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Properties of Solids (Elasticity)

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Neel Anoop
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7 views25 pages

Properties of Solids (Elasticity)

Uploaded by

Neel Anoop
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
ELASTICITY
⮚ A body is said to be rigid if the relative
positions of its constituent particles remains
unchanged when external deforming forces
are applied to it.

⮚ Actually no body is perfectly rigid and every


body can be deformed more or less by the
application of suitable forces. All these
deformed bodies however regain their
original shape or size, when the deforming
forces are removed. The atoms of a metallic solid
are distributed on a repetitive
⮚ The property of matter by virtue of which a three-dimensional
lattice. The springs represent
body tends to regain its original shape and
interatomic Forces.
size after the removal of deforming forces is
called elasticity.
SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Deforming Force :
External force which try to change in the length, volume or shape of the
body is called deforming force.
Perfectly Elastic Body :
The body which perfectly regains its original form on removing the external
deforming force, is defined as a perfectly elastic body. Ex. : quartz – Very
nearly a perfect elastic body.
Plastic Body :
⮚ The body which does not have the property of opposing the deforming
force, is known as a plastic body.
⮚ The bodies which remain in deformed state even after removed of the
deforming force are defined as plastic bodies.
Internal restoring force :
⮚ When a external force acts at any substance then due to the
intermolecular force there is a internal resistance produced into the
substance called internal restoring force.
⮚ At equilibrium the numerical value of internal restoring force is equal to
the external force.
STRAIN
 The strain is the relative change in the dimensions of a body resulting
from external deforming forces.

 Mathematically it is defined as the ratio of change in dimension to its


original dimension.

 It is a unitless and dimensionless quantity.


STRESS
 The internal restoring force developed per unit area of the deformed
body is called stress.

 At equilibrium, restoring force is equal to the external deforming force, So

 SI Unit : N/m2, Dimension : [M L-1 T-2]

 Strain is the Cause and Stress is the Effect.


STRESS – STRAIN CURVE
 Proportionality Limit (A):
 Elastic Limit or Yield Point(B):
 Plastic Region (BD):
 Permanent Set:
 Fracture Point (E):
 Breaking Strength:
HOOKE’S LAW
 If the Deformation is small, then the Stress developed in a body is directly
proportional to the strain produced in the body.

 This Constant of proportionality is


known as the Modulus of Elasticity.
 The Modulus of Elasticity depends
on the type of material,
temperature, and Impurity in the
material.
 The SI Unit of Modulus of Elasticity
is N/m2.
TYPES OF STRESS & STRAIN
There are three types of Stress and Strain

 Longitudinal Stress & Strain

 Volumetric Stress & strain

 Sheer or Tangential Stress & Strain


LONGITUDINAL STRESS & STRAIN
When the body is subjected to forces along its length normal to the cross-
section of the body, then longitudinal Stress and Strain are developed.
There are two types of longitudinal stress –
 Tensile Stress :
 Compressive Stress : A

F
F

F F

 From Hooke’s Law, the ratio of Longitudinal Stress to the


Longitudinal Strain will be constant which is known as Young’s
Modulus of Elasticity (Y).
ELONGATION OF A WIRE DUE TO ITS OWN WEIGHT
ILLUSTRATION
ILLUSTRATION
ILLUSTRATION
ILLUSTRATION
VOLUMETRIC STRESS & STRAIN
 If a body is subjected to equal normal forces on its surface from all sides,
then the Volumetric Stress Strain is developed.

 From Hooke’s Law, the ratio of Volumetric


Stress to the Volumetric Strain will be constant
which is known as Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
(B).

 Reciprocal of Bulk Modulus is known as the compressibility(K) of the


material.
ILLUSTRATION
ILLUSTRATION
SHEAR OR TANGENTIAL STRESS & STRAIN
 When a body is subject to a force which is tangential or parallel to its
surface then Shear Stress and Strain is developed.
 Due to this stress, the shape of the body changes or it gets twisted.

||

 From Hooke’s Law, the ratio of Shear Stress to the Shear Strain will be
constant which is known as Shear Modulus of Elasticity (S) or Modulus
of Rigidity(η).
ILLUSTRATION
POISSON’S RATIO
 Within Elastic Limit, the ratio of Lateral Strain and Longitudinal Strain is
called Poisson’s Ratio.

So,

F 𝐿 + ∆𝐿 F
𝑫 − ∆𝑫 D
ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY IN HANGING ROD
ILLUSTRATION
APPLICATIONS OF ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR
 The metallic parts of the machinery are never subjected to stress more
than the Ultimate Stress or Breaking Stress of the materials used.
 The beams of bridges are designed I-shaped to minimize the bending of
the beam or breaking under heavy loads of traffic.
 If a beam of length L, breadth b, and depth d is supported horizontally at
its two ends, then when a load of W is hung from the middle the beam
bends and the depression δ produced in the beam is given by

𝑾𝑳𝟑
𝜹=
𝟒𝒃𝒅𝟑 𝒀

 Some material like rubber can be


stretched to several times its original
length and still returns to its original
shape. This kind of material is known as
Elastomers.
Thank You

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