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32 views14 pages

Project Phy Divya2

Uploaded by

pradhanprativa1980
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.

1
BHUBANESWAR

SESSION {2024-2025}

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY

NAME: DIVYAJYOTI MAJHI


CLASS: 12 SEC: B ROLL NO: 12
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF SHRI A.K RATH SIR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is with great pleasure that I find


myself penning down these lines to express
my sincere thanks to various people who help
me long way in completing this project.

The harmonious climate in our school


provided proper guide for preparing the
project. It was a privilege to have been guided
By mr. A.K RATH .

Thanks to my classmates who helped me


during the development of this with their
constructive critism and advice.
BONAFIDE
JJJJJJJJCERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
DIVYAJYOTI MAJHI of class xii B(science)
has performed this project under my
supervision and has completed it with much
effort.
This project may be considered
as a part fulfillment of all india senior
secondary certificate physics practical
examination 2024-25 conducted by central
board of secondary education new delhi.

Sign of principal sign of external

Sign of teacher sign of student


CONTENT

• INTRODUCTION

• DIFFRACTION

• DIFFRACTION PATTERN

• SINGLE SLIT DIFFRACTION

• SINGLE SLIT INTERFERENCE

• DIFFRACTION GRATING

• BIBIOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
Diffraction, first documented by Francesco
Maria Grimaldi in 1665, occurs when a wave, like
light, passes a barrier or through a gap, causing
distortion. The phenomenon becomes more
noticeable as the gap width approaches the
wavelength of the wave. Lasers, producing
narrow beams of coherent monochromatic light,
are ideal for diffraction experiments, creating
clear patterns that can be easily measured.
When diffracted light is projected onto a screen,
an interference pattern forms, which depends
on the nature of the mask causing the
diffraction. These patterns provide valuable
information about the mask’s symmetry and, in
the case of periodic objects, represent the
reciprocal lattice. In imaging, diffraction
patterns can be selectively analyzed to enhance
specific features, as seen in bright and dark
field imaging.
DIFFRACTION
➢ WHAT IS DIFFRACTION?
When parallel waves of light are obstructed by a
very small object (i.e. sharp edge, slit, wire,
etc.), the waves spread around the edges of the
obstruction and interfere, resulting in a pattern
of dark and light fringes.

➢ WHAT DOES DEFFRATION LOOK LIKE?


When light diffracts off of the edge of an object,
it creates a pattern of light referred to as a
diffraction pattern. If a monochromatic light
source, such as a laser, is used to observe
diffraction, below are some examples of
diffraction patterns that are created by
certain objects.
DIFFRACTION
PATTERN
SINGLESLIT
DIFFRACTION
In our consideration of the Young's double-
slit experiments, we
have assumed the
width of the slits to
be so small that
each slit is a point
source. In this
section we shall
take the width of
slit to be finite and
see how Fraunhofer This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

diffraction arises.
Let a source of monochromatic light be incident
on a slit of finite width a, as shown in Figure.
In diffraction of Fraunhofer type, all rays passing through
the slit are approximately parallel. In addition, each
portion of the slit will act as a source of light waves
according to Huygens's principle. For simplicity we divide
the slit into two halves. At the first minimum, each ray
from the upper half will be exactly 180 out of phase with a
corresponding ray form the lower half. For example,
suppose there are 100 point sources, with the first 50 in
the lower half, and 51 to 100 in the upper half. Source 1
and source 51 are separated by a distance and are out of
phase with a path difference a / 2 * delta = lambda / 2
Similar observation applies to source 2 and source 52, as
well as any pair that are a distance a/ 2 apart. Thus, the
condition for the first minimum is
Applying the same reasoning to
the wavefronts from four equally
spaced points distance a / 4
apart, the path difference would be '5 a Sine / 4 , and the
condition for destructive interference is
22
Sin O —

The argument can be generalized fo show that destructive interference will occur
when asin9—mA, m —±l, ± 2, ± 3, (destructive interference)
we see that the condition for minima of a
single-slit diffraction becomes the
condition for maxima of a double-slit
interference when the width of a single
slit a is replaced by the separation
between the two slits d. The reason is tint
in the double-slit case, the slits are This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC
taken to be so small that each one is BY-NC-ND
considered as a single light source, and the interference of waves
orginating within the same slit can be neglected On the other hand. the
minimum condition for the single-slit diffraction is obtained precisely by
taking into consideration the interference of waves that originate within
the same slit.

SINGLESLIT
HHHINTERFERENCE
How do we determine the intensity distribution for the pattern produced
by a single-slit diffraction? To calculate this, we must find the total
electric field by adding the field contributions from each point Lets divide
the single slitinto N small zones each of width a / N , as Shown
in Figure . The convex lens is used to bring parallel light rays to o
focal point P on the screen. We shall assume that so frat all the light
from a given zone is in pluse.TWO adjacent zones have a relative
path length : Sine , The relative pluse shift is given by the ratio
Suppose the wavefront from the first AystnO
pmt (counting from the top) arrives at
the point P on the screen With an
electric field given by
The electric field from point 2 adjacent to point 1 will hove a pmse
shift and the field is

FIGURE:- Intensity of the $inqle-slit


Fraunhofer diffraction pattern

fig.-• Intensity of single-slit diffraction as a function of e for a


and a 2K
DIFFRACTION
jjhghjhjkGRATING
A diffraction grating conststS of a large number N of slits each
of width a and separated from the next by a distance d as
shown in Figure
If we assume that the incident is planar and diffraction
spreads the light from each slit over a wide angle so that the
from all the slits will interfere with each other. The relative
path difference between each pair of adjacent slits is : d sine
. sönilar to the calculation we made for
the double-slit case. If this path
difference is equal to an integral
multiple Of wavelengths then all the
Slits Will constructively interfere with
each other and a bright spot will
appear on the screen at an angle e .
Thus, the condition for the principal
maxima is given by
dsinO=m.lamda.
If the wavelength of the light and the locatk)n Of the fit-order
maxånum are known, the distance d between slits may be
readily deduced. The location of the maxima does not depend on
the number of slits, N. However, the maxima become sharper and
more intense as N is increased The width of the maxima can be
shown to be inversely proportional to N. In 14.82. we show the
intensity distrbution as a function of / 2 for diffraction grating
with N -10 and N:30 . Notice Hut the principal maxima become
sturper and narrower as N increases.
The observation can be explained as follows: suppose an
angle e ( recall thnt : 2 s It a ine / K) which initially gives a
principal maximum is increased slightly, if there were only
two slits, then the two waves will still be nearly in pmse and
produce maxima which are broad. However. in grating With
a large number of Slits, even though e may only be slightly
deviated from the value produces a maximum. it could be
exactly out of pluse with light wave from another slit far
away. Since gratgng produces peaks that are much sYurper
than the twoslit system. it gives a more precise measurement
of the wavelength.

THANK YOu
BIBLIOGRAPHY

❖ WWW.GOOGLE.COM
❖ TEACHER (AK RATH)
❖ CLASSMATE
❖ REFERENCES
❖ NCERT TEXT BOOK
❖ STUDY MATERIAL

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