Simplified Module 4

In
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
QUARTER 1
CELL: THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

 Lesson 6 – Transport Mechanisms

a. Simple Diffusion
b. Facilitated Transport
c. Active Transport
d. Bulk/Vesicular Transport

 Competencies:

1. Describe the structural components of the cell membrane (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-

h-11)
2. Relate the structure and composition of the cell membrane to its function
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-12)
3. Explain transport mechanisms in cells (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated
transport, active transport) (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-13)
4. Differentiate exocytosis and endocytosis (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-14)

• Performance Standards:

The learners should be able to construct a cell membrane model from

indigenous or recyclable materials.

• Introduction:

With the pandemic today in the Philippines, you can just imagine our Cagayan
de Oro‘s front liners and law enforcers at the check points of a city or security
guards at the mall entrances (Fig. 7.a) as plasma membranes (cell membranes)
which have a lot of things to do such as permitting who‘ll enter the
establishment (represents the cell) or not and even exiting is checked as well;
Carrying goods in a truck or individuals on a motorcycle towards a particular
cordoned area which depicts different means or ways on how materials are
transported in and out of the cell - thus the transport mechanisms.

In cellular biology, membrane transport refers to the collection of

mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small
molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain
proteins embedded in them.
Plasma membrane (Cell Membrane) plays a vital role in the transport
mechanisms and separates the living cell from its surroundings. To perform
these roles, it needs lipids, which make a semi-permeable barrier between the
cell and its environment. It also needs proteins, which are involved in cross-
membrane transport and cell communication, and carbohydrates (sugars and
sugar chains), which decorate both the proteins and lipids and help cells
recognize each other.

Fig. 7.a Even in a mall or at the checkpoints, the people and objects move from
one location to another; they cross or are contained within certain boundaries.
Analogously, a cell membrane‘s functions involve movement within the cell and
across the boundaries in the process of intracellular and intercellular activities.
Just like the law enforcers or security guards, they allow some substances to
pass through, but not others.

6.1 Structural Components of the Cell Membrane

What I Know
Direction: Write the letter of the best answer in the blank.
_____1. Which plasma membrane component can be either found on its surface
or embedded in the membrane structure?
a. protein
b. cholesterol
c. carbohydrate
d. phospholipid
_____2. What is the primary function of carbohydrates attached to the exterior of
cell membranes?
a. identification of the cell
b. flexibility of the membrane
c. strengthening the membrane
d. channels through membrane
_____3. Which characteristic of a phospholipid contributes to the fluidity of the
membrane?
a. its head
b. cholesterol
c. a saturated fatty acid tail
d. double bonds in the fatty acid tail

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_____4. Which interacts to hydrophilic and hydrophobic
environments?
a. protein
b. cholesterol
c. phospholipid
d. carbohydrate
_____5. Carbohydrates is found outside the surface of the cell and bounded with?
a. lipid or protein
b. phospholipid
c. glycoprotein
d. glycolipid

Direction: Provide the description of each structural components of the cell

membrane regarding its location and features inside the empty blanks.

COMPONENT LOCATION FEATURE/FUNCTION

 the most abundant lipid

in the plasma membrane
Phospholipids Main fabric of the membrane
6.___________________
___________________

7.___________________ Dampen effects of

Cholesterol
___________________ temperature

Embedded in the phospholipid

8.___________________
Integral Proteins bilayer; may or may not extend
___________________
through both layers

On the inner or outer surface

Peripheral of the phospholipid bilayer, 9.___________________
Proteins but not embedded in its ___________________
hydrophobic core
• Cell recognition
Carbohydrate 10.___________________ • Effective interaction with
Chains ___________________ the acqueous
environment

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What’s In
• REVIEW: The Structural Components of the Cell Membrane
The modern understanding of the cellular or plasma membrane is referred to as
the fluid mosaic model or fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins. It is composed of a
bilayer of phospholipids, with their hydrophobic, fatty acid tails in contact with
each other (Fig. 7.d). The landscape of the membrane is studded with proteins,
some of which span the membrane. Some of these proteins serve to transport
materials into or out of the cell. Carbohydrates are attached to some of the
proteins and lipids on the outward-facing surface of the membrane (Fig. 7.b.),
forming complexes which function is to identify the cell to other cells. Cell
membranes enclose and define the borders of cells, but rather than being a
static bag, they are dynamic and constantly in flux.
Fig. 7.b. Structural Component of Cellular Membrane

Fig. 7.c. In 1935, Davson-Danielli, the sandwich model of membrane structure

stated that the membrane was made up of a phospholipid bilayer sandwiched
between two protein layers.

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Fig. 7.d. In 1972, S. J. Singer and G. Nicolson proposed that the membrane is a
mosaic of proteins dispersed within the bilayer, with only the hydrophilic regions
exposed to water.

The Fluidity of the membrane is due to temperature, the configuration of the

unsaturated fatty acid tails (some kinked or form a sharp twist by double
bonds), the presence of cholesterol embedded in the membrane, and the
mosaic nature of the proteins and protein-carbohydrate combinations, which are
not firmly fixed in place.
Key Takes of the Fluid Nature of the CM:
• Phospholipids in the plasma membrane can move within the bilayer (Fig. 7.e)
• Most of the lipids, and some proteins, drift laterally
• Rarely does a molecule flip-flop transversely across the membrane

Fig. 7.e.

Lateral movement occurs 107 Flip -flopping across the membrane is

times per second. rare (~ once per month).

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• As temperatures cool, membranes switch from a fluid state to a solid state.
• The temperature at which a membrane solidifies depends on the types of
lipids. • Membranes rich in unsaturated fatty acids are more fluid than those
rich in saturated fatty acids. (Fig. 7.f.)
• Membranes must be fluid to work properly; they are usually about as fluid as
salad
Oil.
Fig. 7.f. The type of hydrocarbon tails in phospholipids – Affects the fluidity
of the cell membrane

Fluid Viscous

Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails Saturated hydrocarbon tails

(a) Unsaturated versus

saturated hydrocarbon tails

(b) Cholesterol within the

animal cell membrane Cholesterol

• The steroid cholesterol has different effects on membrane fluidity at different

temperatures.
• At warm temperatures (such as 37°C), cholesterol restrains movement of
Phospholipids.
• At cool temperatures, it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing.

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Structural Component of the Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

COMPONENT LOCATION FEATURE/FUNCTION

• the most abundant lipid

in the plasma
Phospholipids Main fabric of the membrane membrane
• are amphipathic
molecules
Tucked between the
hydrophobic Dampen effects of
Cholesterol
tails of the membrane temperature
phospholipids

Embedded in the phospholipid

Transport of substance
Integral Proteins bilayer; may or may not extend
through membrane
through both layers

On the inner or outer surface

Peripheral of the phospholipid bilayer,
Cell recognition
Proteins but not embedded in its
hydrophobic core
Attached to proteins or lipids on • Cell recognition
the extracellular side of • Effective interaction
Carbohydrate
the membrane (forming with the acqueous
Chains
glycoproteins and environment
glycolipids

Terminology:
Amphiphilic or Amphipathic

• molecule possessing a polar or charged area and a nonpolar or uncharged

area capable of interacting with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
environments

Fluid mosaic model

• describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components

including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids
(sugar chains attached to proteins or lipids, respectively), resulting in a fluid
character (fluidity)

Glycolipid

• combination of carbohydrates and lipids

Glycoprotein

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 • combination of carbohydrates and proteins

Hydrophilic
• molecule with the ability to bond with water; ―water-loving‖

Hydrophobic
• molecule that does not have the ability to bond with water; ―water-hating‖

Integral protein

• protein integrated into the membrane structure that interacts extensively

with the hydrocarbon chains of membrane lipids and often spans the
membrane; these proteins can be removed only by the disruption of the
membrane by detergents

Peripheral protein

• protein found at the surface of a plasma membrane either on its exterior or

interior side; these proteins can be removed (washed off of the membrane)
by a high-salt wash

What’s New
• Visual and Listening Activity:

1. A video link is provided ; ―Fluid mosaic model of cell membranes‖ | Biology |

by Khan Academy (2015), https://youtu.be/cP8iQu57dQo
2. Watch and Listen carefully to the video and be able to recognize and relate to
each attributes of the structural components of the membrane.
3. Reflect on your life experiences and relate them to the lesson in the video so
that you will be able to write a story analogous to the structural components
of the cell membrane.
4. Write the story neatly on a long bond paper.

What Is It
• Q & A Activity:

1. What happens to the plasma membrane if the weather gets cold?

2. Are there structural components involved in the membrane that are affected
from the rise and fall of the temperature? What are those structures?

3. What does Fig. 7.f imply regarding the fatty acid or hydrocarbon tail‘s shape
when compared and contrasted in relation with transport mechanism? Explain
your answer.

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(Write your answers on a ½ crosswise intermediate paper.)
What’s More

• Drafting from Visual and Listening Activity:

1. A video link is provided ; ―Construction of the Cell Membrane‖ by Becky

PolkPohlman Barbara Liang;
https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/natural-science/lifescience/ap1101/
construction-of-the-cell-membrane

2. Watch and Listen carefully for you to be able to make a rough draft
sketch of the individual structural components of the membrane through the
video clip.

3. Prepare your final draft sketch to me with labels of the indigenous

/recyclable materials you will utilize for each of the structural components for
the next activity.

5. Write your sketch neatly on a long bond paper.

What I Have Learned

• Learning Process Activity:

Direction: Provide the best answer in the blank.

1. The modern understanding of the cellular or plasma membrane is referred to

as the ______________ or ______________.
2. It is composed of a bilayer of ______________.
3. ______________ are attached to some of the proteins and lipids on the
outwardfacing surface of the membrane.
4. ______________is a function of Carbohydrates.
5. The fluid nature of the membrane is due to ______________.
6. Cell membranes ______________ and ______________ the borders of cells.
7. ______________ refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the
passage of solutes.
8. ______________ integrated into the membrane structure that interacts
extensively with the hydrocarbon chains of membrane lipids.

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What I Can Do

• Performance Activity:

Construct a cell membrane model from indigenous or recyclable materials.

1. Prepare your final draft sketch with labels of the indigenous /recyclable
materials that you will utilize for each of the structural components for this
activity.

2. Prepare your indigenous /recyclable materials and tools kits to start

constructing the cell membrane model.

3. Set your output on a 2x2 sturdy and used illustration board or any platform.

4. Keep your output in a safe place and submit it on the exact date of
submission to be announced by your teacher.

6.2 The Relationship of the Structure and Composition of the Cell

Membrane to its Function

What I Know

Write the letter of the best answer in the blank.

_____1. The primary function of the plasma membrane is ….

a. to protect the cell from its surroundings.
b. to provide shape and integrity to the cell.
c. to maintains the cell potential.
d. to be a fluid mosaic model.
_____2. What is the primary function of carbohydrates attached to the exterior of
cell membranes?
a. identification of the cell
b. flexibility of the membrane
c. strengthening the membrane

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 d. channels through membrane
_____3. Cellular Signaling relation to the Plasma Membrane is….
a. to protect intracellular components from the extracellular environment.
b. to enclose and define the borders of the cell
c. to transmit signals via complex proteins
d. to transport materials into or out of the cell
_____4. Cellular Transport Mechanism‘s relation to the Plasma Membrane is…
a. to protect intracellular components from the extracellular environment.
b. to transport materials into or out of the cell
c. to enclose and define the borders of the cell
d. to transmit signals via complex proteins
_____5. Vital for cellular signalling processes that influence tissue and organ
formation
a. membrane markers
b. membrane receptors
c. glycoprotein
d. glycolipid

Direction: Provide the the Funtions related to the Structures and Compositions of
the Cell Membrane inside the empty blanks.

Structure or Component Function

6.________________________________________
Phospholipid Bilayer ________________________________________

.7.________________________________________
Membrane Markers ________________________________________

8.________________________________________
Cytoskeleton ________________________________________

9.________________________________________
Transmembrane Protein ________________________________________

10.________________________________________
Membrane Receptors ________________________________________

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What’s In

• REVIEW: The Structure and Composition of the Cell Membrane relation

to its Function

The plasma membrane protects the cell from its external environment,
mediates cellular transport, and transmits cellular signals.

• The principal components of the plasma membrane are lipids

(phospholipids and cholesterol), proteins, and carbohydrates.
• The plasma membrane protects intracellular components from the
extracellular environment.
• The plasma membrane mediates cellular processes by regulating the
materials that enter and exit the cell.
• The plasma membrane carries markers that allow cells to recognize one
another and can transmit signals to other cells via receptors.

The plasma membrane (also known as the cell membrane or cytoplasmic

membrane) is a biological membrane that divides the interior of a cell from its
outside environment. (Figure 7.g)

The primary function of the plasma membrane is to protect the cell from its
surroundings. Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, the
plasma membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and
regulates the movement of substances in and out of cells. Plasma membranes
must be very flexible in order to allow certain cells, such as red blood cells and
white blood cells, to change shape as they pass through narrow capillaries.

The plasma membrane also plays a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to

provide shape and integrity to the cell, and in attaching to the extracellular
matrix and other cells to help group cells together to form tissues. The
membrane also maintains the cell potential.

In short, if the cell is represented today as a COVID FREE-CAGAYAN DE ORO

CITY, then the plasma membrane is the checkpoints with the frontliners and law
enforcers that provides protective and territorial structure for the city inside,
depicting separation or barrier, regulates which people leave and enter the city,
and conveys messages to and from neighbouring cities.

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Just as an unguarded check point in the surrounding barrier can be a disaster for
the city in today‘s crisis, like a rupture in the plasma membrane causes the cell
to lyse and die.

Cellular Signaling/ Recognition’s relation to the Plasma Membrane

Among the most sophisticated functions of the plasma membrane is its ability to
transmit signals via complex proteins. These proteins can be receptors, which
work as receivers of extracellular inputs and as activators of intracellular
processes, or markers, which allow cells to recognize each other.
Membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like
hormones and growth factors, which then trigger intracellular responses. Some
viruses, such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), can hijack these
receptors to gain entry into the cells, causing infections.
Membrane markers allow cells to recognize one another, which is vital for
cellular signaling processes that influence tissue and organ formation during
early development. This marking function also plays a later role in the ―self‖-
versus-―nonself‖ distinction of the immune response. Marker proteins on human
red blood cells, for example, determine blood type (A, B, AB, or O).

Terminology:

Receptor
 A protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be
absorbed into the cell.

Cellular Transport Mechanisms’ relation to the Plasma Membrane

The movement of a substance across the selectively permeable plasma
membrane can be either ―passive‖—i.e., occurring without the input of cellular
energy —or ―active‖—i.e., its transport requires the cell to expend energy.

The cell employs a number of transport mechanisms that involve biological

membranes:

1. Passive osmosis and diffusion: transports gases (such as O 2 and CO2) and
other small molecules and ions

2. Transmembrane protein channels and transporters: transports small

organic molecules such as sugars or amino acids

3. Endocytosis: transports large molecules (or even whole cells) by engulfing

them

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 4. Exocytosis: removes or secretes substances such as hormones or
enzymes.

Fig. 7.g. Detailed Image of Cell Membrane Structure in a Cell

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What’s New
• Activity:
Direction: Identify the structural components of the cell membrane and provide
the boxes with the best answers

1.
2.

8.
3.
5. 6. 7.
4.

What Is It
• Q & A Activity:
1. Can you remember all the structural components of a cell membrane and be
able
to list them down? If so, just list down at least 10 along with its functions.

2. Are there structures or components related in the membrane‘s transport

mechanisms? What are those? Write at least 5 and indicate why they are
related.

What’s More
• Visual and Listening Activity:

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 1. A video link is provided ; ―Inside the Cell Membrane‖ by Amoeba Sisters (Feb
28,
2018), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBCVVszQQNs

2. Watch and Listen carefully for you to be able to associate the components
and structures of the cell membrane to your household.
3. Make an analogous reflection paper of your household to the structures
and components of the cell membrane. Prioritize on the function aspect.
4. Write it on a long bond paper.
What I Have Learned
• Learning Process Activity:

1. Provide insights on how the structures and components of the cell

membrane is related to its function with regards to the Celular
Signalling/Recognition.
2. Give your Take Aways on Cellular Transport Mechanisms‘ relation to the
Plasma Membrane emphasizing more on its function.
3. Write it on a long bond paper.

What I Can Do
• Performance Activity:

1. Craft a task plan on a long bond paper regarding the tasks on what functions
you can contribute to your household during this time of crisis. Include also
listing down the house members functions contributing in your home.

2. Document this task in a week. Photos included in a separate paper or soft

copy.

Template (example)

PARENT/
GUARDIAN
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
Printed name,
01/21/20 _/_/20 _/_/20 _/_/20 _/_/20 _/_/20 _/_/20
Signature and
Date

-swept -father Portgas D. Ace

-ate Sakura
-sanitized outside Portgas
mopped the
AM the the vertical
floor with
bathroom home planted
disinfectanc
ground pechay
t
s . Sun 1/8/20

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 -kuya
-mother Portgas D. Ace
-washed Senku
Tsaunad
-threw bathed
the e
PM sterilized garbag Penduk
dishes o
the e
our dog
utensils Sun 1/8/20

3. Keep your output in a safe place and send it on the exact date of submission
to be announced by your teacher.

6.3 Transport Mechanisms in Cells 6.4 Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis

What I Know
Direction: Write the letter of the best answer in the blank.
_____1. Which is not a part of the transport mechanisms in cells?

a. facilitated
b. active
c. osmosis
d. excytosis

_____2. What is the most direct form of transport mechanisms in cells?

a. passive
b. active
c. osmosis
d. excytosis

_____3. Hydrocarbons dissolve in the lipid bilayer, except for…

a. pass the membrane

b. hydrophobic
c. non polar
d. polar

_____4. Water molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of

low concentration.

a. facilitated
b. active
c. osmosis
d. diffusion

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 _____5. Moves molecules from high to low regions of concentration with the
transmembrane protein

a. facilitated
b. active
c. osmosis
d. diffusion

Direction: Provide the right answers in a separate sheet for the difference
between Endocytosis and Exocytosis.

Endocytosis refers to the Exocytosis refers to….

transportation of 6.
macromolecules, large
Definition
particles, and polar
substances into the cell from
the external environment.
Involved with …. Involved in removing waste
7. from the cell
Process

Occurs by …. Occurs by constitutive and

8. regulated secretory pathway
Type

Internal vesicles like Forms….

phagosomes are formed 9.
Vesicle

10. Involved
Cell Wall Formation

11. Releasing of hormones out of

the cell is an example
Example

What’s In
• REVIEW: Transport Mechanisms in Cells (Diffusion, Osmosis,

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 Facilitated Transport, Active Transport) to its Function

Plasma membranes must allow certain substances to enter and leave a cell, and
prevent some harmful materials from entering and some essential materials
from leaving. In other words, plasma membranes are selectively permeable—
they allow some substances to pass through, but not others. If they were to lose
this selectivity, the cell would no longer be able to sustain itself, and it would be
destroyed. Some cells require larger amounts of specific substances. They must
have a way of obtaining these materials from extracellular fluids. This may
happen passively, as certain materials move back and forth, or the cell may
have special mechanisms that facilitate transport. Some materials are so
important to a cell that it spends some of its energy, hydrolyzing adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), to obtain these materials. Red blood cells use some of their
energy doing just that. Most cells spend the majority of their energy to maintain
an imbalance of sodium and potassium ions between the cell's interior and
exterior, as well as on protein synthesis.

The most direct forms of membrane transport are passive. Passive transport
is a naturally occurring phenomenon and does not require the cell to exert any
of its energy to accomplish the movement. In passive transport, substances
move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. A
physical space in which there is a single substance concentration range has a
concentration gradient.

Selective Permeability

Plasma membranes lack symmetry: the membrane's exterior is not identical to

its interior (Fig. 7.h). There is a significant difference between the arrangement
of proteins and phospholipids and between the two leaflets that form a
membrane. On the membrane's interior, some proteins serve to anchor the
membrane to cytoskeleton's fibers. There are peripheral proteins on the
membrane's exterior that bind extracellular matrix elements. Carbohydrates,
attached to lipids or proteins, are also on the plasma membrane's exterior
surface (Figure 7.b). These carbohydrate complexes help the cell bind required
substances in the extracellular fluid. This adds considerably to plasma
membrane's selective nature.

Fig. 7.h. molecular view of the cell membrane. Intrinsic proteins penetrate
and bind tightly to the lipid bilayer, which is made up largely of phospholipids
and cholesterol and which typically is between 4 and 10 nanometers (nm; 1 nm
= 10−9 metre) in thickness. Extrinsic proteins are loosely bound to the
hydrophilic (polar) surfaces, which face the watery medium both inside and
outside the cell. Some intrinsic proteins present sugar side chains on the cell's
outer surface. 2007 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

19
Fig. 7.i. Structural Component of Cellular Membrane

The plasma membrane's exterior surface is not identical to its interior surface.
Recall that plasma membranes are amphiphilic: They have hydrophilic and
hydrophobic regions. This characteristic helps move some materials through the
membrane and hinders the movement of others. Non-polar and lipid-soluble
material with a low molecular weight can easily slip through the membrane's
hydrophobic lipid core. Substances such as the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and
K readily pass through the plasma membranes in the digestive tract and other
tissues. Fat-soluble drugs and hormones also gain easy entry into cells and
readily transport themselves into the body‘s tissues and organs. Oxygen and
carbon dioxide molecules have no charge and pass through membranes by
simple diffusion.

Polar substances present problems for the membrane. While some polar
molecules connect easily with the cell's outside, they cannot readily pass

20
through the plasma membrane's lipid core. Additionally, while small ions could
easily slip through the spaces in the membrane's mosaic, their charge prevents
them from doing so. Ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride must
have special means of penetrating plasma membranes. Simple sugars and
amino acids also need the help of various transmembrane proteins (channels) to
transport themselves across plasma membranes.

Key Takes of the Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer: • Hydrophobic (nonpolar)

molecules, such as hydrocarbons, can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass
through the membrane rapidly.
• Hydrophilic (Polar) molecules, such as sugars, do not cross the membrane
easily.

Fig. 7.i. Substances highly impermeable to cross membrane like large uncharged
polar

molecules (glucose and fructose), charged molecules and finally ALL IONS. But,
Transport proteins are used to transport ions across membrane.

The Transport Mechanisms

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1. DIFFUSION
Passive movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a
region of low concentration.
(Concentration gradient is the difference in concentration between the two
regions)
Small, uncharged molecules like O2, CO2 and H2O can move easily through
the membrane.
Works well over short distances. Once molecules enter the cell, the rate of
diffusion slows.
Limits cell size.

Fig. 7.j. Diffusion through a permeable membrane moves a substance from a

high concentration area (extracellular fluid, in this case) down its concentration
gradient (into the cytoplasm).

2. OSMOSIS
Diffusion of the solvent across a semi-permeable membrane separating two
solutions. (Diffusion of water)
Water molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low
concentration.
Direction depends on the relative concentration of water molecules on either
side of the cell membrane.

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 Isotonic: Water inside the cell equals the water outside the cell and equal
amounts of water move in and out of the cell.
Hypotonic: Water outside the cell is greater than that inside the cell, water
moves into the cell, may cause cell to burst (lysis)
Hypertonic: Water inside the cell is greater than outside. Water moves out of
the cell, may cause the cell to shrink (plasmolysis)

Fig. 7.k. Movement of water molecules from high concentration to low

concentration, through a semipermeable membrane.

3. FACILITATED TRANSPORT (ALSO KNOWN AS FACILITATED DIFFUSION OR

PASSIVE-MEDIATED TRANSPORT)
Assists with the movement of large molecules like glucose.
Passive movement of a substance into or out of the cell by means of carrier
proteins or channel proteins.
Moves molecules from high to low regions of concentration.

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Carrier proteins: Transports noncharged molecules with a specific shape.
Channel proteins: Tunnel shape that transports small charged molecules.
DOES NOT REQUIRE water molecules for other molecules to transfer.

Fig. 7.l. Facilitated diffusion in cell membrane, showing ion channels

and carrier proteins.

4. ACTIVE TRANSPORT
The process of moving substances against their concentration gradients
Requires Energy.
Examples:
Kidney cells pump glucose and amino acids out of the urine and back into the
blood.
Intestinal cells pump in nutrients from the gut.
Root cells pump in nutrients from the soil.
Gill cells in fish pump out sodium ions.

Fig. 7.m. Active transport: Requires the use of chemical energy to move
substances across a membrane, against a concentration gradient. Active
transport proteins may be uniports, symports, or antiports.

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Active Transport Pump: Sodium-
potassium pump
3 sodium ions inside the cell and 2 potassium ions outside the cell bind to
the pump.
This allows the release of energy from ATP and causes the protein complex
to change shape.
The change in shape allow the Na+ and K+ ions to move across and be
released.

Fig. 7.n. In Primary active transport, energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is
used to move ions into or out of cells against their concentration gradients. The
sodium-potassium pump is an important example.

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Fig. 7.o. Secondary active transport couples the passive movement of one
substance with its concentration gradient to the movement of another
substance against its concentration gradient. Energy from ATP is used indirectly
to establish the concentration gradient that results in the movement of the first
substance.

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5. BULK TRANSPORT

1. Endocytosis: The cell membrane folds inward, traps and encloses a

small amount of matter from the extracellular fluid.

2. Exocytosis: The reverse of endocytosis: A vesicle from inside the cell

moves to the cell membrane. The vesicle fuses to the membrane and the
contents are secreted.

Fig. 7.p. Exocytosis and Endocytosis

Difference between Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Endocytosis refers to
Exocytosis refers to
the transportation of
Definition the transportation of
macromolecules,
molecules or particles
large particles, and

27
 polar
substances into the from the cell to the
cell from the outside of the cell
external
environment
Involved with up
Involved in removing
Process taking nutrients into
waste from the cell
the cell

Occurs by both Occurs by

constitutive and
Type phagocytosis and
regulated secretory
pinocytosis pathway
Internal vesicles like
Secretory vesicles
Vesicle phagosomes are
are formed
formed

Cell Wall
Not involved Involved
Formation

Engulfing bacteria by Releasing of

hormones out of the
Example phagocytes is an
cell is an
example example

3 Types of Endocytosis:

Pinocytosis: The intake of a small droplet of extracellular fluid. This occurs in

nearly all cell types.

Phagocytosis: The intake of a large droplet of extracellular fluid. This occurs in

specialized cells.

Receptor-assisted endocytosis: The intake of specific molecules that attach

to special proteins in the cell membrane. These proteins are
uniquely shaped to fit the shape of a specific molecule.

Fig. 7.q. Secondary active transport couples the passive movement of one
substance with its concentration gradient to the movement of another
substance against its concentration gradient. Energy from ATP is used indirectly
to establish the concentration gradient that results in the movement of the first
substance.

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What’s New
• Visual and Listening Activity:

1. A video link is provided ; ―Cell Transport‖ by Amoeba Sisters (2016),

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ptmlvtei8hw

2. Watch and Listen carefully for you to be able to determine and differentiate
the types of transport mechanism in a cell.

3. Make a reaction paper of the video clip.

4. Write it on a long bond paper.

What Is It
• Q & A Activity:

1. Why is the transport mechanism vital in a cell?

2. How are things transported through the membrane?

3. How will a person know if the transport mechanism in the cell throughout our
body is starting not to work not working?

4. What will you compare to the transport mechanism to what we have today?

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5. If you are to choose what transport mechanism you prefer, what will it be and
why?

What’s More

• Crafting Activity:

1. Choose one (1) Transport Mechanism in a cell and make a relatable

analogy based on your experience recently.
2. Illustrate and explain your work on a long bond paper .
3. Write your sketch neatly on a long bond paper.
4. Keep your output in a safe place and submit it on the exact date of
submission to be announced by your teacher.

What I Have Learned

• Q & A Activity:

1. Provide the different Transport Mechanisms in a cell with at least 2-3

attributes.
2. How are things transported through the membrane?
3. How will a person know if the transport mechanism in the cell throughout
our body is starting not to work not working?
4. What will you compare to the transport mechanism to what we have
today?
5. If you are to choose what transport mechanism you prefer, what will it be and
why?

What I Can Do

• Performance Activity:

1. Choose what you think will be the Transport Mechanism you need to
create a story that reflects what our country is experiencing now.
2. Write your draft on a piece of paper and after you‘re done, transfer it in a
long bond paper .
3. Keep your output in a safe place and submit it on the exact date of
submission to be announced by your teacher.

Assessment

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Direction: Write the letter of the best answer in the blank.

_____1. What is the primary function of carbohydrates attached to the exterior of

cell membranes?

a. identification of the cell

b. flexibility of the membrane
c. strengthening the membrane
d. channels through membrane

_____2. Which plasma membrane component can be either found on its surface
or embedded in the membrane structure?

a. protein
b. cholesterol
c. carbohydrate
d. phospholipid

_____3. Carbohydrates is found outside the surface of the cell and bounded with?
a. lipid or protein

b. phospholipid
c. glycoprotein
d. glycolipid

_____4. Which interacts to hydrophilic and hydrophobic

environments? a. protein

b. cholesterol
c. phospholipid
d. carbohydrate

_____5. Which characteristic of a phospholipid contributes to the fluidity of the

membrane?

a. its head
b. cholesterol
c. a saturated fatty acid tail
d. double bonds in the fatty acid tail

_____6. What is the primary function of carbohydrates attached to the exterior of

cell membranes?

a. identification of the cell

b. flexibility of the membrane
c. strengthening the membrane
d. channels through membrane

_____7. The primary function of the plasma membrane is ….

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 a. to protect the cell from its surroundings.
b. to provide shape and integrity to the cell.
c. to maintains the cell potential.
d. to be a fluid mosaic model.

_____8. Vital for cellular signalling processes that influence tissue and organ
formation

a. membrane markers
b. membrane receptors
c. glycoprotein
d. glycolipid

_____9. Cellular Transport Mechanism‘s relation to the Plasma Membrane is…

a. to protect intracellular components from the extracellular environment.

b. to transport materials into or out of the cell
c. to enclose and define the borders of the cell
d. to transmit signals via complex proteins

_____10. Cellular Signaling relation to the Plasma Membrane is….

a. to protect intracellular components from the extracellular environment.

b. to enclose and define the borders of the cell
c. to transmit signals via complex proteins
d. to transport materials into or out of the cell

_____11. Hydrocarbons dissolve in the lipid bilayer, except for…

a. pass the membrane

b. hydrophobic
c. non polar
d. polar

_____12. Which is not a part of the transport mechanisms in cells?

a. facilitated
b. active
c. osmosis
d. excytosis

_____13. What is the most direct form of transport mechanisms in cells?

a. passive
b. active
c. osmosis
d. excytosis

_____14. Water molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region

of low concentration.

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 a. facilitated
b. active
c. osmosis
d. diffusion
_____15. Moves molecules from high to low regions of concentration with the
transmembrane protein

a. facilitated
b. active
c. osmosis
d. diffusion

_____16. All are attributes of exocytosis except for…

a. Involved with up taking nutrients into the cell

b. Secretory vesicles are formed
c. Involved in removing waste from the cell
d. Uninvolved in cell Wall Formation

_____17. Water inside the cell equals the water outside the cell and equal
amounts of water move in and out of the cell.

a. Osmotic
b. Hypertonic
c. Hypotonic
d. Isotonic

_____18. Mechanism using ATP

a. facilitated
b. active
c. osmosis
d. excytosis

_____19. Engulfment involves…

a. passive
b. active
c. endocytosis
d. excytosis

_____20. Waste removal involves….

a. passive
b. active
c. endocytosis
d. excytosis
KEY ANSWERS

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