PHY 032: PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS

Module #8 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: Impulse and Momentum Materials:

Lesson Objectives Calculator, Paper, and pen
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
References:
1. Differentiate impulse and momentum. College Physics by Giambatista,
2. Calculate the velocities of two bodies after collision. Richardson, Richardson.
3. Determine the coefficient of restitution of collision between Physics for Scientist and
two bodies. Engineers with Modern Physics
by Serwey, Jewett.
College Physics by Weber,
Manning, White, Weygand
https://sciencenotes.org/impulse-and-
momentum-physics-example-problem/

“Wear your seatbelt!”. This has

always been a reminder to drivers
and passengers traveling with
vehicles. Why is it that wearing
seatbelts has been required for all
vehicles? A lot of road crashes has
been recorded and this belt can save
lives from collisions. Find out why in
this lesson.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
Collisions between two bodies in motion can generate extremely large forces. When the bat
strikes a baseball, both bat and ball can be greatly deformed upon contact. A heavy truck losing break at
a high speed can strike a house and move it away from its foundation.
While the force may be extraordinarily strong during the collision, this force acts only for a short
period of time. The force is not constant during the contact, varying between wide limits. The way in which
the force varies during the collision depends upon the elastic properties of each of the bodies involved
as well as their speeds upon impact. Because of the complicated way the forces vary, it is convenient to
study impact problems using the standpoint of momentum.

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 PHY 032: PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS
Module #8 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1 How do seatbelts minimize the
momentum of passengers in car
crashes?
2 When do we say that two bodies
collide perfectly elastic?

3 Why does handgun give this

“kick” when firing it?

B. MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)
Impulse and Momentum
When a body is acted upon by a resultant force the body is accelerated in accordance with
Newton’s second law of motion
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
∆𝑣
𝐹=𝑚
∆𝑡
𝐹 ∆𝑡 = 𝑚 ∆𝑣 = 𝑚𝑣1 − 𝑚𝑣2
Momentum (𝒑) is the product of the mass and velocity of a body. It is a vector quantity.
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
Impulse (𝑰)is the product of a force and the time during which it acts. Impulse is equal to the change in
momentum.
𝐼 = 𝐹 ∆𝑡
𝐼 = 𝑝1 − 𝑝0 = 𝑚𝑣1 − 𝑚𝑣2
Units
Momentum (𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 − 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑, 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 − 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑, 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 − 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑)
Impulse (𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑, 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑, 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑)

Conservation of Linear Momentum

When there is no net external force on a system, the total linear momentum of the system
remains constant.
𝑣=0 𝐹 ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑝

𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 0
𝑣1 𝑣2
𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚1 𝑣1 = −𝑚2 𝑣2

𝑚1 𝑚2

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Example:
1. A 5-g bullet is fired from a rifle having a mass of 4 kg. If the muzzle velocity of the bullet is 600
m/s, determine the velocity of the recoil of the rifle.

𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏:
𝑚1 = 0.005 kg
𝒗𝟏
= 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
𝑚2 = 4 kg 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑚1 𝑣1 0.005(600)
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: 𝑣2 𝑣2 = − = = −𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
𝑚2 4

Elastic and Inelastic Collision

A collision in which the kinetic energy is the same before and after is called elastic. When the
final kinetic energy is less than the initial kinetic energy, the collision is said to be inelastic. When a
collision results in two objects sticking together, the collision is perfectly inelastic.

The total momentum of two bodies before collision is equal to the total momentum after collision.
𝑚1 𝑣1 − 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚2 𝑢2 − 𝑚1 𝑢1

Coefficient of Restitution (𝒆)

The ratio of the negative of the relative velocity where:
of separation to the relative velocity of approach is the 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑠
coefficient of restitution (e).
𝑢1 − 𝑢2 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 − 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑒= 𝑢1 , 𝑣𝑢2 − 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑣2 − 𝑣1

𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣1 𝑣2

𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚1 𝑚2

𝐵𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐵𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑢1 𝑢2 𝑢1 𝑢2

𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚1 𝑚2

𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

Elastic collision is the case when Inelastic collision is the case when
Example there is no change in the kinetic
Problems two bodies stick together and move
energy of the system. as one body after collision.

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Module #8 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

1. Two oxygen molecules in air are moving toward a head-on collision against each other. Before
collision molecule 1 is moving to the right with a velocity of 200 m/s and molecule 2 is moving
to the left with a velocity of 1200 m/s. Find the velocity of B after collision if A bounces back
with velocity of 1200 m/s.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑣1 = 200 m/s 𝑣2 = 1200 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚1 𝑣1 − 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚2 𝑢2 − 𝑚1 𝑢1
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 :
𝑩𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = 𝑢2 − 𝑢1
𝑢1 = 1200 𝑚/𝑠 𝑢2 = ? 𝑢2 = 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 + 𝑢1
𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 200 − 1200 + 1200
𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑢2 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎/𝒔
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: 𝑢2

2. A 2.0-kg ball traveling with a velocity of 22 m/s overtakes a 4.0-kg ball travelling in the same
direction as the 2.0-kg ball, with a velocity of 10 m/s. If the coefficient of restitution is 0.80,
determine the velocity of the two balls after collision.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑢1 − 𝑢2 𝑢1 − 𝑢2
𝑣2 = 22 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣1 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 𝑒= = = 0.80
𝑣2 − 𝑣1 22 − 10
𝑢1 − 𝑢2 = 9.6 → ①
𝑚2 = 2 𝑘𝑔
𝑚1 = 4 𝑘𝑔
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2
𝐵𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 (4)(10) + (2)(22) = 4𝑢1 + 2𝑢2
𝑢2 𝑢1
84 = 4𝑢1 + 2𝑢2
𝑚2 = 2 𝑘𝑔 2𝑢1 + 𝑢2 = 42 → ②
𝑚1 = 4 𝑘𝑔
𝐴𝑑𝑑 ① 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ②
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢1 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
3𝑢1 = 51.6
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑚
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑢1 = 17.2 𝑖𝑛 ①
𝑠
𝑢2 = 𝟕. 𝟔 𝒎/𝒔

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)

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Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Exercise Problems
Solve the following problems.
1. A projectile has a momentum of 1.6 x 104 kg-m/s and a velocity of 200 m/s. What is its mass
and its weight?
2. A fire hose ejects water at the rate of 60 kg of water per second at a velocity of 40 m/s. With
what force must a fireman hold on the hose to keep it stationary?
3. A 1-kg ball moving at a velocity of 12 m/s collides head-on with a 2-kg ball moving at 24 m/s
in the opposite direction. Calculate the velocity of each ball after collision if (a) e = 2/3, (b) the
balls stick together, and (c) the collision is perfectly elastic.

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

Complete column 3: (What I Learned) of the table in activity 1 based on the content notes from activity
2. Use your own words. Never copy any terms used in the content notes. Preferably, complete the table
without looking at the concept notes.

4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Student Engagement (SE) Effective Questioning

Which would be more effective, a

hammer that collides elastically with a
nail, or one that collides perfectly
inelastically? Assume that the mass of the
hammer is much larger than that of the
nail.

5) Activity 6: Assessment for Student Learning

Classroom Assessment Technique (CAT) Minute Paper

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

One-minute Paper

1. What was the most useful or the most meaningful

thing you learned this session?

2. What question(s) do you have as we end this

session?

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

FAQs
1. What is the relationship between momentum and impulse?
The change in momentum of the object is equal to the object's impulse. In the equation form
F • t = m • v. Objects in a collision undergo an impulse, which causes and equals the change in
momentum.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Solutions to Activity 3
1. Given: Solution:
𝑝 = 1.6 𝑥104 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚/ 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
𝑠
𝑣 = 200 𝑚/𝑠
1.6 𝑥104 = 𝑚(200)
Find: 𝑚, 𝑊 1.6 𝑥104
𝑚= = 𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝒈
200

𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 = 80(9.81) = 𝟕𝟖𝟒. 𝟖 𝑵

2. Given: Solution:
𝑚
∆𝑡
= 600 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 𝐹 ∙ ∆𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣

𝑣 = 40 𝑚/𝑠 𝑚
𝐹= 𝑣 = 60(200) = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑵
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∆𝑡 6
Find: 𝐹
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3. Given:
①=②
𝑚1 = 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑚2 = 2 𝑘𝑔
−2𝑢2 − 36 = 𝑢2 − 24
𝑣1 = 12 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣2 = 24 𝑚/𝑠
𝑢2 = −𝟒 m/s
𝑢1 = −𝟐𝟖 m/s

Find: 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 when 𝑏) 𝑒 = 0

𝑢2 − 𝑢1
2
𝑒 = , 𝑒 = 0, 𝑒 = 1. 𝑒= =𝟎
3 𝑣1 − 𝑣2
𝑢2 = 𝑢1
Solution:
𝑖𝑛 ①,
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2
𝑢1 = −2𝑢1 − 36
(1)(12) + (2)(−24) = (1)𝑢1 + (2)𝑢2
𝑚
12 − 48 = 𝑢1 + 2𝑢2 𝑢1 = −12 = 𝑢2
𝑠
−36 = 𝑢1 + 2𝑢2 𝑐) 𝑒 = 0
𝑢1 = −2𝑢2 − 36 → ① 𝑢2 − 𝑢1
𝑒= =1
𝑣1 − 𝑣2
a) 𝑒 = 2/3 𝑢1 = 𝑢2 − 36 → ③
𝑢2 − 𝑢1 2
𝑒= =
𝑣1 − 𝑣2 3 ①=③
𝑢2 − 𝑢1 2 −2𝑢2 − 36 = 𝑢2 − 36
=
12 − (−24) 3
𝑢2 = 0
𝑢2 − 𝑢1 = 24
𝑢1 = −𝟑𝟔 m/s
𝑢1 = 𝑢2 − 24 → ①

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: Rotation of Rigid Bodies Materials:

Lesson Objectives Calculator, Paper, and pen
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
References:
1. Discover relationship between rectilinear and rotational College Physics by Giambatista,
motion. Richardson, Richardson.
2. Compute the moment of inertia of some solid. Physics for Scientist and
3. Apply the second law of Newton on rotation. Engineers with Modern Physics
by Serwey, Jewett.
College Physics by Weber,
Manning, White, Weygand
https://www.britannica.com/science/mecha
nics/Rigid-bodies

Did you ever wonder how the gear of your

mountain bike works? Understanding the
fundamentals of how gear work, and what effect
varying the size of the front chainrings and rear
cassette sprockets will have on your pedaling will
help you choose the most suitable gearing for your
ability. Gears are there to enable us to maintain a
comfortable pedaling speed. Explore the rotation
of rigid bodies!

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
Thus far we have considered linear motion: bodies in
equilibrium where there is no change in the motion and
bodies that undergo linear acceleration when acted
upon by resultant linear forces. We have noted that a Windmill
resultant torque may cause rotation. At any time, the Hard disk
motion of a body may consist of translation, or a
combination of translation and rotation. Let us
examine first the ways in which rotary or angular
motion can be described by the illustrations that
follows. We shall then see how the action of a Fan
torque in changing angular motion can be
expressed by relationship like Newton’s laws for
translational motion.
Lathe machine Jet Propeller

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Module #9 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1 What are some examples of rigid

bodies?

2 What are the units of measures

encountered in pure rotation?

3 How is the moment of inertia of

a solid body computed?

B. MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)
Rotation of Rigid Bodies

Rotational Kinematics
A rigid body is one whose particles all have a fixed relationship to each other, and it is non-
deformable.

In pure translation, a rigid body moves in line, all particles remain parallel to itself. Each particle
in the body undergoes the same displacement as any other particles in a given time.

In pure rotation, every particle in the body moves in a circle and centers of these circles lie in a
straight line which is the axis of rotation.

Angular Position, Velocity and Acceleration

The figure illustrates a solid disc. The disc rotates at fixed axis perpendicular to the plane of the
figure and passing through the center of the disc at O. A small element P is at a fixed distance r from the
origin and rotates about it in a circle of radius r. An angle 𝜃 is measured counterclockwise from the
reference line indicated. The angle is in radians, it is the ration of the arc (s) subtended by 𝜃 to the radius
of the circle.

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𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝜔

ഥ)
P
r
CB ∆𝜃
C𝑠 𝜔
ഥ=
∆𝑡
𝜃 A
𝑂 Reference 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝜔)
C
r line ∆𝜃
𝜔 = lim ൬ ൰
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝛼ത)

∆𝜔
𝛼ത =
𝑠 ∆𝑡
𝜃= (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑)
𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝛼)
1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 360° = 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 ∆𝜔
𝛼 = lim ൬ ൰
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Linear Motion Rotational Motion
𝑣1 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡 𝜔1 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡
1 1
𝑠 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡 2
2 2
𝑣1 2 = 𝑣0 2 + 2𝑎𝑠 𝜔1 2 = 𝜔0 2 + 2𝛼𝜃

Relation between Linear and Angular Motion

𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔
𝑎 = 𝑟𝛼

Tangential and Centripetal Translational Acceleration

Tangential Acceleration
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑟𝛼
Centripetal Acceleration
𝑎𝑐 = 𝑟𝜔2
Actual Acceleration
𝑎 = √𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑎𝑐 2
Rotational Kinetic Energy
In translation, the kinetic energy depends only on the mass and velocity.
1
𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

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In rotation, the kinetic energy depends on the angular velocity, the mass, and the distribution of the
mass. Since 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔,

1
𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑚(𝑟𝜔)2
2

1
𝐾. 𝐸. = (𝑚𝑟 2 )𝜔2 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑟 2 → (𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎)
2

1
𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝐼𝜔2
2

Moments of Inertia of Some Solids

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑑

𝐼 = 𝑚𝑅 2 𝑅 1
𝐼= 𝑚𝐿2
𝐿 12

y y

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑑
1
𝐼 = 𝑚𝐿2
3
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑅
1 𝑅
𝐼 = 𝑚𝑅 2 𝐿 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
2
2
y 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑅 2
y y 5

y y
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝐻𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑅1 1
1 𝑅2 𝐼= 𝑚(𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )
𝐼 = 𝑚൫𝑅1 2 + 𝑅2 2 ൯ 12
2 𝑎 𝑏

Newton’s Second Law for Rotational Motion

For translational motion, the linear acceleration is proportional to the net force; for rotary motion,
the angular acceleration is proportional to the net torque.
The net torque (𝝉)about any axis is equal to the product of the rotational inertia (I) about that axis
multiplied by the angular acceleration (α) about the same axis.
𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼

Units

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Symbol MKS CGS English

𝜏 𝑁∙𝑚 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 ∙ 𝑐𝑚 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏
𝐼 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚2 𝑔 ∙ 𝑐𝑚2 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 2
𝛼 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2

Angular Momentum
In linear motion, linear momentum is 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣.
In rotating body, angular momentum is 𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔.
Angular momentum is a vector quantity having the direction of 𝜔. Its dimension is the product of the
𝑘𝑔∙𝑚2 𝑔∙𝑐𝑚2 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔∙𝑓𝑡 2
dimensions of 𝐼 and the angular velocity 𝜔, hence, the units ( , , ).
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

Angular Impulse
The angular impulse (𝐽) is equal to the change in angular momentum of the body.
𝜏 ∆𝑡 = 𝐽 = ∆𝐿
If the net torque is zero, it follows that ∆𝐿 = 0, or the angular momentum is constant. This statement is
known as the law of conservation of angular momentum.

Equations for Rectilinear and Rotational Motions

Rectilinear Motion Rotational Motion
Displacement 𝑠 Angular Displacement 𝜃
Velocity 𝑑𝑠 Angular Velocity 𝑑𝜃
𝑣= 𝜔=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Acceleration 𝑑𝑣 Angular Acceleration 𝑑𝜔
𝑎= 𝛼=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Mass 𝑚 Rotational Inertia 𝐼
Force 𝐹 Torque 𝜏
Newton’s Second Law 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 Newton’s Second Law 𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼
Work ΣF ∆𝑠 Work Στ ∆𝜃
Kinetic Energy 1 Kinetic Energy 1 2
𝑚𝑣 2 𝐼𝜔
2 2
Impulse 𝐽 = 𝐹𝑡 Impulse 𝐽 = 𝜏𝑡
Power 𝒫 = 𝐹𝑣 Power 𝒫 = 𝜏𝜔
Momentum 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 Momentum 𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔
Work-Energy Theorem 𝒲 = ∆𝐾. 𝐸. Work-Energy Theorem 𝒲 = ∆𝐾. 𝐸.
Newton’s Second Law (𝑚𝑣) Newton’s Second Law (𝐼𝜔)
𝐹=𝑑 𝜏=𝑑
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Example Problems

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1. The angular velocity of a motor is increased from 2400 revolutions per minute to 3600
revolutions per minute in 12 seconds. Determine the angular acceleration and the total
displacement in radians and revolutions made by the motor during this time if the angular
acceleration is constant.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
ሾ𝜔1 − 𝜔0 = 𝛼𝑡ሿ
376.99 − 251.33 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝛼= = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟕 𝟐
12 𝒔
ሾ2𝛼𝜃 = 𝜔1 2 − 𝜔0 2 ሿ
(376.99)2 − (251.33)2
𝜃= = 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟎. 𝟓𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅
2(10.47)
𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝜔0 = 2400 𝑥 𝑥 = 251.33 𝜃 = 3770.52 ൬ ൰ = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒆𝒗
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 60 𝑠 𝑠 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔1 = 2400 𝑥 = 376.99
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: 𝛼, 𝜃 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑣

2. A one-piece cylinder as shown in the figure, with a core section protruding from the larger
drum. The cylinder is free to rotate about the central axis as shown. A cord wrapped around
the drum, which has a radius R1, exert a force T1 to the right on the cylinder. A rope wrapped
around the core, which has radius R2, exerts a force T2 downward the cylinder. What is the
net torque acting on the cylinder about the axis of rotation? If T 1 = 5 N, R1 = 1 m, T2 = 15 N,
and R2 = 0.5 m, what is the net torque about the axis of rotation and which way does the
cylinder rotate from rest?

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑇1 Σ𝜏 = 𝜏1 + 𝜏2 = 𝑹𝟐 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑹𝟏 𝑻𝟏
𝑅1
𝑅2

Σ𝜏 = (0.5)(15) − (1)(5) = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝑵
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒚𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 − 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
𝑇2

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: Net torque

3. A wheel of radius(𝑅), mass (𝑀), and moment inertia (𝐼) is mounted on a frictionless,

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horizontal axle as shown in the figure. A light cord wrapped around the wheel supports an
object of mass (𝑚). When the wheel is released, the object accelerates downward, the cord
unwraps off the wheel, and the wheel rotates with an angular acceleration (𝛼), Find
expressions for the angular acceleration of the wheel, the translational acceleration of the
object, and the tension in the cord.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑀 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙, 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡. ③ 𝑖𝑛 ②,
𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼
𝒈
𝜏 = 𝑇𝑅 𝑎=
𝑅 𝟏 + (𝑰ൗ )
𝜏 𝑇𝑅 𝒎𝑹𝟐
𝛼= = →①
𝐼 𝐼 ሾ𝑎 = 𝑅𝛼ሿ
𝑇
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑔
ൣΣ𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎൧ 𝐼
𝑇 𝑎 1 + ( ൗ𝑚𝑅 2 )
𝛼= =
𝑚𝑔 − 𝑇 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑅 𝑅
𝑚𝑔 − 𝑇
𝑎= →② 𝒈
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑚 𝛼=
𝑹 + ൫𝑰ൗ𝒎𝑹൯
ሾ𝑎 = 𝑅𝛼 ሿ

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: 𝛼, 𝑎, 𝑇 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑇 𝑇𝑅
= 𝑅൬ ൰
𝑚 𝐼
2
𝑚𝑔 − 𝑇 𝑅 𝑇
=
𝑚 𝐼
𝐼(𝑚𝑔 − 𝑇) = 𝑚𝑅 2 𝑇
𝒎𝒈
𝑇= 𝟐 →③
𝟏 + (𝒎𝑹 ൗ𝑰)

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)
Exercise Problems

Solve the following problems.

1. An automobile accelerates uniformly from rest and reaches a velocity of 22 m/s in 9 s. The
tire diameter is 58 cm. Determine the number of revolutions the tire makes during this motion
and the final angular velocity of the tire in revolutions per second.
2. A 2-kg disk has a radius of 18 cm and rotates with an angular acceleration of 12 rad/s2 about
an axis through its center and perpendicular to the plane of the disk. Determine the tangential
force at the rim of the disk.
3. A force of 16 N acts tangent to the edge of a solid cylinder weighing 18 N and which has a
diameter of 76 cm. Determine the kinetic energy of the cylinder after 15 s.

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4. A 600-g solid sphere has a diameter of 10 cm rotates at 600 revolutions per minute about an
axis through its center. Determine the kinetic energy of the system.

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

Complete column 3: (What I Learned) of the table in activity 1 based on the content notes from activity
2. Use your own words. Never copy any terms used in the content notes. Preferably, complete the table
without looking at the concept notes.

4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Student Engagement (SE) Effective Questioning

Describe how you can use a simple

experiment involving moment of inertia to
determine whether an egg is raw or hard-
boiled.

5) Activity 6: Assessment for Student Learning

Classroom Assessment Technique (CAT) Muddiest Point

The Muddiest Point

In today’s session, what was least clear to you?

_________________________________________
____________

_________________________________________
____________

_________________________________________

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

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FAQs
1. What are the important characteristics of rotational motion?
Objects that move in a rotational motion have an angular velocity. Unless altered externally, both
velocities remain constant. The acceleration is inversely proportional to mass and directly proportional
to force in translational motion. Torque takes the place of force in rotational motion.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Solutions to Activity 3.

1.
Given:
𝑡 =9𝑠 𝑣1 2 − 𝑣0 2 = 2𝑎𝑠
𝑣0 = 0
Solve for 𝑠,
(22)2
𝑠= = 98.82 𝑚
𝑟 = 0.29 𝑚 2(2.44)
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
𝑣1 = 22 𝑚/𝑠
Solve for 𝜃,
98.82
Find: 𝜃, 𝜔 𝜃= = 342 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟒𝟑 𝒓𝒆𝒗
0.29
Solution: 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔
𝑣1 − 𝑣0 = 𝑎𝑡 Solve for 𝜔,
22 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Solve for 𝑎, 𝜔= = 75.86 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝒓𝒆𝒗/𝒔
0.29 𝑠
22
𝑎= = 2.44 𝑚/𝑠 2
9

2.

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Given:
𝐹 ∙ 𝑟 = 𝐼𝛼 1
𝛼 = 12 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2 𝑚 = 2 𝑘𝑔 𝐹(0.18) = (2)(0.18)2 (12)
2
𝐹 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟔 𝑵
𝑟 = 0.18 𝑚

𝐹
Find: 𝐹,
Solution:
𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼
1
𝐼 = 𝑚𝑟 2
2
𝜏 =𝐹∙𝑟

3.
Given:
𝑊 = 18 𝑁 𝐹 ∙ 𝑟 = 𝐼𝛼
Solve for 𝛼,
𝑡 = 15 𝑠 16(0.38)
𝛼= = 46.02 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 2
1 2
(1.83)(0.38)
2
𝑟 = 0.38 𝑚 Solve for 𝜔,
𝜔 − 𝜔0 = 𝛼𝑡
𝜔 = 46.02(15) = 690.3 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝐹 = 16 𝑁 Solve for 𝐾𝐸,
Find: 𝐾𝐸, 1 1 1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝐼𝜔2 = ൤ (1.83)(0.38)2 (690.3)2 ൨
2 2 2
Solution:
1 𝐾𝐸 = 31,479.95 𝐽
𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼 𝐾𝐸 = 𝐼𝜔2
2
1
𝐼 = 𝑚𝑟 2
2
𝜏 =𝐹∙𝑟

4.

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Given:

𝑚 = 0.6 𝑘𝑔 1 1 2
𝑟 = 0.05 𝑚 𝐾𝐸 = 𝐼𝜔2 = ൤ (0.6)(0.05)2 (62.83)2 ൨
2 2 5
𝐾𝐸 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖 𝑱

𝜔 = 600 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑛
Find: 𝐾𝐸, 𝜔 = 62.83 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
Solution:
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝐼𝜔2
2
2
𝐼 = 𝑚𝑟 2
5

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Lesson title: Elasticity Materials:

Lesson Objectives Calculator, Paper, and pen
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
References:
1. Define stress and strain. College Physics by Giambatista,
2. Calculate the modulus of elasticity of different materials. Richardson, Richardson.
3. Compute length, area, and volume deformations. Physics for Scientist and
Engineers with Modern Physics
by Serwey, Jewett.
College Physics by Weber,
Manning, White, Weygand
https://www.britannica.com/science/elastic
ity-physics

As you travel from home to school,

did you ever notice different
materials that engineers used for
structures? You may notice some
houses are made of wood, electric
post made of concrete, bridges
made of steel, and other structures
are made with a combination of
these materials. Discover why
engineers use these materials for
different purposes.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
Matter is generally classified into three states: the solids, liquids, and gases. As to the rigidity of
structure, matter can be classified into two categories: solids and fluids. In solids, molecules are locked
in place and exerts strong molecular forces on each other. Fluids include liquids and gases both of which
flow. The molecular forces on fluids are weaker, and relatively free to slide over one another.

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2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1 Why do steel and cable are

widely used in suspension
bridges?

2 Why do concrete have cracks

after several load is applied?

3 Why do submarines implode

when they reach the depth limit?

B. MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)
Elastic Properties of Solids and Liquids

Elasticity is the property of a body which enables it to resist deformation and to recover after removal of
the deforming force.

Stress
Stress is a quantity that is proportional to the force causing a deformation. It is the force (𝐹) per unit
area (𝐴).
𝐹
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝐴
Strain
Strain is a measure of the degree of deformation.
∆𝐿 ∆𝐴 ∆𝑉
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟
𝐿 𝐴 𝑉

Elastic Modulus
Elastic modulus is the ratio of the stress to the resulting strain.
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 =
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

Young’s Modulus: Elasticity in Length

Young’s modulus measures the resistance of a solid to a change in its length.

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𝐹
𝐹𝐿
𝐿 𝑌= 𝐴 =
∆𝐿 𝐴 ∙ ∆𝐿
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿

∆𝐿

∆𝐿
𝐹
𝐹 𝐹

Shear Modulus: Elasticity of Shape

Shear modulus measures the resistance to motion of the planes within a solid parallel to each other.

𝑥
𝐴 𝐹 𝑥
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = tan 𝜃
𝐿
𝐹
𝜃 𝐹𝐿
𝑆=𝐴
𝑥 = 𝑥𝐴
𝐿 𝐿

𝐹 𝐴

Bulk Modulus: Volume Elasticity

Bulk modulus measures the resistance of solids or liquids to changes in their volume.
𝐹

𝐴 𝐹
𝑃 𝑃𝑉
𝑃 𝐵= 𝐴 = =
∆𝑉 ∆𝑉 ∆𝑉
𝑃
𝑃 𝑉 𝑉
𝑃
𝑃

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Moduli of Elasticity for some Substances

Materials Young’s Modulus Shear Modulus Bulk Modulus
(dynes/cm x 10 ) (dynes/cm x 10 ) (dynes/cm2 x 1011)
2 11 2 11

Aluminum 6.9 2.4 7.0

Brass 9.0 3.5 6.1
Copper 12.7 4.2 14.1
Cast iron 10.0 - 9.6
Wrought iron 20.0 - 15.0
Lead 1.6 0.54 0.8
Nickel 21.4 7.5 -
Platinum 16.6 6.4 -
Steel 20.0 8.1 16.0
Tungsten 35.5 14.8 -

Example Problems
1. One end of a brass wire 1.2 m long and a diameter of 2.4 mm is fastened to a point in the
ceiling. A body is hung weighing 32 x 105 dynes at the other end of the wire. Determine the
deformation of the wire.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝐹𝐿
𝐿 = 120 𝑐𝑚 𝑌 = 9.0 𝑥 1011 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑐𝑚2 𝑌=
𝐴 ∙ ∆𝐿
𝑟 = 0.12 𝑐𝑚 𝐹 = 32 𝑥 105 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠
𝐹𝐿 3200000(120)
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: ∆𝐿 ∆𝐿 = = = 𝟗. 𝟒𝟑 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒄𝒎
𝐴 𝜋(0.12)2 (9.0 𝑥 1011 )

2. A 15-cm nickel cube is fixed at its base. A force of 1.44 x 109 dynes is applied parallel to its
upper face. Determine the shearing stress, the shearing strain, and the lateral displacement
of the upper face with respect to the lower face.
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:

𝐿 = 15 𝑐𝑚 𝑌 = 7.5 𝑥 1011 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑐𝑚2

𝐹 = 1.44 𝑥 109 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝑥

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝐹 1.44 𝑥 109 x
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = = = 𝟔, 𝟒𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒅𝒚𝒏𝒆/𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝐴 (15)2 𝐿
𝑥 = (8.53 𝑥10−6 )(15) = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒄𝒎
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 =
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
6,400,000
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟑 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔
7.5 𝑥 1011

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3. The pressure exerted on a piece of brass having a volume of 800 cu.cm. is increased from 1
atmosphere to 41 atmospheres. If 1 atm is equal to 1.013 x 106 dynes/cm2, determine the
change in volume of the brass.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝑉 = 800 𝑐𝑢. 𝑐𝑚.
1.013 𝑥 106 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑐𝑚2
𝑃 = 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 41 − 1 = 40 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃 = 40 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑥 = 40520000 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑐𝑚2
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: ∆𝑉

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑃𝑉
𝐵=
∆𝑉
40520000(800)
∆𝑉 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟑 𝒄𝒎𝟑
6.1 𝑥 1011

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)
Exercise Problems
Solve the following problems.
1. A steel wire of diameter 1 mm can support a tension of 0.2 kN. Determine the diameter of a
steel cable to support a tension of 20 kN?
2. A rubber band 20 cm long has a cross-sectional area of 4 mm2. What load will stretch the
rubber band 1 mm if the modulus of elasticity of rubber band is 4 x 10-15 dynes/cm2?
3. A cube made of an unknown material has a dimension of 6 cm on all edges. If the upper
face is displaced laterally by 0.1 mm by a force of 2 x 106 dynes acting parallel to the
surface, calculate the shear modulus of the material.
4. If the density of seawater is 1.03 g/cm3 at the surface, what is its density at a depth where
the pressure is 109 dynes/cm2?

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

Complete column 3: (What I Learned) of the table in activity 1 based on the content notes from activity
2. Use your own words. Never copy any terms used in the content notes. Preferably, complete the table
without looking at the concept notes.

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4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Student Engagement (SE) Effective Questioning

What is the purpose of the steel in a

horizontal reinforced concrete beam? In a
vertical column? Does concrete need
reinforcement more under compressive
or more under tensile stresses? Why?

5) Activity 6: Assessment for Student Learning

Classroom Assessment Technique (CAT) Muddiest Point

The Muddiest Point

In today’s session, what was least clear to you?

_________________________________________
____________

_________________________________________
____________

_________________________________________

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C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

FAQs
1. What is the strongest elastic?
The strongest garment elastic is woven elastic, also known as "no roll." The horizontal and vertical
ribs on this elastic make it easy to identify. When sewn, this type of elastic does not become
narrower as it stretches and retains its resiliency.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Solution to Exercises
1. Given: 𝐹1 𝐿 𝐹2 𝐿
=
𝑑1 = 1 𝑚𝑚 𝐹2 = 20 𝑘𝑁 𝐴1 ∙ ∆𝐿 𝐴2 ∙ ∆𝐿
𝐹1 = 0.2 𝑘𝑁 0.2 𝑥 103 20 𝑥103
=
𝜋(0.0005)2 𝜋𝑟2 2
Find: 𝑑2
𝑟2 = 0.005 𝑚
Solution:
𝐹𝐿 𝑑2 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝑌= 𝑟1 = 0.5 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 ∙ ∆𝐿

2. Given:

𝐿 = 20 𝑐𝑚 ∆𝐿 = 1 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 = 4 𝑚𝑚 2 𝑌 = 4 𝑥 10−15 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑐𝑚2

Find: 𝐹
Solution:
𝐹𝐿 𝑌 ∙ ∆𝐿 ∙ 𝐴 (4 𝑥 10−15 )(0.04)(0.1)
𝑌= 𝐹= = = 𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝒅𝒚𝒏𝒆𝒔
𝐴 ∙ ∆𝐿 𝐿 20
3.

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Given: Solution:
𝐿 = 6 𝑐𝑚 𝐹𝐿 2 𝑥 106 (6)
𝑆= = = 𝟑. 𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝒅𝒚𝒏𝒆𝒔/𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝑥 = 0.1 𝑚𝑚 𝐴∙𝑥 0.01(6)2
𝐹 = 2 𝑥 106 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠

Find: 𝑆

4.
Given:
𝜌1 = 1.03 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 𝐵 = 0.23 𝑥 1016 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑐𝑚2
𝑝1 = 1.013 𝑥 106 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑐𝑚2
𝑝2 = 109 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑐𝑚2
Find: 𝜌2
Solution: 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 = 0.04𝑉1
(𝑝2 − 𝑝1 )𝑉1 𝑉2 = 𝑉1 − 0.04𝑉1 = 0.96𝑉1
𝐵=
∆𝑉 𝑉2 = 0.96𝑉1
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝜌= = 0.96 ൬ ൰
𝑉 𝜌2 𝜌1

(109 − 1.013 𝑥 106 )𝑉1 1.03

∆𝑉 = = 0.04𝑉1 𝜌2 = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕 𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟑
0.23 𝑥 1011 0.96

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Lesson title: Harmonic Motion Materials:

Lesson Objectives Calculator, Paper, and pen
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
References:
1. 1. Compute the spring constant of a simple harmonic motion of a College Physics by Giambatista,
helical spring. Richardson, Richardson.
2. 2. Interpret the circle of reference of a simple harmonic motion. Physics for Scientist and
3. Calculate the maximum velocity, period of vibration and Engineers with Modern Physics
amplitude of simple harmonic motion of a spring. by Serwey, Jewett.
College Physics by Weber,
Manning, White, Weygand
https://isaacphysics.org/concepts/cp_shm

Your childhood is not complete if you

have not once ride on a swing.
Describe how the swing works. Now,
study closely the other three
illustrations and relate it to the swing.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
Three types of motion have been treated in the previous lessons. The first type is that of an object
in equilibrium, a motion with constant velocity and fixed direction. The second type is the motion which is
caused by the action of a constant force parallel to the direction of motion, wherein the direction is
constant, and the velocity increases uniformly. The third type is the uniform circular motion, which
produced by a centripetal force of constant magnitude directed inward along the radius of the circular
path of the moving objects.
Another type of motion that is important in mechanics is the vibratory motion of objects. Such an
object moves back and forth along a fixed path, repeating over and over a fixed series of motions and
returning to each position and velocity after a definite period. Such motion is called harmonic or periodic
motion.

2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

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What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1 How does a pendulum wall clock

work?

2 What is an oscillation?

3 How does bungee jumping

work?

B. MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)
Simple Harmonic Motion (𝑺𝑯𝑴)

𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑚
𝑎 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐹 𝑠 𝑚
𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹 𝑠 𝑚

When an elastic spring is stretched by a force, the amount of the force required is proportional to
the stretch. Suppose that a body of mass m as shown in the figure above is hanging at the end of the
spring is pulled down a distance s below the equilibrium position. The spring exerts a restoring force on
the object, tending to pull it back toward its original position. This force is proportional to the displacement
s but opposite in direction to the displacement.
𝐹 = −𝑘𝑠
When the object is released, the restoring force produces an acceleration that is proportional to
F and inversely proportional to the displacement but opposite in direction.
𝐹 𝑘𝑠
𝑎 = = − = −𝐾𝑠
𝑚 𝑚
The type of vibratory motion in which the acceleration is proportional to the displacement and
always directed toward the equilibrium position is called the simple harmonic motion.
Amplitude, Period, and Frequency

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The amplitude (𝑨) is the maximum displacement a body have on either side of its equilibrium position.

The period (𝒕) of the vibration is the time between to successive passages going in the same direction
through a point in the path of the body in simple harmonic motion.

The frequency (𝑓) is the total number of vibrations completed per unit time.

1 𝑣𝑖𝑏
𝑓= 𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑜𝑟 𝐻𝑧)
𝑡 𝑠
1
𝑡 = 𝑖𝑛 (𝑠)
𝑓

Characteristics of SHM and the Circle of Reference

𝑣 𝑣𝑡 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑨
𝒂𝒄 =
𝑃′ 𝑃 𝒕𝟐
𝑠
𝜔 𝑎 = −𝑎𝑐 sin 𝜃 = −𝑎𝑐 ቀ ቁ
𝑎 𝑎𝑐 𝐴
𝑠 = 𝐴 sin 𝜃 𝐴 = 4𝜋 2 𝐴 𝑠
𝑠
𝑎= 2 ቀ ቁ
𝜃 = 𝜔𝑡 𝑡 𝐴
𝑂 𝟐
𝟒𝝅 𝒔
𝒂= 𝟐
𝒕
𝒂 = −𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝒇𝟐 𝒔
𝐴
= 𝒔
𝒕 = 𝟐𝛑ට−
𝒂
𝒎
𝒕 = 𝟐𝝅ට
𝑲

Units
MKS CGS English
m kg g slug
K N/m dyne/cm lb/ft
t s s s

Example Problem

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1. A 50-g body is attached to a spring with a spring constant 𝐾 = 1500 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑐𝑚. It is displaced
12 cm from equilibrium position and released. Determine the period of vibration, the maximum
acceleration, and the acceleration of the body when it is 4 cm from the equilibrium position.
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑚 = 50 𝑔 𝑚 50
𝐾 = 1500 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑐𝑚 𝑡 = 2𝜋ට = 2𝜋ඨ = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 𝒔
𝐾 1500
𝐴 = 12 𝑐𝑚
𝑠 = 4 𝑐𝑚 4𝜋 2 𝐴 4𝜋 2 (12)
𝑎𝑐 = = = 𝟑𝟓𝟖. 𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒎/𝒔𝟐
𝑡2 (1.15)2
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: 𝑡, 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑎
4𝜋 2 𝑠 4𝜋 2 (4)
𝑎= = = 𝟏𝟏𝟗. 𝟒 𝒄𝒎/𝒔𝟐
𝑡2 (1.15)2

Acceleration and Speed in SHM

𝑣 𝑣𝑡 2𝜋𝐴
𝑣𝑡 = = 2𝜋𝑓𝐴
𝑡
𝑃′ 𝑃
𝜔 2𝜋𝐴 ξ𝐴2 − 𝑠 2
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑡 cos 𝜃 = ቆ ቇ
𝑎 𝐴 𝑎𝑐 𝑡 𝐴
𝑠 = 𝐴 sin 𝜃 =
𝑠 𝟐𝝅
𝜃 = 𝜔𝑡 𝒗= ቀ ඥ 𝑨𝟐 − 𝒔 𝟐 ቁ
𝒕
𝑂 ඥ𝐴 2 − 𝑠 2 ω = 2𝜋𝑓
θ = ωt = 2𝜋𝑓𝑡
𝐴 𝒔 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒕
=
𝒂 = −𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝒇𝟐 𝒔 = −𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝒇𝟐 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒕
𝒗 = 𝒗𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒕

Example Problem
2. A body vibrates in simple harmonic motion with a period of 6 s and an amplitude of 8 cm.
Determine the maximum velocity, and the velocity when it is 4 cm away from the equilibrium
position.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑡 =6𝑠 2𝜋𝐴 2𝜋(8)
𝑣𝑡 = = = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟖 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
𝐴 = 8 𝑐𝑚 𝑡 6
𝑠 = 4 𝑐𝑚 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑣= ቀඥ𝐴2 − 𝑠 2 ቁ = ඥ(8)2 − (4)2 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟔 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑣 𝑡 6

3. A 5-N ball is fastened to the end of a spring as shown in the figure. A force of 2 N is sufficient
to pull the ball 6 cm to one side. Determine the force constant and the period of vibration.

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𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑊 =5𝑁 𝐹 2
𝐾= = = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝑵/𝒎
𝑠 0.06
𝑊 5
𝐹 =2𝑁 𝑚= = = 0.51 𝑘𝑔
𝑔 9.81
𝑚 0.51
𝑡 = 2𝜋ට = 2𝜋ඨ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖 𝒔
𝐾 33.33

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: 𝐾, 𝑡

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)
Exercise Problems
Solve the following problems.
1. A body of mass 80-g is attached to the end of a helical spring with a spring constant of
4500 dynes/cm, and is made to vibrate with an amplitude of 16 cm. Calculate the period
of vibration, the maximum velocity of the body, and the velocity of the body when it is 10
cm from the equilibrium position.
2. The elastic constant of a helical spring is 9 N/m. A 1-kg body is attached from the spring
and is made to move with simple harmonic motion. Determine the period of vibration of
the body and the acceleration when the body is 40 cm from its equilibrium position if the
amplitude is 80 cm.
3. The period of oscillation of an object in an ideal spring-and-mass system is 0.50 s and the
amplitude is 5 cm. Determine the velocity of the body at the equilibrium point.
4. The position of a particle is given by the expression 𝑥 = 4 cos(3𝜋𝑡 + 𝜋), where x is in
meters and t is in seconds. Calculate the frequency, the period of the motion and the
amplitude of the motion.

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

Complete column 3: (What I Learned) of the table in activity 1 based on the content notes from activity
2. Use your own words. Never copy any terms used in the content notes. Preferably, complete the table
without looking at the concept notes.
4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)
Student Engagement (SE) Effective Questioning

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You attach an object to the bottom end of

a hanging vertical spring. It hangs at rest after
extending the spring 18.3 cm. You then set
the object vibrating. Do you have enough
information to find its period? Explain your
answer and state whatever you can about its
period.

5) Activity 6: Assessment for Student Learning

Classroom Assessment Technique (CAT) 3-2-1

Three things you learned:

1.
2.
3.
Two things that you would like to learn more about:
1.
2.
One question you still have:
1.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

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FAQs
1. What conditions must be met to produce simple harmonic motion?
With no drag forces or friction, the restoring force must be proportional to the displacement and act
opposite to the direction of motion. The frequency of oscillation does not depend on the amplitude.

2. What force produces simple harmonic motion?

A restorative force governs simple harmonic motion. The spring force is responsible for oscillation in a
spring-mass system, such as a block attached to a spring.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS

Solution to Exercises

1. Given: Solve for 𝑣,

𝑚 = 80 𝑔 2𝜋
𝑣= ඥ𝐴2 − 𝑥 2
𝑘 = 4500 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑐𝑚 𝑡
𝑠 = 16 𝑐𝑚 2𝜋
𝑣= ඥ(16)2 − 0 = 𝟏𝟏𝟗. 𝟔𝟖 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
Find: 𝑡, 𝑣, 𝑣 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠 = 0.84
10 𝑐𝑚
Solution: Solve for 𝑣 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 10 𝑐𝑚,
2𝜋
Solve for 𝑡, 𝑣= ඥ𝐴2 − 𝑥 2
𝑡
𝑚 80 2𝜋
𝑡 = 2𝜋ට = 2𝜋ඨ = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒 𝒔 𝑣= ඥ(16)2 − (10)2 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟒𝟐 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
𝑘 4500 0.84

2. Given:
𝑘 = 9 𝑁/𝑚 𝑥 = 40 𝑐𝑚
𝑚 = 1 𝑘𝑔 𝐴 = 80 𝑐𝑚
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Find: 𝑡, 𝑎,
Solution:
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3. Given:
2𝜋
𝑡 = 0.50 𝑠 𝑣= ඥ(5)2 − 0 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟖𝟑 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
0.50
𝐴 = 5 𝑐𝑚
Find: 𝑣,
Solution:
2𝜋
𝑣= ඥ𝐴2 − 𝑥 2
𝑡

4. Given:

𝑥 = 4 cos(3𝜋𝑡 + 𝜋) Solve for 𝑓, Solve for 𝐴,

𝑥 = 4 cos(3𝜋𝑡 + 𝜋) 𝐴=𝟒𝒎
Find: 𝑓, 𝑡, 𝐴
𝜔 = 3𝜋
Solution: 2𝜋𝑓 = 3𝜋
3𝜋 3
𝑥 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) 𝑓= = = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑯𝒛
2𝜋 2
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 Solve for 𝑡,

1
𝑓=
𝑡
1 1
𝑡= = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝒔
𝑓 1.5

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Lesson title: Static Fluids Materials:

Lesson Objectives Calculator, Paper, and pen
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
References:
1. 1. Determine the density of an unknown substance. College Physics by Giambatista,
2. 2. Apply Pascal’s principle in hydraulic press. Richardson, Richardson.
3. 3. Calculate the buoyant force in an immersed body in a liquid. Physics for Scientist and Engineers
with Modern Physics by Serwey,
Jewett.
College Physics by Weber,
Manning, White, Weygand
https://www.britannica.com/science/fluid-
physics

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
Fluids- both liquids and gases are easily deformed by external forces. The atoms or molecules
in a fluid do not have fixed position, so a fluid does not have a definite shape. An applied force can make
a fluid easily flow. Liquids are incompressible, that is they have a fixed volume that is impossible to
change. A gas on the other hand, cannot be characterized by a definite volume nor by a definite shape.
A gas expands to fill its container and can easily be compressed. This lesson will cover static fluids (fluids
at rest).

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2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1 How do you find the density of an

irregularly shaped object?

2 What are some devices that can

lift heavy objects without applying
much effort?

3 Why do you think a heavy object

is lighter when it is submerged in
water?

B. MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)
Fluids at Rest
Density (𝝆) of a substance is the mass per unit volume.
𝑚
𝜌=
𝑉

Weight Density (𝑫) of a substance is the weight per unit volume.

𝑊
𝐷=
𝑉
and since 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔,
𝑚𝑔
𝐷= = 𝜌𝑔
𝑉

Specific Gravity or Relative Density (𝝆𝒓 ) of a substance is the ratio of the density of a substance to
the density of water.
𝜌𝑠
𝜌𝑟 =
𝜌𝑤

Pressure (𝒑) is the normal force per unit area

𝐹
𝑝=
𝐴

Pressure in a Liquid
Consider a cylindrical vessel as shown in figure 1 below, filled with a liquid of mass density (𝜌), the
force exerted by the liquid at the bottom of the container is the weight of the liquid
𝐹 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = (𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ)(𝜌𝑔)

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The pressure of the liquid at the bottom is uniform. The

𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 pressure (𝑝) is the force per unit area.
𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐹 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ𝜌𝑔
𝑝= =
𝐴 𝜋𝑟 2

ℎ 𝒑 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉

𝐹 = 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔

𝐴 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1

Pascal’s Principle
Pascal’s principle states that an external pressure applied to a confined liquid is transmitted
undiminished to all points of the liquid.

𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝑯𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒄 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝐹

𝑝=
𝐴

𝐹1 𝐹2
𝑝1 = 𝑝2 =
𝐹1 𝐴1 𝐴2
𝑝1 𝑝2
𝑝1 = 𝑝2
ℎ2
𝐹2 𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐
ℎ1 =
𝑟1 𝐴 𝑟2 𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐
1 𝐴2

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2 𝑨𝟏 𝒅𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒅𝟐
A hydraulic press is composed of two pistons of
𝑭𝟏 𝒅𝟏 = 𝑭𝟐 𝒅𝟐
different radius and these are interconnected by
a small tube such that the liquid is free to move
from one piston to the other.

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Archimedes’ Principle
Archimedes’ principle states that a body partially or totally immersed in a liquid is buoyed up by a
force equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the solid body.
𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 3

𝑊 𝐹 = 𝐹2 − 𝐹1
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 𝑝1
ℎ1 𝐹 = 𝑝2 𝐴 − 𝑝1 𝐴
ℎ 𝐹 = (𝜌𝑔ℎ)𝐴
𝐴 ℎ2 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ2 𝐴 − 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 𝐴
𝐹 = (𝜌𝑔)𝐴ℎ 𝐿
𝐵𝐹 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ2 𝐴 − 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 𝐴
𝑩𝑭 = 𝑽𝝆𝒈 𝑝2
𝐹 = (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )𝐴𝜌𝑔
𝐹 = (𝐿𝐴)𝜌𝑔

(a) The weight of the (b) The buoyant force of 𝑩𝑭 = 𝑽𝝆𝒈

object is equal to the the object is the
buoyant force difference in pressure
at the top and bottom

Example Problems
a. A cylindrical water tank with a base area of 2 m2 contains water 4 m high. Calculate the
pressure exerted by the water at the bottom of the water tank and the total force acting at the
base.

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒,
𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ = (1000)(9.81)(4)
𝑝 = 39240 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐹 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒,
𝜌 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ℎ = 4𝑚
𝐹
𝑝=
𝐴
𝑝
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 = (39240)(2) = 𝟕𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟎 𝑵
𝐴
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: 𝑝, 𝐹

b. The cross-sectional area of the smaller piston and the larger piston of a hydraulic press is 129
cm2 and 2580 cm2, respectively. If the hydraulic press has an efficiency of 90%, the IMA is equal
to A2/A1 and AMA is equal to F2/F1, determine the force applied at the smaller piston if it must
raise a force of 20000 N.

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𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝐸𝑓𝑓 = 90% 𝐴2 2580
𝐼𝑀𝐴 = = = 20
𝐴1 129
𝐴𝑀𝐴
𝐹1 𝐸𝑓𝑓 = 𝑥 100
𝐼𝑀𝐴
20(90)
𝐴𝑀𝐴 = = 18
100
𝐹2 = 20000 𝑁 𝐹2
𝐴𝑀𝐴 =
𝐴1 𝐹1
𝐴2
20000
𝐹1 = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝑵
18
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: 𝐹1

c. A wooden cube of 20 cm on one edge is submerged to 75 % of its volume in water. Determine

the weight of the cube and the specific gravity of the wooden cube.
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑊
𝐵𝐹 = 𝑉𝜌𝑔
𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔 = 𝑉𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝜌𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑔
𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.75𝑉𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑

0.75(20)3 (1)(981) = (20)3 𝜌𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 (981)

𝜌 = 1 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 𝜌𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 = 0.75 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝑠 = 20 𝑐𝑚 𝑚
𝜌=
𝑉
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉 = 0.75(20)3 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒈
𝐹
𝜌𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 0.75
𝜌𝑟 = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: 𝑚, 𝜌𝑟−𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)
Exercise Problems
a. Find the volume of copper ball which has a mass of 400 g if the specific gravity of copper is 8.9.
b. A hydraulic press has a small piston of diameter 2 cm. If a force of 60 N is applied to the smaller
piston, a force of 3000 N is exerted on the larger piston. What is the diameter of the larger piston?
c. Ice has a density of 0.92 g/cm3 and seawater has a density of 1.04 g/cm3. Determine the total
volume of a floating iceberg if 30 m3 is above the seawater.
d. A man of mass 65 kg stands on a solid floating on water. If the solid has a density of 0.6 g/cm 3
and the man standing on it is just barely out of the surface of the water, determine the volume of
the solid.

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

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Complete column 3: (What I Learned) of the table in activity 1 based on the content notes from activity
2. Use your own words. Never copy any terms used in the content notes. Preferably, complete the table
without looking at the concept notes.

4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Student Engagement (SE) Effective Questioning

A body is immersed in a liquid in such a way

that it is closely in contact with the bottom and
there is no liquid beneath the body. Is there a
buoyant force on the body? Explain.

5) Activity 6: Assessment for Student Learning

Classroom Assessment Technique (CAT) 3-2-1

Three things you learned:

1.
2.
3.
Two things that you would like to learn more about:
1.
2.
One question you still have:
1.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

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FAQs
1. What does static fluid pressure depend on?
The pressure exerted by a static liquid is solely determined by its depth, density, and gravitational
acceleration.

2. Why is pressure same in all directions in a fluid?

Since the fluid molecules are in continuous motion and constantly bumping into one another, pressure
at every point below the upper boundary of fluids, such as air and water, is uniform in all directions.

DENSITIES OF SOME SUBSTANCES

Solids (𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟑 ) Liquids (𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟑 ) Gas (𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟑 ) at 0°C and 1 atm
Aluminum 2.69 Acetic acid 1.05 Air 0.001293
Brass 8.40 Alcohol 0.79 Ammonia 0.000771
Copper 8.93 Benzene 0.90 Argon 0.001787
Gold 19.30 Ether 0.74 Carbon dioxide 0.001977
Iron 7.86 Glycerin 1.26 Helium 0.0000178
Lead 11.36 Mercury 13.6 Hydrogen 0.0000089
Magnesium 1.74 Water 1.00 Nitrogen 0.000125
Nickel 8.90 Oxygen 0.001429
Osmium 22.50 Xenon 0.00589
Platinum 21.37
Silver 10.40
Zinc 7.10
.
PRESSURE
Pa atm cm Hg lb/in2 lb/ft2
-6 -4 -4
1 Pa 1 9.869 x 10 7.501 x 10 1.450 x 10 2.089 x 10-2
5
1 atm 1.013 x 10 1 76 14.70 2.116 x 103
3 -2
1 cm Hg 1.333 x 10 1.316 x 10 1 0.1943 27.85
2 3 -2
1 lb/in 6.895 x 10 6.805 x 10 5.171 1 144
1 lb/ft2 47.88 4.725 x 10-4 3.591 x 10-2 6.944 x 10-3 1

KEY TO CORRECTIONS

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Solution to Exercises
1.
Given:
𝑚 = 400 𝑔 𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 8.9 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝑆𝐺 = 8.9
𝑚 400
𝑉= = = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟗𝟒 𝒄𝒎𝟑
𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 8.9

Find: 𝑉
Solution:
𝑚
𝜌=
𝑉
𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟
𝑆𝐺 = = = 8.9
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

2.

Given: 60 3000
𝜋 =𝜋 2
(2)2
𝑑1 = 2 𝑐𝑚 4 4 𝑑2

3000(2)2
𝑑2 = ඨ = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒 𝒄𝒎
60
𝐹1 = 60 𝑁 𝐹2 = 3000 𝑁

Find: 𝑑2
Solution:

𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2

3.

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Given:

𝑉𝑠 (1040) = (𝑉𝑠 + 30)(920)

𝑊 1040𝑉𝑠 − 920𝑉𝑠 = 27600
𝑉𝑓 = 30 𝑚3 27600
𝑉𝑠 = = 230 𝑚3
120
𝜌𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.04 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑉𝑓 + 𝑉𝑠 = 30 + 230
𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝟐𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝟑
𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 0.92 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

𝐵𝐹

Find: 𝑉
Solution:

𝐵𝐹 = 𝑉𝜌𝑔
𝑉𝑠𝑤 𝜌𝑠𝑤 𝑔 = 𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑔
𝑉𝑠𝑤 𝜌𝑠𝑤 = 𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒

4.
Given: 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 65 𝑘𝑔 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑛 + 𝑊𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = 𝑉𝜌𝑔
𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑛
𝑚𝑔 + 𝑉𝑠 𝜌𝑠 𝑔 = 𝑉𝑤 𝜌𝑤 𝑔

𝑚 + 𝑉𝑠 𝜌𝑠 = 𝑉𝑤 𝜌𝑤
𝑊𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
𝜌𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = 0.6 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑤

65 + 𝑉𝑠 (600) = 𝑉𝑠 (1000)
𝐵𝐹 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
1000𝑉𝑠 − 600𝑉𝑠 = 65
400𝑉𝑠 = 65
Find: 𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑉𝑠 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝟑
Solution:

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Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: Fluid Dynamics Materials:

Lesson Objectives Calculator, Paper, and pen
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
References:
1. Compute the rate of flow and velocity of liquid in a pipe. College Physics by Giambatista,
2. Apply Bernoulli’s theorem in finding rate of flow and velocities Richardson, Richardson.
of water in varying cross-section of pipes. Physics for Scientist and Engineers
3. Compute for the velocities and discharge of liquids using with Modern Physics by Serwey,
Torricelli’s theorem. Jewett.
College Physics by Weber,
Manning, White, Weygand
https://www.britannica.com/science/fluid-
physics

Did you bother asking yourself, where do your water in the faucet at
home comes from? It is served right in every household using a lot of
principles in fluid dynamics. From the reservoir, to water treatment
facilities, to main distribution pipes, down to your faucet and showers at
home! Explore the fluids in motion!

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
The mechanics of fluids at rest is hydrostatics, while the mechanics of fluids in motion is
hydrodynamics or fluid dynamics. The motion of fluids can be overly complicated like the flow of water in
a turbulent stream, or the motion of smoke coming from a smokestack when there is a strong breeze. In
this lesson, we will be concerned only with smooth, steady, or streamline flow.

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2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1 Can you describe the process of

water supply in your barangay?

2 What is the relationship between

varying cross-sectional area of
pipes on their velocities?

3 How does water in a tank flow if

a hole is punched at the bottom?

B. MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)
Streamline Flow
Fluid flow is said to be steady when the fluid velocity at any point does not change in time.
Streamline flow is characterized by an orderly motion of particles as they move from one section of a
pipe to another. Consider the pipe shown below, through which a liquid flow at a steady rate.

𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3

∆𝑥
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤

The liquid completely fills the pipe and the volume of liquid passing through any section of the
pipe per unit time is constant. The liquid is assumed to be incompressible.
Some liquids flow more readily than others, and we have a quantity, viscosity, which is a measure
of the resistance of the liquid to flow. If the viscosity is high, a large amount of work is needed to push a
liquid through a narrow pipe. Water, however, have low viscosity and resistance to fluid motion is
disregarded.
Consider the cross-section area 𝐴1 of the pipe in the figure. The volume of the liquid ∆𝑉 passing
through a short distance ∆𝑥 is,
∆𝑉 = 𝐴1 ∙ ∆𝑥

The rate of flow 𝑄 is the volume of liquid passing through the section per unit time and is given by,
∆𝑉 𝐴1 ∙ ∆𝑥
𝑄= =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

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∆𝑥
since 𝑣 = , then
∆𝑡
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑣1

and since water is incompressible, it follows that, for each section of the pipe,
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝐴3 𝑣3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

this is the equation of continuity.

Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s theorem states that, at any two points along a streamline in an ideal fluid in steady
flow, the sum of the pressure, the potential energy per unit volume, and the kinetic energy per unit volume
have the same volume.
𝐴1 𝐴2
𝐴2 𝑣2 𝐹2
𝐹1 = 𝑝1 𝐴1 𝑣1 𝑣2
𝐹2 = 𝑝2 𝐴2

𝑥1
𝑦2
𝐴1
𝐹1 = 𝑝1 𝐴1 𝐹1 𝑣1
𝑣1
𝑣2 𝐹2 = 𝑝2 𝐴2
𝑥2 𝑦1

ሺ𝑎ሻ𝐹𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒

ሺ𝑏ሻ𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒
1 1 1 1
𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑣1 2 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝑣2 2 𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑣1 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝑣2 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2
2 2 2 2

Venturi meter

ℎ 1 1
𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑣1 2 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝑣2 2
1 2 2
𝑣1 2
𝐴1 𝑣2 𝐴2
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ

𝜌𝑣1 2 𝐴1 2
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = ቆ − 1ቇ
A venturi meter is a device for measuring the 2 𝐴2 2
velocity and the rate of flow of fluids inside a pipe.
It has a main pipe with a larger section 𝐴1 and a
constricted section 𝐴2 . Vertical tubes are inserted
on each of the section.

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Torricelli’s Theorem
When a hole is punched at the side of a tank filled with liquid, the velocity of the liquid through the
orifice depends on how high the surface of the liquid is above the opening.

ℎ1
ℎ3ℎ2 1
𝑣 = ඥ2𝑔ℎ
ℎ4 2
ℎ5 3
ℎ6
4 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴ඥ2𝑔ℎ
5
6

1 2 3 4 5 6

Example Problems
1. Water flows at the rate of 0.25 m3 per minute in a horizontal pipe of varying cross-section.
Determine the velocity of the water at the two section of pipe of radius 6 cm and 9 cm.
Given: Solution:
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
𝐴1 𝐴2
0.00417
𝑣1 = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 𝒎/𝒔
0.011
𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄 = 0.25 = 0.00417
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠
2 2 0.00417
𝐴1 = 𝜋ሺ0.06ሻ = 0.011 𝑚 𝑣2 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝒎/𝒔
0.025
𝐴2 = 𝜋ሺ0.09ሻ2 = 0.025 𝑚2

Find: 𝑣1 , 𝑣2

2. Water flows through a pipe of varying cross-section and varying elevation as shown in the
figure at the rate of 22.2 m3/min. At one section of the pipe 3 m from the ground, the radius of
the pipe is 36 cm and the pressure is 12 N/cm2. What is the pressure at a section where the
radius of the pipe is 18 cm and is 0.7 m from the ground level?

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Given:
𝑁
𝑝1 = 12 = 120000 𝑁/𝑚2
𝑐𝑚2
𝐴1

𝑟1 = 36 𝑐𝑚

Solution:
𝑟2 = 18 𝑐𝑚
𝑦1 = 3 𝑚
𝐴2 1 1
𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑣1 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝑣2 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2
2 2
𝑦2 = 0.7 𝑚
1
𝑝2 = 𝑝1 + 𝜌ሺ𝑣1 2 − 𝑣2 2 ሻ + 𝜌𝑔ሺ𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ሻ
2
𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄 = 22.2 = 0.37
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠 1
𝑝2 = 120000 + ሺ1000ሻሾሺ0.90ሻ2 − ሺ3.7ሻ2 ሿ
2
𝐴1 = 𝜋ሺ0.36ሻ2 = 0.41 𝑚2 + ሺ1000ሻሺ9.81ሻሺ3 − 0.7ሻ
𝐴2 = 𝜋ሺ0.18ሻ2 = 0.10 𝑚2 𝑝2 = 120000 − 6440 + 22563 = 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
0.37
𝑣1 = = 0.90 𝑚/𝑠
0.41
0.37
𝑣2 = = 3.7 𝑚/𝑠
0.10
Find: 𝑝2
3. Water flows through a venturi meter at a steady rate. At the section where the area is 50 cm2,
the height of the liquid in the vertical tube is 10 cm, while at the section where the area is 90
cm2, the height of the liquid in the vertical tube is 20 cm. Determine the velocity of the water
in the main pipe, the velocity of water in the constriction, and the rate of flow of water.

Given: ℎ2 = 20 𝑐𝑚
ℎ ℎ1 = 10 𝑐𝑚

𝑣1 𝑣2
𝐴1 𝐴2

Find: 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑄

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Solution:
𝜌𝑣1 2 𝐴1 2 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = ቆ − 1ቇ
2 𝐴2 2
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ = ሺ1ሻሺ981ሻሺ20 − 10ሻ 𝐴1 𝑣1 90ሺ93.59ሻ
𝑣2 = = = 𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟒𝟔 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
𝐴2 50
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 9810 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑐𝑚2
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝐴1 2 ሺ90ሻ2
= = 3.24 𝑄 = 90ሺ93.59ሻ = 𝟖𝟒𝟐𝟑. 𝟏 𝒄𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝐴2 2 ሺ50ሻ2
ሺ1ሻ𝑣1 2
9810 = ሺ3.24 − 1ሻ
2

2ሺ9810ሻ
𝑣1 = ඨ = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟓𝟗 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
2.24

4. A water tank has an orifice of 8 cm2 in one vertical side, 3 m below the free surface level in
the tank. Determine the velocity of the discharge. If the cross-section of the stream contracts
to 64 % of the area of the orifice, determine the rate of flow.
Given: Solution:
𝑣 = ඥ2𝑔ℎ = ඥ2ሺ9.81ሻሺ3ሻ
𝑣 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟕 𝒎/𝒔

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴ඥ2𝑔ℎ

𝑄 = 0.64ሺ0.0064ሻሺ7.67ሻ

𝑄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔

Find: 𝑣, 𝑄
2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)
Exercise Problems
a. Water flows from a pipe of diameter 1.5 inch at an average velocity of 3.5 ft/s. Determine the rate
of flow in gallons per minute if 1 gal = 231 in3.
b. It has been estimated that a man’s heart is about 33 cm below his brain. Considering the density
of human blood to be 1.1 x 103 kg/m3, what pressure must the heart produce to supply blood to
the brain?
c. Water flows through a venturi meter. At the constricted section where the area is 24 cm 2, the
pressure is 10.2 N/cm2, and at the section where the area is 64 cm2, the pressure is 18.0 N/cm2.
Determine the velocities of water in the larger and smaller pipes and the rate of flow.
d. A cylindrical tank is 6 m high and is full of water. An orifice 1 m from the top is opened. How far
from the bottom of the tank will the jet strike the ground?

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3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

Complete column 3: (What I Learned) of the table in activity 1 based on the content notes from activity
2. Use your own words. Never copy any terms used in the content notes. Preferably, complete the table
without looking at the concept notes.

4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Student Engagement (SE) Effective Questioning

Why is a water tower generally placed on top

of a hill? if the hill is 50 m high, can it supply water
to the top floor of a 100-m tall office building? If
not, how does water get to that floor?

5) Activity 6: Assessment for Student Learning

Classroom Assessment Technique (CAT) 3-2-1

Three things you learned:

1.
2.
3.
Two things that you would like to learn more about:
1.
2.
One question you still have:
1.

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C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

FAQs
System Pressure ሺ𝒑ሻ Velocity ሺ𝒗ሻ Elevation ሺ𝒚ሻ Density ሺ𝝆ሻ Gravity ሺ𝒈ሻ
MKS 𝑁/𝑚2 𝑚/𝑠 𝑚 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝑚/𝑠 2
CGS 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒/𝑐𝑚2 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 𝑐𝑚 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2
English 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔/𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2

KEY TO CORRECTIONS

Solution to Exercises
1. Given:
𝑓𝑡 𝜋 𝑖𝑛3
𝑣 = 3.5 = 42 𝑖𝑛/𝑠 𝑄= ሺ1.5ሻ2 ሺ42ሻ = 74.22
𝑠 4 𝑠
𝑑 = 1.5 𝑖𝑛 𝑄 𝑖𝑛3 1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 60 𝑠 𝒈𝒂𝒍
𝑄 = 74.22 𝑥 3
𝑥 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟐𝟖
𝑠 231 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝒎𝒊𝒏
1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 = 231 𝑖𝑛3

Find: 𝑄 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛
Solution:
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣

2. Given:
Solution:
𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ

𝑝 = 1.01 𝑥 103 ሺ9.81ሻሺ0.33ሻ

ℎ = 33 𝑐𝑚
𝑝 = 𝟑𝟓𝟔𝟏. 𝟎𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟑. 𝟓𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑵/𝒎𝟐

𝜌 = 1.1 𝑥 103 𝑘𝑔/𝑚

Find: 𝑝

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3. Given:
ሺ1ሻ𝑣1 2 ሺ64ሻ2
𝑝2 = 10.2 𝑁/𝑐𝑚2 780000 = ቈ − 1቉
2 ሺ24ሻ2
𝐴2 = 24 𝑐𝑚2
2ሺ780000ሻ
𝑣1 = ඨ = 𝟓𝟎𝟓. 𝟐𝟗 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
6.11
𝐴1 = 64 𝑐𝑚2
𝑝1 = 18 𝑁/𝑐𝑚2
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
Find: 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑄
64ሺ505.29ሻ
Solution: 𝑣2 = = 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟕. 𝟒𝟒 𝒄𝒎/𝒔
24
𝜌𝑣1 2 𝐴1 2
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = ቆ − 1ቇ 𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 64ሺ505.29ሻ
2 𝐴2 2
𝑄 = 64ሺ505.29ሻ = 𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟖. 𝟓𝟔 𝒄𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝑁
𝑝1 = 18 2 = 1.8 𝑥 106 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑐𝑚2
𝑐𝑚
𝑁
𝑝2 = 10.2 2 = 1.02 𝑥 106 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑐𝑚2
𝑐𝑚

4. Given:
Solve for 𝑡,
1𝑚 1
𝑦 = 𝑔𝑡 2
2
2ሺ5ሻ
6𝑚 𝑡=ඨ =1𝑠
9.81
𝑦 =5𝑚
Solve for 𝑥,
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑡

𝑥 = ሺ4.43ሻሺ1ሻ = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟑 𝒎
𝑥
Find: 𝑥
Solution:

𝑣 = ඥ2𝑔ℎ = ඥ2ሺ9.81ሻሺ1ሻ = 4.43 𝑚/𝑠

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Lesson title: Waves Materials:

Lesson Objectives Calculator, Paper, and pen
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. References:
1. Determine the velocity of transverse wave and longitudinal College Physics by Giambatista,
wave. Richardson, Richardson.
2. Calculate the sound level intensity of different source of sound Physics for Scientist and Engineers
with Modern Physics by Serwey,
Jewett.
College Physics by Weber,
Manning, White, Weygand
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/
waves

One of the significant aspects of the study of

physics is energy propagation. There are
many ways to do this. Imagine you are on the
opposite bank of a river and you want to
attract the attention of a lady on the opposite
bank of the river. Think of several ways how
you will catch the lady’s attention.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
Wave motion represents phenomena in which a disturbance propagates through a medium. The
disturbance carries energy from one point to another. You will be learning in this lesson all about
mechanical waves. These waves require a medium. For example. you will study one dimensional wave
traveling on a string. The string is the medium. You will also consider mechanical waves in three
dimensions; the wave can travel in any direction through a bulk medium. When the medium is air, you
call such mechanical waves sound.

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2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1 If you drop a stone in a still water,

ripples are formed after the impact.
What type of wave is this?

2 What is the loudest sound that

your ears can hear?

3 What is an audible wave?

B. MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)
Wave
A wave is a disturbance that travels through a medium.

Transverse Wave
In transverse waves the particles of the medium vibrate in paths perpendicular to the direction the
wave moves. See figure (a).

Linear Density (mass per unit length) (𝝁)

𝑚
𝜇=
𝐿

Velocity of a Transverse Wave

𝑇
𝑣=√
𝜇
Longitudinal Wave
In longitudinal waves the path in which the particles vibrate are parallel to the direction of the wave
travels. See figure (b).

Velocity of a Longitudinal Wave

𝐵. 𝑀. where:
𝑣=√ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝐵. 𝑀. −𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
𝜌
𝑌. 𝑀. −𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
𝑌. 𝑀. 𝜌 − 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑣=√ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
𝜌

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1 2 3 4

F
1 2 3 4
1 F
2 4
3

12 3 4
3
2 4
1

12 3 4

(a) Transverse wave (b) Longitudinal wave

Velocity, Frequency and Wavelength

The velocity (𝒗) of a wave is related to the frequency (𝒇) and the wavelength (𝝀).
𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆

Sinusoidal Wave
A one-dimensional sinusoidal wave is one for which the positions of the elements of the medium vary
sinusoidally. A sinusoidal wave traveling to the right can be expressed with wave function.
2𝜋
𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 sin [ (𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡)]
𝜆

Angular Wave Number (𝒌)

2𝜋
𝑘=
𝜆

Angular Frequency (𝝎)

2𝜋
𝜔= = 2𝜋𝑓
𝑇

where:
𝐴 − 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
𝜆 − 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑣 − 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑇 − 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
𝑓 − 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

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Intensity of Sound Waves

The intensity of a periodic sound wave, which is the power per unit area.
𝑝0 = 𝜔𝑣𝜌𝑠0
𝜌0 2 Sound Levels
𝐼= Source of Sound 𝛽(𝑑𝐵)
2𝜌𝑣
Nearby jet plane 150
where:
Jackhammer; machine gun 130
𝑝0 − 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 120
Siren; rock concert
𝜔 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 2𝜋𝑓 Subway; power 100
𝑣 − 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 lawnmower
𝜌 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 Busy traffic 80
Vacuum cleaner 70
Sound Intensity Level in Decibels Normal conversation 60
The sound level (𝜷) is defined by the equation, Mosquito buzzing 40
𝐼 Whisper 30
𝛽 = 10 log ( ) Rustling leaves 10
𝐼0
where: Threshold of hearing 0
𝐼0 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 1.0 𝑥 10−12 𝑊/𝑚2
𝐼 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚. (𝑊/𝑚2 )
𝛽 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑠 (𝑑𝐵)

Example Problems
1. Determine the velocity of a transverse wave in a string whose length is 4 m and with a total
mass of 20 g when a tension of 100 N is applied.
Given: Solution:
𝑚 = 20 𝑔 = 0.02 𝑘𝑔
𝑇 𝑇 100
𝐿 =4𝑚 𝑣 = √ = √𝑚 = √ = 𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟐 𝒎/𝒔
𝜇 0.02
𝑇 = 100 𝑁 𝐿 4

Find: 𝑣

2. Determine the speed of a longitudinal wave in water if the bulk modulus of water is 0.23 x
1011 dynes/cm2.
Given: Solution:
11 2
𝐵. 𝑀. = 0.23 𝑥 10 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑐𝑚
11
𝜌 = 1 𝑔/𝑐𝑚 3 𝐵. 𝑀 √0.23 𝑥 10
𝑣=√ = = 𝟏𝟓𝟏, 𝟔𝟓𝟕. 𝟓𝟏 𝒎/𝒔
𝜌 1
Find: 𝑣

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 PHY 032: PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS
Module #14 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

3. The song of the Brown Keeper Bird is extremely high in frequency- as high as 8 kHz. Many
people who have lost some of their high-frequency hearing cannot hear it at all. Suppose that
you are out in the woods and hear the bird song. If the intensity of the song at your position is
1.4 x 10-8 W/m2 and the frequency is 6 kHz, what are the pressure and displacement amplitude
if the density of air is 1.20 kg/m3 and the velocity of sound in air is 343 m/s.
Given: Solution:
𝐼 = 1.4 𝑥 10−8 𝑊/𝑚2 𝑝0 2
𝐼=
𝑓 = 6 𝑘𝐻𝑧 2𝜌𝑣

𝜌 = 1.20 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝑝0 = ඥ2𝐼𝜌𝑣 = ඥ2(1.4 𝑥 10−8 )(1.20)(343)

𝑣 = 343 𝑚/𝑠 𝑝0 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑷𝒂
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 2𝜋(6) = 37,699.11 𝐻𝑧 𝑝0 = 𝜔𝑣𝜌𝑠0
Find: 𝑝0 , 𝑠0 (𝜔𝑣𝜌𝑠0 )2
𝐼=
2𝜌𝑣
2𝐼 2(1.4 𝑥 10−8 )
𝑠0 = √ 2 = √
𝜌𝜔 𝑣 1.20(37699.11)2 (343)

𝑠0 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝒎

4. The sound intensity 5 m from a jackhammer is 4.20 x 10-2 W/m2. Determine the sound intensity
10−12 𝑊
level in decibels if 𝐼0 = 1.00 𝑥 𝑚2
?
Given: Solution:
𝐼0 = 1.00 𝑥 10−12 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐼
𝐼 = 4.20 𝑥 10 −2
𝑊/𝑚 2 𝛽 = 10 log
𝐼0
4.20 𝑥 10−2
Find: 𝛽 𝛽 = 10 log
1.00 𝑥 10−12
𝛽 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒅𝑩

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (18 mins + 2 mins checking)

Exercise Problems
1. Determine the velocity of sound in mercury, which has a bulk modulus of 2.8 x 1010 and a
density of 1.36 x 104 kg/m3.
2. In a factory, three machines produce noise with intensity levels of 85 dB, 90 dB, and 93 dB.
When all three are running, what is the intensity level?
3. A sinusoidal sound wave moves through a medium and is described by the displacement
wave function 𝑠(𝑥, 𝑡) = 2.00 cos(15.7𝑥 − 858𝑡), where s in micrometers, x is in meters, and t
is in seconds. Calculate the amplitude, wavelength and the speed of the wave.

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 PHY 032: PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS
Module #14 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

4. What is the wavelength in water of a compressional wave whose frequency is 400 per second
if the speed of wave in water is 1,450 m/s?

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

Complete column 3: (What I Learned) of the table in activity 1 based on the content notes from activity
2. Use your own words. Never copy any terms used in the content notes. Preferably, complete the table
without looking at the concept notes.

4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Student Engagement (SE) Effective Questioning

𝑇
Show that the equation 𝑣 = ට does give the
𝜇

appropriate units for velocity.

Activity 6: Assessment for Student Learning

Classroom Assessment Technique (CAT) 3-2-1

Three things you learned:

1.
2.
3.
Two things that you would like to learn more about:
1.
2.
One question you still have:
1.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP

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Module #14 Student Activity Sheet

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

FAQs
1. What are the two types of waves?
Longitudinal and transverse waves are the two types of waves. Transverse waves are similar to those
found on water, with the surface rising and falling, while longitudinal waves are similar to those found in
sound, consisting of alternating compressions and rarefactions in a medium.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Solution to Exercises
1. Given: Solution:
10 2
𝐵. 𝑀. = 2.8 𝑥 10 𝑁/𝑚
𝐵. 𝑀 2.8 𝑥 1010
𝜌 = 1.36 𝑥 104 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝑣=√ =√ = 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟒. 𝟖𝟔 𝒎/𝒔
𝜌 1.36 𝑥 104
Find: 𝑣

2.
Given: 𝛽1
𝐼0 = 1.00 𝑥 10−12 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐼1 = 1010 𝐼0 = 1085/10 (1.00 𝑥 10−12 ) = 3.16 𝑥 10−4 𝑊/𝑚2
𝛽1 = 85 𝑑𝐵
𝛽2
𝛽2 = 90 𝑑𝐵 𝐼2 = 1010 𝐼0 = 1090/10 (1.00 𝑥 10−12 ) = 1 𝑥 10−3 𝑊/𝑚2
𝛽3
𝛽3 = 93 𝑑𝐵 𝐼3 = 1010 𝐼0 = 1093/10 (1.00 𝑥 10−12 ) = 1.995 𝑥 10−3 𝑊/𝑚2

Find: 𝛽 𝐼 = 3.311 𝑥 10−3 𝑊/𝑚2

Solution:
𝐼 3.311 𝑥 10−3
𝐼 𝛽 = 10 log10 = 10 log10
𝛽 = 10 log10 𝐼0 1.00 𝑥 10−12
𝐼0
𝛽 𝛽 = 𝟗𝟓. 𝟐 𝒅𝑩
𝐼 = 1010 𝐼0

𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3

3.

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Given: Solve for 𝜆,

𝑠(𝑥, 𝑡) = 2.00 cos(15.7𝑥 − 858𝑡) 2𝜋 2𝜋

𝜆= = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎 𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝟒𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝑘 15.7
Find: 𝐴, 𝜆, 𝑣
Solution: Solve for 𝑣,
𝜔 858
𝑠(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡) 𝑣= = = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟔𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
𝑘 15.7

Solve for 𝐴,

𝐴 = 𝟐 𝝁𝒎

4.
Given:
𝑓 = 400 𝐻𝑧
𝑣 = 1450 𝑚/𝑠
Find: 𝜆
Solution:
𝑣
𝑓=
𝜆

𝑣 1450
𝜆= = = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒎
𝑓 400

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