The
common signals that are transferred to the control bus from CPU to devices and
vice versa are memory read, memory writes, I/O read, I/O write etc.

Signals are designed, keeping in mind, the design philosophy of the

microprocessor and the requirement of the various devices connected to the
CPU. So different types of the microprocessor have different control signals. See
Below for better understanding.

Summary:

A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a
computer system, combining the functions of a data bus to carry information, an address bus to
determine where it should be sent, and a control bus to determine its operation.

The technique was developed to reduce costs and improve modularity, and although
popular in the 1970s and 1980s, more modern computers use a variety of separate buses
adapted to more specific needs

A bus is a pathway for digital signals to rapidly move data. There are three internal
buses associated with processors: the data bus, address bus, and control bus. Together, these
three make up the “system bus.”

The system bus is an internal bus, intended to connect the processor with internal
hardware devices, and is also called the “local” bus, Front Side Bus, or is sometimes loosely
referred to as the “memory bus.”

Assessment:

Copy the questions/statements and answer it using the template provided.

1. Describe how computers communicate with one another.

2. Create a diagram on how computers communicate with one another.

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Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

Learning Activity

To Do:

Complete the table below by writing down the computer network system .

COMPUTER NETWORK PICTURE

SYSTEM

References:

Books: Living in the IT Era

Website: https://www.microcontrollertips.com/internal-processor-bus-data-address-control-bus
http://www.madaboutcomputer.com/2018/09/what-is-address-bus-data-bus-control-
bus.html

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Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
LEMERY CAMPUS
Lemery, Iloilo Reg. No. 97Q19783

********** END of MODULE 2, LESSON 3********

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