Matplotlib

 Matplotlib is a popular Python library used for creating static, animated, and interactive
visualizations in python.
 It provides a comprehensive set of tools for creating high-quality 2D and 3D plots, charts,
and graphs.
 It also offers customization options, and integration with other libraries like NumPy and
Pandas.

Key Features:
 Plotting: Line plots, scatter plots, histograms, bar charts, pie charts, and more.
 Customization: Control over colors, fonts, labels, titles, axes, and more.
 Output: Save plots to files (PNG, PDF, EPS, SVG) or display interactively.
 Integration: Works well with other popular libraries like NumPy, Pandas, and Scikit-
learn.

Getting Started with Matplotlib

1. Installation: To install Matplotlib, use pip:
pip install matplotlib
2. Basic Import:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Basic Steps to Create a Plot:

1. Import the necessary library:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

2. Prepare your data:

o Create a list or NumPy array for your x-axis and y-axis values.

3. Create the plot:

o Use a specific plotting function like plt.plot( ), plt.scatter( ), plt.bar( ),
etc.
o Customize the plot with various parameters like labels, titles, colors, line styles,
and markers.
4. Display the plot:
o Use plt.show( ) to display the plot on your screen.
Basic Plotting
Here’s an example of a simple line plot:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Data
x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

# Create plot
plt.plot(x, y)

# Add title and labels

plt.title('Line Plot Example')
plt.xlabel('X')
plt.ylabel('Y')

# Display plot
plt.show()
OUTPUT:

Common Plot Types

1. Line Plot: Useful for visualizing trends over a continuous interval.

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.show()

2. Scatter Plot: Useful for displaying individual data points

plt.scatter(x, y)

plt.show()
 3. Bar Chart: Suitable for comparing discrete categories.
categories = ["A", "B", "C"]
values = [5, 7, 3]
plt.bar(categories, values)
plt.show()

4. Histogram: Ideal for showing the distribution of data.

data = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5]

plt.hist(data, bins=5)

plt.show()

5. Pie Chart: Useful for showing proportions.

labels = ['Category A', 'Category B', 'Category C']
sizes = [30, 40, 30]
plt.pie(sizes, labels=labels, autopct='%1.1f%%')
plt.show()

Customizing Plots

 Labels and Titles: Use plt.xlabel(), plt.ylabel(), and plt.title() to

add descriptive text.
 Grid: Enable grids with plt.grid(True).
 Legends: Use plt.legend() to add a legend to your plot.
 Colors: 'b', 'g', 'r', 'c', 'm', 'y', 'k', 'w', or color names like 'blue', 'green', etc
 Line styles: '-', '--', '-.', ':', etc.

Saving Figures

Save plots directly as image files (e.g., PNG, JPG, PDF):

plt.savefig("plot.png")

Advanced Features

 Annotations: Add text to specific points in the plot with plt.annotate().

 3D Plotting: Use mpl_toolkits.mplot3d for 3D plots.
 Interactivity: Matplotlib can be combined with other libraries like seaborn and
plotly for enhanced interactive capabilities.
 EXAMPLES

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

# Sample data
x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
y = np.array([2, 4, 9, 16, 25])

# Create the plot

plt.plot(x, y, marker="o", linestyle="--")
# marker="o" - style of the marker for data points in a plot
# linestyle="--" means Dashed line

# Add annotations
for i in range(len(x)):
plt.annotate(f"({x[i]}, {y[i]})", (x[i], y[i]), textcoords="offset points",
xytext=(0,10), ha='center')

plt.show()

Note:-

plt.annotate(f"({x[i]}, {y[i]})", (x[i], y[i]), textcoords="offset points",

xytext=(0,10), ha='center')

f"({x[i]}, {y[i]})"

- This is an f-string (formatted string literal) shows the coordinates of the point in the
format (x, y).

(x[i], y[i])

- This specifies the (x, y) coordinate of the point where you want the annotation to
appear.

(x[i], y[i])

- This specifies the (x, y) coordinate of the point where you want the annotation to
appear.

xytext=(0, 10)
 - This specifies the offset for the annotation text in points, relative to the specified data
point (x[i], y[i]).

 (0, 10) means the text will be positioned 0 points horizontally (no shift left or right)
and 10 points vertically above the point.
 This offset helps prevent the annotation text from overlapping directly on the point,
making it more readable.

 ha='center'

 This controls the horizontal alignment of the annotation text relative to its position.
 'center' means the annotation text will be centered horizontally above the point.

OUTPUT
 Example of Bar Chart
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Sample data
x = ["Apples", "Bananas", "Cherries", "Dates"]
y = [10, 15, 7, 12]

# Creating the bar chart

plt.bar(x, y, color="blue")

# Adding labels and title

plt.xlabel("Fruits")
plt.ylabel("Quantity")
plt.title("Fruit Quantities in Inventory")
for i in range(len(x)):
plt.annotate(f"({x[i]}, {y[i]})", (x[i], y[i]), textcoords="offset points",
xytext=(0,5), ha='center')

# Display the chart

plt.show()

OUTPUT
Example of HISTOGRAM

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np
data = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5]
plt.hist(data, bins=5,edgecolor="black")
plt.show()

# bins=5: This specifies the number of bins (intervals) to use for the histogram. In this case,
the data will be divided into 5 equal-width bins.

subplot

A subplot in Matplotlib allows you to create multiple plots (axes) in a single figure, enabling
you to visualize different datasets or aspects of a dataset side-by-side. This is especially useful
when comparing multiple charts or examining various facets of data in one view.

Basic Syntax for Subplots

The plt.subplot() function creates a subplot within a grid of a specified number of rows and
columns. The syntax is as follows:

plt.subplot(nrows, ncols, index)

 nrows: The number of rows in the subplot grid.

 ncols: The number of columns in the subplot grid.
 index: The position of the subplot within the grid, numbered from left to right, top to
bottom, starting at 1.

For example, plt.subplot(2, 2, 1) will create a 2x2 grid of subplots and place the plot in the
first (top-left) position.
Example: Creating a 2x2 Grid of Subplots

Here’s how to create four subplots in a 2x2 grid, each with its own data and title:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Sample data
x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y1 = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
y2 = [25, 16, 9, 4, 1]
y3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y4 = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

# Creating a 2x2 grid of subplots

plt.subplot(2, 2, 1) # First subplot in a 2x2 grid
plt.plot(x, y1)
plt.title("y = x^2")

plt.subplot(2, 2, 2) # Second subplot

plt.plot(x, y2)
plt.title("y = (5 - x)^2")

plt.subplot(2, 2, 3) # Third subplot

plt.plot(x, y3)
plt.title("y = x")

plt.subplot(2, 2, 4) # Fourth subplot

plt.plot(x, y4)
plt.title("y = 5 - x")

plt.tight_layout() # Adjust layout to prevent overlapping

plt.show()

OUTPUT
Explanation of Code

 plt.subplot(2, 2, 1): This creates a 2x2 grid and places the first plot in the top-left
position.
 plt.plot(x, y1): Plots the data for the first subplot.
 plt.title("y = x^2"): Sets the title for the first subplot.
 plt.tight_layout(): Automatically adjusts the spacing between subplots to prevent
overlapping labels and titles.

Subplots with plt.subplots()

Matplotlib also provides a more flexible method, plt.subplots(), which creates a grid and
returns a figure and an array of axes objects, making it easier to loop over subplots or access
them individually.

fig, axs = plt.subplots(2, 2) # Creates a 2x2 grid

# Assign data to each subplot

axs[0, 0].plot(x, y1)
axs[0, 0].set_title("y = x^2")

axs[0, 1].plot(x, y2)

axs[0, 1].set_title("y = (5 - x)^2")

axs[1, 0].plot(x, y3)

axs[1, 0].set_title("y = x")

axs[1, 1].plot(x, y4)

axs[1, 1].set_title("y = 5 - x")

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
Summary

 Subplots allow multiple plots within a single figure.

 plt.subplot() sets up each subplot individually.
 plt.subplots() creates a grid layout and returns handles for both the figure and
individual subplots for easier access.