GULING NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Guling, Guipos, Zamboanga del Sur

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON RICE PRODUCTION

AND FARMERS ADAPTATION IN GULIING, GUIPOS,

ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR

ANDAM, JOHN PAUL D.

DAIZ HANNA JANE

MISAMIS MARIVEL

OGAWAN GERALDINE

PANOY LITO

PATAGOC YANCARL

SUSON EDMAR

RATIONALE
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The impact of climate change on agriculture is a pressing global issue, with significant

implications for food security and the livelihoods of farmers, especially in developing

regions. Rice, as a staple food for millions, is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate

change, including rising temperatures, altered rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events.

In Guling, Guipos, Zamboanga del Sur, where rice farming is a primary source of income for

many families, understanding these impacts is crucial for developing effective adaptation

strategies.

This study seeks to examine how climate change affects rice production and how farmers in

Guling adapt to these changes. By investigating the specific experiences and perceptions of

local rice farmers, the research aims to shed light on the unique challenges they face and the

strategies they employ to cope with the adverse effects of climate change. The findings will

contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between climate variability and

agricultural practices, ultimately guiding farmers in making informed decisions that enhance

their resilience.

Additionally, this research is significant as it addresses the need for targeted support from

local government and agricultural organizations. The insights gained from the study can

inform policymakers about the specific needs and challenges faced by rice farmers in Guling,

enabling them to design effective programs and policies that promote sustainable agricultural

practices and food security. Furthermore, the study will serve as a valuable resource for

future researchers exploring the intersection of climate change, agriculture, and adaptation

strategies, thereby enriching the academic discourse on these critical issues.

In conclusion, this research is essential not only for the immediate benefits it offers to rice

farmers in Guling but also for its broader implications for agricultural sustainability and

resilience in the face of climate change. By understanding the impacts of climate change on

rice production and the adaptive choices of farmers, this study aims to contribute to the
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development of more effective strategies that ensure the long-term viability of rice farming in

the region.

Objectives of the Study

This research aimed to determine the impact of climate change on rice production and

farmers adaption in Guling. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the impact of climate change on rice production and farmers in Guling.

2. How do rice farmers perceive the impact of climate change on rice production

and what factors cause changes in their income due to shifts in rice production?

3. What are the reasons behind farmers' choices on how to adjust to the effects of climate

change?

Conceptual Framework

Greenhouse gases emissions from human activities are responsible for climate change

(IPCC 2007; Li et al. 2011). Climate change leads to increased temperatures, changing

rainfall patterns and amounts, and a higher frequency and intensity of extreme climate events

such as floods, cyclone, droughts, and heatwave (IPCC 2007; Tirado et al. 2010; Roudier et

al. 2011). Temperature increases and erratic rainfall patterns affect crop agriculture most

directly and adversely (Lansigan et al. 2000; Rosenzweig & Tubiello 2007; Almaraz et al.

2008). Changing climate over time affects rice crop production adversely (Behnassi 2011).

Rainfall extremes, through droughts and floods are very detrimental to rice

productivity. Higher and/or heavy rainfall results in higher yield losses through flooding

(Rosenzweig 9 et al. 2002; Reid et al. 2007; Roudier et al. 2011). In contrast, insufficient

rainfall leads to greater drought frequency and intensity, while increased evaporation leads to

complete crop failure (Reid et al. 2007; Liu et al. 2010).

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Changes in rainfall and temperature overall lower cultivated area, production level,

and

Give in. The variability or decline in rice output calls for farmers to be flexible to

minimizethese negative consequences. But at the farm level, adaptation tactics differ from

region to region as well as between farms. Farmers' ability to adapt is influenced by their

access to institutional variables, agricultural characteristics, and sociodemographic traits.

Significance of the Study

This study will determine the impact of climate change on rice production and

farmers adaption in Guling. This is significant because the following sector can benefit from

its results.

Farmers. The research will provide rice farmers with insights into the specific effects of

climate change on their production and income. Understanding these impacts can help them

make informed decisions about their farming practices and improve their resilience to

changing climate conditions.

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Local Government and Policymakers: The results can guide local government units and

policymakers in developing supportive programs and policies for rice farmers. By

understanding the challenges farmers face and their adaptation strategies, policymakers can

create initiatives that enhance agricultural sustainability and food security.

Agricultural Organizations: The study will provide valuable data for agricultural

organizations working to support farmers. Insights from this research can help these

organizations design effective training and resources that address the needs of rice farmers

adapting to climate change.

Future Researchers: This research will serve as a reference for future studies on climate

change and agriculture. The data and insights gathered can inform further exploration into

effective adaptation strategies and contribute to the body of knowledge in agricultural

resilience.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter covers the literature being reviewed by the researcher where the concepts

of the study being generated.

Evidence of global climate change

Climate change results in changes in long-term weather conditions globally. More

explicitly, climate change denotes a significant statistical variation either in the average

condition of the climate or in its variability that continues for long periods, typically decades

or longer (Vijaya Venkata Raman et al. 2011). Due to human activities (such as burning of

fossil fuel), the impacts of climate change have already been observed from rising sea levels

to melting snow and ice to changing weather patterns. IPCC (2007) provided strong evidence

for rapid climate change, these include:

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i. Global temperature increase: Most of this warming has occurred since the

1970s, with the 20 hottest years having taken place since 1981 including 10 of

the warmest years taking place in the past 12 years

ii. Diminishing Arctic Sea ice: Both the size and depth of Arctic ice has reduced

quickly over recent decades. Sea level rise:

iii. Global sea levels have risen about 17 cm in the past 100 years. The rate in the

last decade is almost double that for the previous century

Interplay of climate change, crop production and food security

Climate change is expected to significantly impact on global agricultural production.

This will occur because agricultural production is highly dependent on climate and is

adversely affected by increasing anthropogenic climate change and climate variability (Smit

et al. 2000; IPCC 2007; Chandrappa, et al. 2011). Therefore, weather patterns considerably

affect crop production. Climate change represents an additional pressure on the world’s food

supply system and is expected to increase yields at higher latitudes and decrease yields at

lower latitudes (IPCC 2007).

Much research has reported that high temperatures, variable rainfall, floods, droughts

and cyclones would cause a significant decrease in world food production, especially in

developing countries (Rosenzweig & Parry 1994; Parry et al. 1999; Reilly et al. 1999;

Gregory et al. 2005). Some studies have demonstrated that the distribution of food supplies in

different parts of the world might also be affected greatly by climate change (Gregory et al.

2005; Schmidhuber & Tubiello 2007)

Empirical studies on climate change effects on crop agriculture

This section examines the empirical studies on the economic effects of climate change

on crop agriculture. Based on the available literature, the analyses can be grouped in three

sections: the impact on world agriculture, on developed countries’ agriculture and on

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developing countries’ agriculture. 2.5.1 Evidence from world agriculture Several studies

investigated the possible effects of climate change on world agricultural production

(Rosenzweig & Parry 1994, Darwin et al. 1995, Parry et al. 1999, Parry et al. 2004).

Rosenzweig and Parry (1994) assessed the likely impact of climate change on world

food supply using a crop growth model. The main finding of the research is that global food

production would be reduced slightly because of a two-fold increase in atmospheric CO2

concentration. It was also found that climate change affects developed and developing

countries differently. Countries in the lower latitude regions (i.e., developing countries) will

bear the major brunt of the problems caused by climate change. Results from simulations of

the effectiveness of adaptive options taken by farmers confirmed that these are rarely

successful in alleviating the difference between developed and developing countries.

Darwin et al. (1995) reported that climate change was not likely to endanger cereal

world production as a whole, but that production of non-grain crops was expected to be

reduced. Farmers’ adaptation will play a vital role in sustaining cereal production under

climate change. Thus a severe change in climate could lead to a decline in global GDP.

METHOD

Research Design

The study utilized Case Study type of Qualitative Research Qualitative Case Study is

a research methodology that helps in exploration of a phenomenon within some particular

context through various data sources, and it undertakes the exploration through variety of

lenses in order to reveal multiple facets of the phenomenon (Baxter & Jack, 2008).

Participants/Respondents
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The researchers will employ purposive sampling to select participants for the study. A

total of 10 participants will be chosen, specifically those who own a rice field in Guling,

Guipos, Zamboanga del Sur. These participants will be bona fide citizens in Guling, Guipos,

and ZDS, ensuring that they have relevant experience and knowledge about rice farming in

the area. This method of selection will allow the researchers to focus on individuals who are

directly impacted by climate change and are actively involved in rice production. By

choosing participants with diverse backgrounds, such as varying ages, farming practices, and

experiences with climate adaptation, the study aims to gather a comprehensive understanding

of the challenges and strategies employed by rice farmers in Guling. This targeted approach

will enhance the quality of the data collected and provide valuable insights into the adaptation

choices made by farmers in response to climate change.

Measures/Instruments

The researchers will use an interview schedule with researcher-made guide questions,

which will be validated by agriculture and crop teachers. A cellphone and an audio recorder

will be utilized to reach out to participants and record their responses to the questions,

ensuring accurate data collection and documentation of their answers.

Procedures

In collecting all the data needed for this study, the researchers will interview the

participants through personal. The researchers will determine the impact of climate change on

rice production and farmers adaption in Guling. The interview questions will be explained

briefly by the researchers to the participants to provide a shared understanding of the tool.

The participants will be given sufficient time to answer the interview guide questionnaire. An

agreement will be made between the researchers and the participants that the responses will

be used for data gathering.

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