ANSWERS

1. Explain Exception Handling

Exception handling in Python allows the programmer to handle runtime errors gracefully. It
uses try, except, else, and finally blocks to catch and handle exceptions without
terminating the program abruptly.

Example:

Try:

Num = int(input(“Enter a number: “))

Print(10 / num)

Except ValueError:

Print(“Invalid input! Please enter a number.”)

Except ZeroDivisionError:

Print(“Division by zero is not allowed.”)

Finally:

Print(“Execution completed.”)

2. Explain Inheritance

Inheritance in Python enables a class (child class) to derive properties and methods from
another class (parent class). It allows code reusability and the creation of hierarchical
relationships.
Example:

Class Animal:

Def speak(self):

Print(“Animal speaks”)

Class Dog(Animal):

Def speak(self):

Print(“Dog barks”)

D = Dog()

d.speak()

3. Explain the Fundamentals of Turtle Graphics

Turtle graphics is a Python library for creating graphics and drawings. It uses a virtual
“turtle” that moves around the screen, drawing lines or shapes as per the commands.

Basic commands:

Forward(): Moves the turtle forward.

Backward(): Moves the turtle backward.

Right() / left(): Rotates the turtle.

Penup() / pendown(): Controls the drawing state.

Example:

Import turtle

T = turtle.Turtle()

t.forward(100)

t.right(90)

t.forward(50)

turtle.done()

4. Explain Python Modules

Modules in Python are files containing Python code (functions, classes, variables) that can
be reused. Built-in modules (e.g., math, os, random) and custom modules simplify
programming tasks.

Example:

Import math

Print(math.sqrt(16))
 5. Explain Object-Oriented Programming Using Python

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python focuses on objects and classes. Key

principles:

Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods.

Inheritance: Reusing existing code.

Polymorphism: Using a single interface for different types.

Abstraction: Hiding implementation details.

Example:

Class Car:

Def __init__(self, brand):

Self.brand = brand

Def display(self):

Print(f”This car is a {self.brand}”)

My_car = Car(“Toyota”)

My_car.display()
 6. Explain Text Files and Types of Text Files

Text files store data in human-readable format, using characters. Common types:

Plain text files: .txt

Formatted text files: .csv, .json

Example: Reading a text file:

With open(“file.txt”, “r”) as file:

Content = file.read()

Print(content)

7. Explain the Fundamental Hardware Components

Key hardware components of a computer:

CPU: Processes data and executes instructions.

RAM: Temporarily stores data for quick access.

Storage: Long-term data storage (e.g., SSD, HDD).

Motherboard: Connects all components.

Power Supply: Provides power to the components.

I/O Devices: Devices like keyboard, mouse, and monitor.

8. Differentiate Between Compiler and Interpreter

9. Explain if Statement with an Example

The if statement executes a block of code if a condition is true.

Example:

Num = 10

If num > 5:

Print(“Number is greater than 5”)

 10. Explain Keyword Arguments in Python

Keyword arguments are passed by explicitly specifying the parameter name. They improve
code readability and allow argument reordering.

Example:

Def greet(name, age):

Print(f”Hello {name}, you are {age} years old.”)

Greet(age=20, name=”Alice”)

11. Exception Handling with Example

Example:

Try:

Num = int(input(“Enter a number: “))

Result = 100 / num

Print(“Result:”, result)

Except ZeroDivisionError:

Print(“Cannot divide by zero!”)

Except ValueError:
 Print(“Invalid input, enter a number.”)

12. Explain Parameter Passing Concept in Python with Example

Python uses pass-by-object-reference. Objects like lists can be modified inside functions,
while immutable types like integers remain unchanged.

Example:

Def modify_list(lst):

Lst.append(4)

My_list = [1, 2, 3]

Modify_list(my_list)

Print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

13. Explain Control Statements with an Example

Control statements alter the execution flow. Types:

Break: Exits a loop.

Continue: Skips current iteration.

Pass: Does nothing (placeholder).

Example:

For I in range(5):

If I == 3:

Continue

Print(i)

14. Explain Operators in Detail with an Example

Operators perform operations on variables:

Arithmetic: +, -, *, /

Comparison: ==, !=, <, >

Logical: and, or, not

Assignment: =, +=, -=
Example:

A, b = 10, 20

Print(a + b) # Addition

Print(a < b) # Comparison

15. Explain Literals and Types of Literals

Literals are constants in Python. Types:

String literals: “Hello”, ‘Python’

Numeric literals: 10, 3.14

Boolean literals: True, False

Special literal: None

Example:

Name = “John” # String literal

Age = 25 # Numeric literal

Is_student = True # Boolean literal

These explanations should help you understand and prepare for these topics effectively.

1. Explain Exception Handling

Exception handling in Python allows the programmer to handle runtime errors gracefully. It
uses try, except, else, and finally blocks to catch and handle exceptions without
terminating the program abruptly.

Example:

Try:

Num = int(input(“Enter a number: “))

Print(10 / num)

Except ValueError:

Print(“Invalid input! Please enter a number.”)

Except ZeroDivisionError:

Print(“Division by zero is not allowed.”)

Finally:

Print(“Execution completed.”)

2. Explain Inheritance
Inheritance in Python enables a class (child class) to derive properties and methods from
another class (parent class). It allows code reusability and the creation of hierarchical
relationships.

Example:

Class Animal:

Def speak(self):

Print(“Animal speaks”)

Class Dog(Animal):

Def speak(self):

Print(“Dog barks”)

D = Dog()

d.speak()

3. Explain the Fundamentals of Turtle Graphics

Turtle graphics is a Python library for creating graphics and drawings. It uses a virtual
“turtle” that moves around the screen, drawing lines or shapes as per the commands.

Basic commands:

Forward(): Moves the turtle forward.

Backward(): Moves the turtle backward.

Right() / left(): Rotates the turtle.

Penup() / pendown(): Controls the drawing state.

Example:

Import turtle

T = turtle.Turtle()

t.forward(100)

t.right(90)

t.forward(50)

turtle.done()

4. Explain Python Modules

Modules in Python are files containing Python code (functions, classes, variables) that can
be reused. Built-in modules (e.g., math, os, random) and custom modules simplify
programming tasks.

Example:

Import math
Print(math.sqrt(16))

5. Explain Object-Oriented Programming Using Python

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python focuses on objects and classes. Key

principles:

Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods.

Inheritance: Reusing existing code.

Polymorphism: Using a single interface for different types.

Abstraction: Hiding implementation details.

Example:

Class Car:

Def __init__(self, brand):

Self.brand = brand

Def display(self):

Print(f”This car is a {self.brand}”)

My_car = Car(“Toyota”)

My_car.display()

6. Explain Text Files and Types of Text Files

Text files store data in human-readable format, using characters. Common types:

Plain text files: .txt

Formatted text files: .csv, .json

Example: Reading a text file:

With open(“file.txt”, “r”) as file:

Content = file.read()

Print(content)

7. Explain the Fundamental Hardware Components

Key hardware components of a computer:

CPU: Processes data and executes instructions.

RAM: Temporarily stores data for quick access.

Storage: Long-term data storage (e.g., SSD, HDD).

Motherboard: Connects all components.

Power Supply: Provides power to the components.

I/O Devices: Devices like keyboard, mouse, and monitor.

8. Differentiate Between Compiler and Interpreter

9. Explain if Statement with an Example

The if statement executes a block of code if a condition is true.

Example:

Num = 10
If num > 5:

Print(“Number is greater than 5”)

10. Explain Keyword Arguments in Python

Keyword arguments are passed by explicitly specifying the parameter name. They improve
code readability and allow argument reordering.

Example:

Def greet(name, age):

Print(f”Hello {name}, you are {age} years old.”)

Greet(age=20, name=”Alice”)

11. Exception Handling with Example

Example:

Try:

Num = int(input(“Enter a number: “))

Result = 100 / num

Print(“Result:”, result)
Except ZeroDivisionError:

Print(“Cannot divide by zero!”)

Except ValueError:

Print(“Invalid input, enter a number.”)

12. Explain Parameter Passing Concept in Python with Example

Python uses pass-by-object-reference. Objects like lists can be modified inside functions,
while immutable types like integers remain unchanged.

Example:

Def modify_list(lst):

Lst.append(4)

My_list = [1, 2, 3]

Modify_list(my_list)

Print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

13. Explain Control Statements with an Example

Control statements alter the execution flow. Types:

Break: Exits a loop.

Continue: Skips current iteration.

Pass: Does nothing (placeholder).

Example:

For I in range(5):

If I == 3:

Continue

Print(i)

14. Explain Operators in Detail with an Example

Operators perform operations on variables:

Arithmetic: +, -, *, /

Comparison: ==, !=, <, >

Logical: and, or, not

Assignment: =, +=, -=

Example:

A, b = 10, 20

Print(a + b) # Addition

Print(a < b) # Comparison

15. Explain Literals and Types of Literals

Literals are constants in Python. Types:

String literals: “Hello”, ‘Python’

Numeric literals: 10, 3.14

Boolean literals: True, False

Special literal: None

Example:
Name = “John” # String literal

Age = 25 # Numeric literal

Is_student = True # Boolean literal