PHP UNIT 3 And 4

UNIT 3
Here are the detailed notes for Unit III as per your syllabus:

Working with Files and Directories

Understanding Files and Directories

1. File:
A file is a collection of data or information stored on a computer, typically
identified by a unique name and extension (e.g.,
example.txt ).

Files can store text, images, videos, or other data formats.

2. Directory:
A directory (or folder) is a container that holds files or other directories,
helping organize data in a hierarchical structure.

Opening and Closing a File

1. Opening a File:
Files must be opened to read, write, or modify data. Programming languages
use functions or commands for file operations.

Example in PHP:

$file = fopen("example.txt", "r"); // Opens the file in

read mode

Common file modes in PHP:

"r" : Read

"w" : Write (overwrites the file)

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 "a" : Append

2. Closing a File:
Closing a file releases the resources and ensures data integrity.

Example in PHP:

fclose($file);

Copying, Renaming, and Deleting a File

1. Copying a File:
Creates a duplicate of a file.

Example in PHP:

copy("source.txt", "destination.txt");

2. Renaming a File:
Changes the name of a file.

Example in PHP:

rename("oldname.txt", "newname.txt");

3. Deleting a File:
Removes a file from the directory.

Example in PHP:

unlink("filename.txt");

Working with Directories

1. Creating a Directory:

Example in PHP:

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 mkdir("new_folder");

2. Deleting a Directory:

Example in PHP:

rmdir("folder_name");

3. Listing Files in a Directory:

Example in PHP:

$files = scandir("folder_name");
foreach ($files as $file) {
echo $file . "<br>";
}

File Uploading and Downloading

1. File Uploading:
Uploading files to the server is a common web application feature.

Example process in PHP:

Use an HTML form with the enctype="multipart/form-data" attribute.

Handle the upload using the $_FILES array in PHP.

move_uploaded_file($_FILES["file"]["tmp_name"], "upload
s/" . $_FILES["file"]["name"]);

2. File Downloading:
Allows users to download files from the server.

Example in PHP:

header('Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="fil

e.txt"');

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 readfile("path/to/file.txt");

Session and Cookie

Introduction to Session Control

1. What is a Session?

A session is a way to store user information across multiple pages of a

web application.

Data is stored on the server and identified by a unique session ID.

2. Session Functionality:

Starting a Session:

session_start();

Setting Session Variables:

$_SESSION["username"] = "JohnDoe";

Accessing Session Variables:

echo $_SESSION["username"];

Destroying a Session:

session_destroy();

What is a Cookie?
A cookie is a small piece of data stored on the user's browser by the web
server. It is used for maintaining stateful information across browsing
sessions.

Example uses:

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 Remembering user preferences.

Storing login credentials.

Setting Cookies with PHP

1. Setting a Cookie:

setcookie("user", "JohnDoe", time() + (86400 * 30), "/");

// 1-day expiration

Parameters:

"user" : Name of the cookie.

"JohnDoe" : Value of the cookie.

time() + (86400 * 30) : Expiration time in seconds.

2. Accessing a Cookie:

echo $_COOKIE["user"];

3. Deleting a Cookie:

Set the expiration time to a past date.

setcookie("user", "", time() - 3600, "/");

These notes are detailed and suitable for both understanding and directly writing
in exams. Let me know if you'd like further clarification or move to the next topic!

UNIT 4
Here are detailed and easy-to-understand notes for Unit IV:

Introduction to RDBMS

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 What is RDBMS?
RDBMS (Relational Database Management System): A type of database
management system that organizes data into tables (relations) with rows and
columns.

Examples: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle Database, SQL Server.

Key Features of RDBMS:

Structured Data Storage: Data is stored in tables.

Data Integrity: Maintains accuracy and consistency of data.

Relationships: Tables can be linked using primary and foreign keys.

SQL (Structured Query Language): Used to query and manipulate data.

Connecting with MySQL Database

Steps to Connect to a MySQL Database using PHP:

1. Establishing a Connection:

Example:

$servername = "localhost";
$username = "root";
$password = "";
$dbname = "my_database";

// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password,
$dbname);

// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}
echo "Connected successfully";

PHP UNIT 3 And 4 6

 2. PDO (PHP Data Objects):
A more secure and flexible way to connect.

Example:

try {
$conn = new PDO("mysql:host=localhost;dbname=my_dat
abase", "root", "");
$conn->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE
_EXCEPTION);
echo "Connected successfully";
} catch (PDOException $e) {
echo "Connection failed: " . $e->getMessage();
}

Performing Basic Database Operations (DML)

1. INSERT Operation
Adds new rows to a table.

Example:

$sql = "INSERT INTO students (name, age) VALUES ('John Do

e', 20)";
if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {
echo "New record created successfully";
}

2. DELETE Operation
Removes rows from a table.

Example:

$sql = "DELETE FROM students WHERE id=1";

if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {

PHP UNIT 3 And 4 7

 echo "Record deleted successfully";
}

3. UPDATE Operation
Modifies existing rows.

Example:

$sql = "UPDATE students SET age=21 WHERE id=1";

if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {
echo "Record updated successfully";
}

4. SELECT Operation
Retrieves data from a table.

Example:

$sql = "SELECT * FROM students";

$result = $conn->query($sql);

if ($result->num_rows > 0) {
while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
echo "ID: " . $row["id"] . " - Name: " . $row["nam
e"] . "<br>";
}
} else {
echo "0 results";
}

Setting Query Parameters

Using Prepared Statements:

Ensures security by preventing SQL injection attacks.

PHP UNIT 3 And 4 8

 Example:

$stmt = $conn->prepare("SELECT * FROM students WHERE age =

?");
$stmt->bind_param("i", $age); // "i" stands for integer
$age = 20;
$stmt->execute();
$result = $stmt->get_result();

while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {

echo "Name: " . $row["name"] . "<br>";
}

Executing Queries

Executing a Query in PHP:

Use the query() or prepare() method.

Example:

$sql = "SELECT * FROM students";

$result = $conn->query($sql);

Handling Errors:
Example:

if ($conn->error) {
echo "Error: " . $conn->error;
}

Joins in SQL

1. Cross Join

PHP UNIT 3 And 4 9

 Combines all rows from two tables (Cartesian Product).

Example:

SELECT * FROM table1 CROSS JOIN table2;

2. Inner Join
Returns rows with matching values in both tables.

Example:

SELECT students.name, courses.course_name

FROM students
INNER JOIN courses ON students.course_id = courses.id;

3. Outer Joins
Left Outer Join: Returns all rows from the left table and matching rows from
the right table.

SELECT students.name, courses.course_name

FROM students
LEFT JOIN courses ON students.course_id = courses.id;

Right Outer Join: Returns all rows from the right table and matching rows from
the left table.

SELECT students.name, courses.course_name

FROM students
RIGHT JOIN courses ON students.course_id = courses.id;

4. Self Join
Joins a table with itself.

Example:

PHP UNIT 3 And 4 10

 SELECT A.name AS Student1, B.name AS Student2
FROM students A, students B
WHERE A.course_id = B.course_id;

These notes provide a comprehensive explanation of the topics in Unit IV. Let me
know if you'd like further details or assistance with another unit!

PHP UNIT 3 And 4 11