SOFTWARECOMPONENTS

Sof
twar
e:I
ncomput
ert
ermi
nol
ogy
,asetofi
nst
ruct
ionsi
scal
l
edapr
ogr
am andoneormor
epr
ogr
amsar
e
cal
l
edasof
twar
e.
Cl
assesofsof
twar
ear
e:
 Appli
cationsoft
ware
 Compilersoftwar
e
 Theoper at
ingSyst
em
Appl
i
cat
ionsoftware
I
tisdesi
gnedf
oraspeci
fi
cappl
i
cat
ion.Sof
twar
especi
fi
cal
l
ysui
tedf
orspeci
fi
cappl
i
cat
ions.Such
sof
twar
eiscal
l
edappl
i
cat
ionsof
twar
e.Forexampl
e,sof
twar
eforbi
l
li
ngsy
stems,account
ingsof
twar
eor
sof
twar
ethatenabl
est
hecr
eat
ionandst
orageofdocument
s.
Compi
l
ersof
twar
e
Ther
ear
esomanypr
ogr
amswr
it
teni
ndi
ff
erentcomput
erl
anguages,
thehar
dwar
eneedsat
ransl
atort
o
conv
ertt
hecomput
erl
anguagei
ntoaf
ormt
hatcanunder
stand.
Thecomput
eronl
yunder
standsel
ect
ri
calsi
gnal
sthedi
git
alr
epr
esent
ati
on,cal
l
edmachi
nel
anguage.
Thesof
twar
ecal
l
edt
hecompi
l
erconv
ert
sthecomput
erl
anguagei
ntomachi
nel
anguage.Forexampl
e, C
compi
l
er.
Oper
ati
ngsy
stem
Thei
nter
facebet
weent
heuser andt
hecomput
eri
scal
l
edaoper
ati
ngsy
stem.Ther
ear
etwobasi
c
ki
ndsofoper
ati
ngsy
stems
1. Si
ngl
euseroper
ati
ngsy
stem (
eg.
,MS-
DOS)
2. Mul
ti
useroper
ati
ngsy
stem (
eg.
,
WINDOWS)
Dat
aOr
gani
zat
ion
Al
lthei
nfor
mat
ionar
est
oredi
nthef
orm ofFi
l
esont
othecomput
er,butt
hemedi
aisei
therext
ernal
st
orageori
nter
nal
stor
age.Acomput
ermayhav
ethef
oll
owi
ngt
ypesoff
il
esoni
tsst
oragemedi
a.
1. Textfi
l
es
2. Datafi
les
3. Graphi
cfil
es
Textf
il
es
Al
lki
ndoft
exti
nfor
mat
ion,bei
tlet
ter
s,document
sormemor
andums,i
sst
oredi
nthef
orm ofaf
il
e,
whi
chi
scal
l
edasat
extf
il
e.
Dat
afi
l
e
Dat
ainacomput
erf
il
eisor
gani
zedi
nadi
ff
erentmanner
.
NAME DESI
G DEPT AGE

John Consul
tant Hr
d 52

Pet
er Ex
ecut
ive Hr
d 35

Mar
y Manager Mkt
g 27

Oner
owofi
nfor
mat
ioni
scal
l
edaRecor
d.Eachpi
eceofdat
aint
her
ecor
discal
l
edaFi
eld.Af
iel
dhas
t
wocomponent
s-t
hef
iel
dnameandt
hef
iel
dcont
ent
.

1
Gr
aphi
cfi
l
e
Thecomput
eri
sal
socapabl
eofst
ori
ngpi
ctur
es,mov
ingv
ideos,sket
chesandot
herf
ormsofv
isual
i
nfor
mat
ion.Thi
sty
peofi
nfor
mat
ioni
sst
oredi
nthef
orm off
il
escl
assi
fi
edasGr
aphi
cfi
l
es.

2
 HARDWARECOMPONENTS

I
nter
nal
powersuppl
y
I
nter
nalpowersuppl
yisr
efer
red t
o asSwi
tched modepowersuppl
y(SMPS)
.TheSMPS pr
ovi
descabl
e
connect
orst
osuppl
yther
equi
redv
olt
aget
otheot
hercomponent
s.
ExhaustFan
Thi
sfanr
otat
esasl
ongast
hecomput
eri
sswi
tchedon.I
tsf
unct
ioni
stocool
theSMPSuni
t.
Speaker
Thi
sspeakeri
sconnect
ed t
othemot
her
boar
d and pr
oducesa sound whenev
eri
nst
ruct
ed bysof
twar
e
pr
ogr
ams.Forex.
,whent
hemachi
nest
art
sasel
f-
testpr
ogr
am i
sexecut
edt
hatusesbeepsoundt
oindi
cat
ethat
ev
ery
thi
ngi
swor
kingpr
oper
ly.
Mot
herboar
d
Al
argeboar
dcont
aini
nganumberofel
ect
roni
csci
rcui
tsandot
hercomponent
s.Thi
siscal
l
edmot
her
boar
d.Al
l
per
ipher
aldev
icesconnect
edt
othemot
herboar
d.
Mot
her
boar
dcomponent
sar
e
1.
Micr
opr
ocessor
2.
Clockchi
p
3.
Memor
y-Ram andRom
4.
Bus
5.
Por
ts
Mi
cropr
ocessor
TheMi
cropr
ocessorcont
rol
stheact
ivi
ti
esoft
hev
ari
ouscomponent
soft
hecomput
erandal
sor
espondst
o
r
equest
sfr
om t
heper
ipher
aldev
ices.
Cl
ockchi
p
Thecl
ockchi
ppr
ovi
dest
het
imi
ngsi
gnali
nthef
orm ofel
ect
roni
cpul
sest
hatar
eusedbyt
hecomput
er.The
speedoft
hecomput
eri
smeasur
edi
nter
msofMi
l
li
onI
nst
ruct
ionspersecond.
(MI
PS)
RAM (
RANDOM ACCESSMEMORY)
Dat
awi
thi
ntheRAM canber
eadormodi
fi
ed.
,
i.
e.y
oucanei
therr
eadf
rom t
heRAM orwr
it
eoni
t.Hencei
tis
cal
l
edr
ead/
wri
tememor
y.Thecont
ent
soft
heRam ar
elostwhent
hecomput
eri
sswi
tchedof
f.Hence,
theRAM i
ssai
d
t
obev
olat
il
e.
ROM(
READONLYMEMORY)
I
nst
ruct
ionsi
nROM canbeexecut
edbutcannotbechangedandhenceRom i
ssai
dtobeNon-
Vol
ati
l
e.
BUS
Communi
cat
ionbet
weent
hemi
cropr
ocessorand t
hememor
ychi
psaswel
lasot
herchi
psf
oundont
he
mot
her
boar
disaccompl
i
shedt
hroughasetofwi
resr
unni
ngbet
weent
hem.Thesear
ecal
l
edt
hebus.Thebus
compr
isi
ngasetof 8 wi
resf
orcar
ryi
ngdat
aiscal
l
edt
hedat
abus.Thebushasasetof20wi
resf
orcar
ryi
ng
addr
esses.Thi
sty
peofbusi
scal
l
edaddr
essbus.
PORTS
Al
linputandout
putdev
icesl
i
keKey
boar
d,t
hepr
int
erand mousear
econnect
edt
othesy
stem uni
tthr
oughpor
ts.The
mi
cropr
ocessorcommuni
cat
eswi
tht
heout
sidewor
ldt
hrought
hem.Thesepor
tscanbeei
therser
ialorpar
all
el.