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Lecture Notes #5 Design of Tensile Members I

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11 views24 pages

Lecture Notes #5 Design of Tensile Members I

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cenewo7114
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CIVL 4404 Steel Structure Design

Lecture Notes #5

Design of Tension Members I

Professor Guowei Ma
Office: Room 1.60, Civil and Mechanical Building
Tel: 61-8-6488-3102
Email: [email protected]

1
Tension Member in Structures
Cross Section of Tension Members

3
Tension Capacity
AS4100 : 1998. Clause 7.2
The section is adequate in tension when the design
force is less than the reduced capacity
N* ≤ Φ Nt

Nt = member capacity in tension


N* = design axial tension force
Φ = capacity reduction factor
= 0.9 for all general tension member
= 0.8 for threaded rods, bolt
= 0.3 – 0.4 recommended for cables
Nominal axial capacity
The nominal axial capacity of a member loaded in
tension, Nt, is calculated as the lesser of follows:

Nt = Ag fy

Nt = 0.85 kt An fu
Ag = gross area of cross section
An = net area of cross section. (AS4100 Clause 9.1.10.3)
kt = correction factor for distribution of forces due to end
connections (AS4100 Clause 7.3)
fy = yield stress
fu = ultimate tensile strength
Nominal axial capacity
Nt = Ag fy
The failure criteria bases on yielding of gross section Agfy
When the cross area is not significantly reduced by drilling
holes, i.e.
fy
An Ag
0.85kt f u

The member is highly ductile and can resist without fracture


a force greater than Agfy with strain hardening.
Warning before failure is clear and evident with significant
plastic deformation.
Nominal axial capacity
Nt = 0.85 kt An fu
The failure criteria bases on fracture through the net
section ktAnfu when cross section is reduced
significantly by the holes.
Member fails before any significant yielding of gross
section observed.
Factor 0.85 is an extra to account for sudden failure
due to local brittle fracture on the net section.
Nominal axial capacity
Table 7.3.2 Correction factor (kt)
(i) 0.75 for unequal angles connected by
the short leg; 0.85 otherwise

(ii) As for case (i)

(iii) 0.85

(iv) 0.95

(v)
1.0

(vi)
1.0

(vii)
1.0
8
Nominal axial capacity
Perfect tension member: Straight, concentrically
loaded, no hole and free of residual stress. It behaves
similarly to the stress-strain curve relationship
Nominal axial capacity
First displacement increases with load and equals
NL
e
EAg
This increases linearly until the yield load (the member
load capacity) is reached. Member yields

Nt Ny Ag f y
Behaviours under loading
Almost no load increases until strain-hardening
commences. After this, load increases slowly to
max value.

Nu Ag f u
Member is ductile
Member with small holes
When holes are small, the member will reach the yield
load for the gross area fy
An Ag
The early yielding and 0.85kt f u
early strain hardening
around the holes
causes non-linear
behaviour (figure) but
this is minor and can
be ignored
Member is ductile
Member with significant reduction
in the cross section area
• Net area = Gross area – Area due to bolt holes
• Standard bolt sizes in mm are 12, 16, 20, 24,
30, and 36 .
• Bolt hole = bolt size + 2, for bolt sizes up to 24
mm,
• Bolt hole = bolt size + 3 (or more), for bolt size
larger than 24 mm
Case 1: Holes are in line
• If bolt holes are in line across a tension
member, the net area is
An = Ag – Aholes
m
where Aholes dit max
i 1

m = number of holes on the line


di = diameter of hole ith on the line
t = thickness of the steel plate
Example 1
• 22 mm bolt holes, beam flange thickness is 25
mm. What will be the deducted area?
• Aholes = 2 * 22 * 25 = 1100 mm2
Example 1
• 2 m away from this connection, the beam
member has another connection is with 4
bolts in line
• What will be deducted area for the beam?
• Answer: We target at the smallest net area of
the beam, hence:
Deducted area = max Aholes for the beam
= 4 * 22 * 25
= 2200 mm2
Case 2: Staggered holes
• When the holes area in staggered, the net area
is the smaller of
An = Ag – Aholes_in_line
An = Ag – Aholes_in_stagger + Aa

Aholes_in_line = area lost by bolt holes in line


Aholes_in_stagger = area lost by staggered bolt holes
Aa = allowance for staggered holes
Aa: allowance for staggered holes

s 2p t
Aa
4 sg
summation over number of
staggers in the chain of holes

• sp = longitudinal stagger spacing


• sg = gauge line spacing
• t = member plate thickness
• Consider the staggered
holes on single plate
• Failure path is either
along ABDE (non-
staggered) (1) or along
ABCDE (staggered) (2),
whichever gives smaller
net are
(1) An = Ag – Aholes_in_line
Aholes_in_line = max = 2dt

(2) An = Ag – Aholes_in_stagger + Aa
3 holes in zig-zag: Aholes_in_stagger = 3dt
2 staggers: Aa = 2 (sp2t) / (4sg)
Example 2: Find deduction area
• Uni-axial force P.
• Longitudinal bolt spacing = 60 mm
• Bolt row spacing = 60 mm
• Bolt hole d = 22 mm, beam flange t = 25 mm
Example 2: Find deduction area
• There are maximum of 2 holes in line
Aholes_in_line= 2 * 22 * 25 = 1100 mm2
• There are 3 holes in zig-zag and 2 staggers
Aholes_in_stagger – Aa= 3*22*25 – 2*302*25/(4*60)
Aholes_in_stagger – Aa= 1462.5 mm2
• Hence the failure path of the connection is
along the staggered holes and the deduction
area is 1462.5 mm2
Example 3: Find An
• Both flanges of UB section of thickness 25 mm
contain 22 mm bolt holes.
• Ag = 201x102 mm2
Example 3: Find An
• There are maximum of 2 holes in line, hence
Aholes_in_line= 2 * (2 * 22 * 25) = 2200 mm2
• The staggered line includes 4 holes and 2
staggers
Aholes_in_stagger = 2 *( 4 * 22 * 25) = 4400 mm2
Aa= 2 * 2 * 302 * 25/ (4 * 60) = 375 mm2
• Hence the failure path of the connection is
along the staggered holes with deduction area
= (4400 - 375) = 4025 mm2
• An = 20100 – 4025 = 16075 mm2
Reading
• AS 4100 - 1998.
– Section 7 “Member subject to axial tension”.
Clause 7.1 to 7.3
– Clause 9.1.10
• AS 4100 Suppl – 1999. Section C7
• “Steel Designers’ Handbook”, Chapter 7

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