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14 views

Chfi Notes

Uploaded by

jainflamingo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Sanitisation:

Data sanitization involves the secure and permanent erasure of


sensitive data from datasets and media to guarantee that no residual data
can be recovered even through extensive forensic analysis.

Data sanitization has a wide range of applications but is mainly used for
clearing out end-of-life electronic devices or for the sharing and use of
large datasets that contain sensitive information.

The main strategies for erasing personal data from devices are:

1. Physical destruction-Physical erasure involves the manual


destruction of stored data. This method uses mechanical
Shredders or Degaussers to shred devices, such as phones,
computers, hard drives, and printers, into small individual pieces.
Varying levels of data security levels require different levels of
destruction.

(Note-Degaussing is most commonly used on hard disk drives (HDDs), and


involves the utilization of high energy magnetic fields to permanently
disrupt the functionality and memory storage of the device. Except SSD
drive),

2. Cryptographic erasure: Cryptographic erasure involves the


destruction of the secure key or passphrase, that is used to protect
stored information. Data encryption involves the development of a
secure key that only enables authorized parties to gain access to
the data that is stored. The permanent erasure of this key ensures
that the private data stored can no longer be accessed.
Cryptographic erasure is commonly installed through manufactures
of the device itself as encryption software is often built into the
device.

3. Data erasure: The process of data erasure involves masking all


information at the byte level through the insertion of random 0s and
1s in on all sectors of the electronic equipment that is no longer in
use. This software based method ensures that all data previous
stored is completely hidden and unrecoverable, which ensures full
data sanitization. The efficacy and accuracy of this sanitization
method can also be analyzed through auditable reports.

While the term data sanitization may lead some to believe that it only
includes data on electronic media, the term also broadly covers physical
media, such as paper copies. These data types are termed soft for
electronic files and hard for physical media paper copies. Data sanitization
methods are also applied for the cleaning of sensitive data, such as
through heuristic-based methods, machine-learning based methods, and
k-source anonymity.

This step is critical to the core Information Security triad of Confidentiality,


Integrity, and Availability. This CIA Triad is especially relevant to those who
operate as government contractors or handle other sensitive private
information.
HDD

A modern HDD records data by magnetizing a thin film of ferromagnetic


material on both sides of a disk. Sequential changes in the direction of
magnetization represent binary data bits. The data is read from the disk
by detecting the transitions in magnetization. User data is encoded using
an encoding scheme, such as run-length limited encoding, which
determines how the data is represented by the magnetic transitions.

A typical HDD design consists of a spindle that holds flat circular disks,
called platters, which hold the recorded data. The platters are made from
a non-magnetic material, usually aluminum alloy, glass, or ceramic. They
are coated with a shallow layer of magnetic material typically 10–20 nm in
depth, with an outer layer of carbon for protection. For reference, a
standard piece of copy paper is 0.07–0.18 mm (70,000–180,000 nm
thick.

HDDs are spun at speeds varying from 4200 rpm in energy-efficient


portable devices, to 15,000 rpm for high-performance servers.

In modern drives, there is one head for each magnetic platter surface on
the spindle, mounted on a common arm.

 Seek time m easures the time it takes the head assembly on the
actuator arm to travel to the track of the disk where the data will be
read or written. Seek time is a measure of how long it takes the
head assembly to travel to the track of the disk that contains data.

 Rotational latency (sometimes called rotational delay or just latency)


is the delay waiting for the rotation of the disk to bring the required
disk sector under the read-write head. Rotational latency is incurred
because the desired disk sector may not be directly under the head
when data transfer is requested.

 The bit rate or data transfer rate defines as once the head is in the
right position but can be quite long with the transfer of large
contiguous files.

 In the maintenance of file systems, defragmentation is a process


that reduces the degree of fragmentation. It does this by physically
organizing the contents of the mass storage device used to store
files into the smallest number of contiguous regions (fragments,
extents). It also attempts to create larger regions of free space using
compaction to impede the return of fragmentation. Some
defragmentation utilities try to keep smaller files within a single
directory together, as they are often accessed in sequence.
What is Booting?

Booting. is a process of switching on the computer and starting the


operating system. Six steps of the booting process are BIOS and Setup
Program, The Power- On-Self-Test (POST), The Operating system Loads,
System Configuration, System Utility Loads and Users Authentication.

What is MBR?

The Master Boot Record (MBR) is a vital component of a computer's


storage device that starts the operating system (OS) when the computer
is turned on:

 Location

The MBR is the first sector of a hard disk or removable drive, also known
as the boot sector.

 Function

The MBR contains the bootloader and partition table, which work together
to load the OS into the computer's memory:

 Bootloader: The MBR contains the bootloader, which initiates


the boot process.

 Partition table: The MBR contains a partition table that


stores information about the hard disk's partitions. This
information helps the computer understand how the hard disk
is organized before the OS starts interacting with it.
 If there is no Master Partition Record then the system will display an error
similar to:
i. Non-System disk or disk error
ii. Replace and strike any key when ready
iii. DISK BOOT FAILURE, INSERT SYSTEM DISK AND PRESS ENTER

Hard Drives were invented in 1956 . The hard drive was first used in the
RAMAC (Random-Access Method of Accounting and Control) 305 system.

An aluminium alloy is used to make disk platter. (In modern world it made
up of Glass and Ceramics.)

A track on a hard disk is a circular path on the surface of a disk where


information is magnetically recorded and read. Sections within each track
are called sectors, which are the smallest physical storage units on a disk
and are almost always 512 bytes for HDD (0.5 kB), 2048bytes for CD-
ROMs & DVD-ROMs, in size.

Newer HDDs and SSDs use 4096-byte (4 KB) sectors, which are known as
the Advanced Format (AF).

A cylinder is made up of all the tracks that are vertically aligned across all
the platters.

Slack space refers to the unused or wasted storage space within a file or
on a storage medium. It occurs when the actual data stored in a file or on
a disk does not completely fill up the allocated space.

A damaged portion of a disk on which no read/write operation can be


performed(power outages, hardware failures, poor system maintenance,
viruses, or human error).

Disk Latency-Disk latency refers to the time delay between a request for
data and the return of the data.

Rotational latency-The amount of time it take for the platters to spin the
data under the head is the rotational latency.

Seek Latency-It refers to the time required for the read/write head to
position itself over the correct track on the disk where data is stored or
needs to be written.

Transfer Latency-There is also the amount of time it take for requests to


get from the system to the disk.

HAMR (heat-assisted magnetic recording) and MAMR (microwave-assisted


magnetic recording) are both technologies that can increase the capacity
of hard disk drives (HDDs). HAMR is better for fast, reliable storage, while
MAMR is better for protecting against data loss.

HAMR (heat-assisted magnetic recording) and MAMR (microwave-assisted


magnetic recording) are both technologies that can increase the capacity
of hard disk drives (HDDs). HAMR is better for fast, reliable storage, while
MAMR is better for protecting against data loss.

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