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Immanuel Ulrich
Good Teaching
in Higher
Education
Practical Tips for Planning and Designing
Courses
Good Teaching in Higher Education
Immanuel Ulrich
This book is a translation of the original German „Gute Lehre in der Hochschule“ by Ulrich, Immanuel, pub-
lished by Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH in 2020. The translation was done with the help of an artifi-
cial intelligence machine translation tool. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content,
so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works con-
tinuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to
support the authors.
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
GmbH, part of Springer Nature 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does
not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective
laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors
or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affiliations.
For the second edition, the book was completely updated to correct individual errors
that were still found and to expand the content. For this purpose, new research results
were integrated into all chapters and the following new chapters were written: Teaching
Learning Strategies and Self Management Skills (Chap. 7), dealing with Plagiarism and
the sSpecific Teaching Format Excursion (both Chap. 9) as well as The Concept of the
Flipped- or Inverted-Classroom (Chap. 10). In addition, a new teaching myth (Chap. 2)
and several teaching methods (Chap. 14) were integrated.
The second edition shows that the book was apparently useful for readers. May this
second edition, having been adapted based on the most current research, be helpful to
you as well. P.S. Addition to the translation in English I would like to thank the Springer
publishing house for the possibility of the English translation of my book. In particular, I
would like to thank Mr. Maximilian Rittelmann as well as Ms. Eva Brechtel-Wahl from
Springer-Verlag for their support. I would also like to thank Ashley Melucci for her help
with proof reading.
VII
Preface to the First Edition
IX
Contents
XI
XII Contents
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
List of Figures
XVII
XVIII List of Figures
XIX
XX List of Tables
Table 4.16 Hierarchy and learning levels of the learning goals as well as
selected teaching and assessment methods based on a practical
example form the natural sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Table 4.17 Course plan example from the natural sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Table 4.18 The curriculum of individual lectures: Practical examples from
the natural sciences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Table 5.1 Aspects of nonverbal and paraverbal communication.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Table 6.1 Dimensions of the teacher's role. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Table 6.2 Motives and “types” of difficult students and your possible
behavior as a teacher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Table 6.3 Main points of relationship management by Thomas M.. . . . . . . . . . . 106
Table 6.4 Main points of relationship management by Markus T.. . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Table 6.5 Main points of relationship management by Sandra F.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Table 7.1 Paradigms of learning.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Table 7.2 Types of questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Table 7.3 Question forms to activate students according to Winteler
(2011, pp. 90 ff.), elaborations from Ulrich (2013b, pp. 121–122). . . . 116
Table 7.4 Learning strategies according to Landmann et al. (2015, S. 53)
and their effect on grades according to Richardson et al. (2012). . . . . 119
Table 8.1 Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Table 8.2 Overview of goal dimensions with possibilities for teachers.. . . . . . . . 129
Table 9.1 Cultural dimensions according to Hofstede (1986) and
Hofstede et al. (2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Table 9.2 Preparing and conducting an interview regarding plagiarism
accusations. (From Schiefner, 2010, p. 19). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Table 9.3 Possible field trips of selected colleagues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Table 9.4 Aspects to be considered from a didactic and organizational
point of view.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Table 10.1 Blended Learning Formats—Potential Benefits for Students. . . . . . . . 163
Table 10.2 Advantages and disadvantages of traditional and
flipped-classroom formats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Table 11.1 Course of the consultation process.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Table 12.1 Overview of examination methods at universities.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Table 12.2 Quality criteria in detail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Table 12.3 Reference norms for examinations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Table 12.4 Rating errors and measures to avoid them.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Table 12.5 Overview of the examination forms including their assessment
and achievable learning levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Table 12.6 Evaluation levels according to Kirkpatrick (1979).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Table 12.7 Disturbing factors of teaching evaluation results.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
List of Tables XXI
Table 12.8 Validated scales and closed questions for teaching evaluations
including reference values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Table 14.1 Overview of all teaching methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
About the Author
XXIII
How Do I Use This Book?
1
Contents
Abstract
In this chapter you will learn—after a brief introduction—about the basic ideas
behind this book. Furthermore, you will be informed of the book's structure and
which chapters to prioitise.
Thank you for purchasing this book and taking the time to read it. I assume you want to
expand your (university) teaching skills and would like to use this book for this purpose.
It will provide you with a comprehensive, well-founded overview of good teaching.
Allow me to continue to address you directly as though we were conversing in a uni-
versity setting—we are, after all, among peers.
When I started teaching—in 2001 as a tutor for statistics (beeing a BA and later MA stu-
dent in psychology) and in 2007 as a “real teacher” (resp. a young doctoral student)—
I possessed a specialiesed education in psychology, but, in fact, I had no real teaching
qualifications whatsoever. Not only was I unsure of how to teach because of my lack of
teaching experience, but I was also at a loss as how to teach well. I had to qualify myself
for teaching by a) trying things out myself, b) observing other teachers1 as well as c)
reading literature on university teaching. In the end, I made many unnecessary teaching
mistakes and wasted years by not offering more effective lessons.
Welcome to the (German) higher education system.2 However, since the “Quality Pact
for Teaching” 2011 (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, 2011), free optional
further education courses in higher education didactics for teaching staff are often
offered. The qualification of all teaching staff in higher education is only a university
standard in other countries, such as the USA or Great Britain.
My book is intended to help you make up for this deficiency. It is aimed at teachers
of all disciplines, but especially at teachers with little or no teaching experience who are
interested in improving their teaching methods. But even experienced teachers can use
this book to break down the established teaching structures and recieve new input.
The theory, practice and methods presented in this book are based on all English
and German scientific empirical studies on good teaching in higher education I found
and that were published up until this book's print date. So that you do not drown in the
mass of individual findings, I concentrate mainly on meta-analyses.3 I supplement these
sources with real examples from my own teaching experience and that of the around 250
teachers I have been worked since 2009.
I would like to inspire you as a teacher and give you the courage to try something new
in your own lessons. Good teaching can be learned!
1I use neutral formulations where possible (e.g. “students”). This is sometimes not possible. Unfor-
tunately, despite decades of discourse, there is still no social consensus on which of the many dif-
ferent linguistic formulations does justice to men, women and (in recent years) transgender people.
To make matters worse, there are contrary recommendations within gender research. E.g., German-
language gender research recommends gendering job titles (e.g., "the authoress," DGPs, 2016, p.
45). Accordingly, the sentence "Theresa May was Prime Ministress of Great Britain" would be cor-
rect according to German-language gender research, whereas the sentence "Theresa May was Prime
Minister of Great Britain" would be sexist. English-language gender research, however, takes the
opposite position and generally does not gender job titles (e.g., APA Style, 2022, in "6. Specifying
gender when it is not relevant"). Given these conflicting research findings, I have tried to find what
seems to me to be the best possible solution (e.g., the teaching examples always describe teachers
of the underrepresented gender in the subject of study – a female teacher name in physics, a male
teacher name in psychology). However, all people are meant to be included.
2 I normally use the general term university, but this always refers to all higher education institu-
tions (vocational schools, colleges etc.). If there are two per sentence, I use alternative terms.
3 What a meta-analysis is and what its values (effect size d = X,YZ) mean, I explain in Chap. 3.
1.3 How to use this book 3
What follows this introductory chapter and what should you read:
• Chapter 2 deals with popular teaching myths, which I refute with studies. If you do
not believe any of the myths in the list at the beginning, you can skip the chapter.
• Chapter 3 includes the scientifically verified basics of good university teaching and
explains how learning works and what you can do as a teacher. I strongly recommend
that you read this chapter if you doubt the scientificity of higher education didactics.
• Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 deal with the individual aspects of good
university teaching, which are arranged according to the typical phases of teach-
ing: Plan (Chap. 4), carry out (Chaps. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11), check and evaluate
(Chap. 12) as well as reflect and innovate (Chap. 13). Each of these chapters can be
read individually. Start with the chapter that interests you the most—possibly after
reading the summary.4
• Chapter 14 contains a comprehensive collection of didactically useful teaching meth-
ods including aim and field of application, detailed procedure, duration and material
and method variations. Read through the aim and field of application of all methods
as well as the further information on the methods that appeal to you.
Chapters 4 through 8 and 10 through 13 contain not only theoretical sections with sci-
entific studies but also practice sections with three “Best Practice” teaching examples.
These examples are consistent across the individual chapters, i.e. the example remains
the same, but the topic changes (in Chap. 8 “how to motivate in course A”, in Chap. 11
“how to support in course A”). I discuss one example from the humanities, social sci-
ences and natural sciences to address the main issues of each subject: Reading scientific
texts, (statistical) method training, basic mathematical basic. Since, for example, reading
scientific texts also plays a role outside of the humanities, the examples from other disci-
plines may also be interesting for you.
At the beginning of each chapter, I summarise what you will learn in this chapter.
4 Ifyou do not want to work through the whole book from beginning to end in one sitting and do
not know where to start, I recommend the following: According to the current research (cf. Hattie,
2011), the most effective aspects of good university teaching are:
a) Transparent performance requirements (learning objectives and performance criteria, cf.
Chap. 4)
b) Stimulating teaching strategies (cf. Chaps. 7 and 14)
c) Use of feedback (cf. Chap. 12).
Start with that. If you have little time, tackle just a single, shorter chapter.
4 1 How Do I Use This Book?
Since we can often only invest little time in teaching because of non-teaching tasks
(research, etc.), I explain at the end of each chapter what effectively promotes good
teaching with minimal time investment.
• Read only the respective boxes at the end of the chapters entitled “What Can Be
Done Quickly Without Effort” in Chaps. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13. ◄
References
Contents
Abstract
This chapter contains popular myths about good teaching at universities. If you do
NOT believe the following points, you can skip this chapter.
But there is decades-long, worldwide research on this. For details, see Chap. 3. Therefore,
this argument is an (easily refutable) self-serving declaration made by teachers who would
rather avoid confronting any researched quality criteria regarding their lessons. In fact, teach-
ers and students have quite similar ideas of "good teaching" (cf. Ledić et al., 1999, p. 221).
2.2 You Can Say What Good Teaching is, but it Differs
Depending on the Subject
should not be valid in individual subjects. Of course, there are some specific differences
in individual subject groups such as the US customary distinction between the natural
sciences (focus in teaching: Mathematical knowledge), social sciences (methodological
knowledge) and humanities (text work). For example, in the natural sciences, the discus-
sion of questions of natural law, chemical reactions, etc. is only meaningful in thought
experiments (e.g. “What if gravity were 1% stronger in the universe?”). In the humani-
ties, discussions of questions such as “What is knowledge?” and “Which philosopher is
right in what respect?” are central.
However, the detailed distinction between individual, similar subjects is not useful in
the case of good university teaching—for example, subject-specific teaching in a chemis-
try laboratory vs. subject-specific teaching in a biology laboratory—, especially since the
differences within the subjects are often much greater (for example, theoretical physics
vs. experimental physics, educational psychology vs. neuropsychology).
Hattie (2009, p. 248–249) could not empirically prove differences in good teaching or
good university teaching.
2.5 The Teacher Personality: Good Teaching Can Either Be Learned or Not 7
2.3 Good Teaching Does Not Work if the Conditions are Bad
No. Bad conditions do indeed adversely affect good teaching, but you as a teacher and
your students are much more important for good teaching (cf. Hattie, 2015). The effect
of class size—the more students, the worse the teaching—is indeed documented, but
small (Kokkelenberg et al., 2008) and often overestimated. For more details, see Chap. 3.
Some teachers represent the principle that they present teaching content, but whether the
way, form, didactic preparation of the content or the form of presentation by the teacher
etc. help the students or not is unimportant to them. Either the students can compensate
for this, or they have to leave the university.
With this argument, as a teacher, one has to work very little when teaching. But this
simplification of work is legally inadmissible, see paragraph 7 of the Higher Education
Framework Act, “Objectives of the Study” (own highlights in the quotation): “Teach-
ing and learning should prepare the student for a professional activity and impart to him
the corresponding professional knowledge, skills and methods required for this in each
case, in accordance with the respective degree programme, in such a way that he is able
to carry out scientific or artistic work and to act responsibly in a liberal, democratic and
social onstitutional state.” (Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz,
2007, p. 5).
This “conveyance of corresponding knowledge” by the teacher includes the empow-
erment of all students who are in the respective lesson as well as "good teaching" in
terms of content and didactics without “low-level teaching”.
If the teacher's personality were so relevant, only a personality test at the beginning of
their career would suffice, and we could dispense with all further education in higher
education didactics. However, hardly any specific personality traits of (mentally healthy)
teachers could be found which generally have a (positive) effect on teaching (Murray
et al., 1990) - Most personality traits have no effect at all on good teaching. Some per-
sonality traits, however, havea slightly to moderately positive or negative effect on the
quality of teaching, depending on the teaching unit (type of student target group, teach-
ing unit format, etc.). Only one “personality trait” had a consistently positive effect:
demonstrated leadership behavior. And this is more of a trainable behavior than a person-
ality trait.
8 2 Popular Myths
Depending on the decade and fashion, different special teaching methods have been alleged
to be generally right for good teaching. This is not the case: A general superiority of spe-
cific teaching methods for all teaching situations or learning goals could not be proven (Hat-
tie, 2009, 2015). It is important that you teach adaptively, i.e., use the appropriate teaching
method for each learning goal or teaching situation (Kerres et al., 2003; Terhart, 2005; Whit-
ener, 1989). An appropriate teaching method is a greater determiner of good teaching than
the respective level of teaching experience an instructor holds (Deslauriers et al., 2011). You
will find more details on this theory in Chap. 3 and on teaching methods in Chap. 14.
Some authors recommend changing the teaching method1 or doing “something original”
every 15–20 min (e.g., Brauer, 2014, pp. 58 and 71; Jenkins, 1992).
The reason they provide for this is that students' attention in lectures continuously
decreases after 10 min of lecture until it stabilizes at a low level (Penner, 1984) . The
15–20 rule prevents this and promotes continuous attention (Middendorf & Kalish,
1996).
These conclusions are clearly to be contradicted: Firstly, Brauer’s idea is somewhat
daring to generalize a finding from a classic lecture ( where students passiveley receive
content) to all existing teaching formats and types. If, for example, in your seminar, the
students have been excitedly discussing or attentively carrying out the laboratory experi-
ment or intensively participating in a business simulation for longer than 20 min, then
do not interrupt this under any circumstances with “something original” or a change of
method. This damages your didactic goal—the students’ learning success.
As long as your students are actively learning (cf. Chap. 7), a change of method is
didactically unnecessary.
1 E.g,. after a lecture you change to group work. No change of content has to be made.
2.9 One Must Take into Account Learning Types 9
It is true that with longer inputs and simultaneous passivity of the students, attention
decreases overall. In this case, a change of method and the incorporation of “something
original” (such as unusual scientific findings, effects, etc.) make sense. Depending on the
content and form of the input, however, attention may decrease either much more slowly
or even faster than the 10 min. mark.
Many university didactic works are oriented towards teaching formats such as lec-
ture, seminar, exercise, etc. (e.g., Brauer, 2014; Schneider & Mustafic, 2015). How-
ever, this is unnecessary. The predetermined designation (lecture, seminar, exercise,
etc.) of your teaching event is not relevant. The main factor is your didactic con-
cept (cf. Deslauriers et al., 2011) . Nobody prevents you from using seminar teaching
methods in a lecture. The only relevant framework conditions that influence your
teaching are the number of students or the characteristics of the room (e.g., fixed
rows of chairs, acoustics).
This may appear to be correct at first glance, but it is not. On the one hand, the tax-
onomy is inconsistent: So the question arises how someone can auditorily, visu-
ally and/or haptically learn without using his intellect . On the other hand the sense
organs are not equally weighted: You can take in a lot more information visually than
auditorily or haptically because the visual system is generally dominant in adults
(e.g., Robinson & Sloutsky, 2004). You can find further criticism of Vester (2004) in
Looß (2001).
10 2 Popular Myths
In total, not a single one of the 71 learning typologies could be proven relevant for
learning success in research, and most of the (few) effects were even contrary to learning
type theory (Pashler et al., 2008).
In the course of the Bologna Process and the associated competence orientation (“shift
from teaching to learning”), the typology of teacher-centered vs. student-centered teach-
ing was often propagated (cf. Fig. 2.1; Kember, 1997). In the past, one drew upon a con-
tinuum of a teaching attitude. tToday, one draws upon two independent teaching attitudes
(Lübeck, 2009).
Often, student-centered teaching as a teaching attitude is presented as normatively
desirable because it promotes better student learning outcomes. This is inaccurate. Fis-
cher and Hänze (2019) even found a negative effect of student-centered teaching meth-
ods on the cognitive activation of students (cognitive activation beeing that which leads
to student learning success).
On average, teachers who have a moderate attitude (positions 2–3, Fig. 2.1) have the
best student learning outcomes (Hattie, 2009, p. 243–244). In general, however, it is less
about the approach of the teachers because these have relatively little impact on concrete
behavior (e.g., Aronson et al., 2014, pp. 238 ff.). Neither constructivist nor transmissive
teacher attitudes have an impact on their use of teacher-centered or student-centered
teaching methods (Fischer & Hänze, 2020). What is ultimately important is the adaptive
LECTURER-CENTRED STUDENT-ORIENTED
INFORMATION TRANSFER SUPPORT FOR LEARNING
Fig. 2.1 Teacher-Centered vs. Student-centered Approaches. (From Rheinberg et al., 2001, p. 337.
Reprinted from Learning and Instruction, Vol 7 (3), David Kember, A reconceptualisation of the
research into university academics’ conceptions of teaching, Pages No. 264, Copyright, 1997, with
permission from Elsevier. Extension by Rheinberg et al., 2001, p. 337, with kind permission)
2.12 Teaching Evaluation Results Say Nothing 11
behavior of the teacher, i.e., the teacher employs the best possible teaching methods for
his learning goal—sometimes teacher-centered, sometimes student-centered, sometimes
mixed forms (cf. Walberg & Lai, 1999, p. 424).
The teaching approach tends to have no influence on the teacher's evaluation results.
There is only a small positive effect between the student-centered approach of the
teacher and the teaching evaluation regarding the intrinsic motivation of the students
(Ulrich, 2013, p. 269 ff.).
If in doubt, a synthesis of the two approaches is usually the best: Activate your stu-
dents but instruct clearly. Good teachers adapt their teaching behavior to the respective
didactic situation (cf. Chap. 9). When mentoring students on their master’s thesis, a
(almost) pure student-centered approach is important, since the didactic goal here is in
the student's autodidacticism.
According to the taxonomy by Marton and Säljö (1976), deep learning would generally
be preferable to surface learning because deep learning has a positive effect on student
learning success on contrary to surface learning (Richardson et al., 2012). However, a
general deep learning is only meaningful if there is unlimited time and resources, as the
effort required is much greater. Surface learning is quick, so it is also important for gen-
eral education. You have only superficially touched upon many topics during your school
career (due to a lack of time) but have nevertheless received a good general education. It
is important that you have a deep understanding of the main content (e.g., deeply under-
standing the basics English of while only superficially grasping the individual vocabu-
lary). In some cases, surface learning is even much more sensible: When you learned
the alphabet, you did not work out the linguistic origin, development and derivation of
the individual letters, but you learned the letters superficially and have been using them
successfully for reading and writing ever since. In this case, deep learning would only be
important for students of linguistics . Analogously, in teaching, especially in introduc-
tions, surface learning makes sense for providing an overview. This is also shown empiri-
cally: Students who used surface learning and deep learning strategically, i.e., depending
on the didactic goal, had greater learning success (d = 0.65) than students who only used
surface learning (d = −0.39) or only deep learning (d = 0.06; Richardson et al., 2012).
But! “Under appropiate conditions, students' evaluations of teaching (SET) are a) multi-
dimensional, b) reliable and stable, c) primarily a function of the instrcutor who teaches
a course rather than the course that istaught , d) relatively valid against a variety of
indicators of effective teaching (e.g., learning tests, external evaluations), e) relatively
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
XX
HEURES DE DÉSŒUVREMENT
É
l'État. L'effet ne s'en fit pas attendre. Un soir vers cinq heures, deux
hommes arrivèrent, ramenant la mulâtresse dans une voiture; ils
l'avaient retrouvée dans le quartier des esclaves d'une habitation
située à vingt-cinq milles de Woodlands.
La femme, dont les poignets étaient ligotés, n'avait évidemment
pas souffert depuis son départ; sa robe était propre; elle paraissait
seulement épouvantée, n'ignorant pas ce qui l'attendait.
Randolph était très heureux d'avoir retrouvé son esclave. Le
lendemain, à déjeuner, il me dit qu'il avait décidé d'infliger à Sophie
un châtiment exemplaire; elle serait fouettée avec la batte, dans le
hall, devant toutes les femmes réunies.
Puis il sortit faire tout préparer pour l'exécution. Vingt minutes
après, il rentrait, me disant:
—Tout est prêt en bas; vous n'avez jamais vu appliquer la batte;
si vous voulez, vous pouvez descendre, ça vous amusera.
Certes, il était triste de voir fouetter une femme, mais je m'y
étais quelque peu habituée, et ma curiosité avivée par la promesse
d'un spectacle que je n'avais jamais vu, je suivis Georges.
Dans le milieu de la pièce, était installé un long bloc de bois,
large d'environ deux pieds, et supporté par quatre piquets munis de
courroies. Sur le plancher, à côté, était la batte: c'était une espèce
de battoir semblable à celui des laveuses, mais n'ayant qu'un demi-
centimètre à peine d'épaisseur, et monté sur un manche de deux
pieds et demi de long; c'était là l'instrument le plus redouté, car
après son application, la peau restait endolorie beaucoup plus
longtemps qu'avec la courroie ou la baguette.
Toutes les femmes de la maison étaient présentes. Dinah, seule,
se tenait près du bloc. Aidée de Milly, elles s'emparèrent de la
coupable.
—Oh! massa, criait celle-ci, étendant les bras en sanglotant, vous
pas baillé batte à ma, baillé ma fessade avec courroie ou baguette,
mais pas baillé batte…
—Étendez-la, commanda Randolph.
En un instant, elle fut solidement ligotée sur le chevalet, et ses
jupes relevées.
Randolph prit la batte, et se plaçant à la gauche de la coupable,
lui dit:
—Maintenant, chienne, je vais recouvrer sur votre peau les
quatre cents dollars que m'a coûtés votre évasion.
Puis il leva la batte aussi haut qu'il le put. Dans l'attente du coup,
la femme avait frissonné, serrant les jambes. L'instrument retomba,
claquant comme un coup de fouet, sur la partie supérieure de la
fesse gauche. Sophie remua convulsivement, et poussa un long cri
de douleur. Une large marque rouge était apparue sur la peau. Le
second coup tomba à gauche et fut suivi d'un nouveau cri et d'une
nouvelle marque.
Georges continua de frapper rudement, visant alternativement à
droite et à gauche un endroit nouveau. Le supplice prit fin. Le
châtiment avait été terrible; Randolph jeta la batte et ordonna à
Dinah de délivrer la femme qui, sitôt détachée, roula à terre en proie
à la plus affreuse douleur.
Je remarquai que les femmes présentes, habituées à la vue de
semblables corrections, n'étaient nullement émues par cette scène
de sauvagerie.
Les semaines s'écoulaient sans grand changement dans notre
existence. La guerre battait son plein et les troupes nordistes
approchaient; les fédéraux étaient entrés en Virginie et n'étaient plus
qu'à peu de distance de Woodlands.
Puis eut lieu la bataille de Bull-Run, perdue par les Nordistes.
Quand la nouvelle de la victoire des confédérés nous parvint,
Randolph ne me cacha pas sa joie. J'étais désolée de cette défaite,
mais je ne tardais pas à reprendre courage, dans l'attente d'autres
victoires de mes compatriotes.
XXIV
GUERRE ET AMOUR
Nous étions trop heureux pour que notre bonheur fût durable!
Un jour le capitaine Franklin reçut l'ordre de partir avec son
détachement: il devait rejoindre le gros de l'armée.
Notre séparation fut cruelle et je me pris à maudire la fortune,
jalouse du moment de bonheur qu'elle avait accordé à mon âme.
Franklin s'éloigna, après m'avoir fait promettre de lui écrire.
Je me mis à la fenêtre, les yeux pleins de larmes, pour voir
disparaître à la tête de son détachement le seul homme que j'aie
jamais aimé d'amour véritable.
Arrivé au bout de l'avenue, il se retourna, me salua du sabre,
puis disparut. Je ne devais plus le revoir: l'année suivante il fut tué à
la bataille de Cedar Mountain.
Cependant quinze jours s'étaient écoulés. Randolph ne revenait
pas. J'étais très inquiète: les esclaves donnèrent fréquemment de
visibles signes d'insubordination et j'écrivis à Georges de venir ou de
m'appeler auprès de lui, quoiqu'il en coûtât à mon cœur de
reprendre la vie commune d'autrefois.
Dans sa réponse il me disait d'aller le rejoindre à Richmond où il
avait loué une superbe maison.
Je fis faire immédiatement mes malles, et commandai de
préparer la voiture qui devait me transporter avec mes bagages.
Le vieux cocher, Jim, parut un peu effrayé de ma décision,
m'apprenant que, depuis le commencement de la guerre, les
chemins étaient infestés par les détrousseurs de grande route, des
Bushwhackers et qu'il était peu prudent de voyager avec des valeurs
sur soi. Il finit par me conseiller de laisser mes bijoux à la garde de
Dinah, et jugeant bon l'avis du vieux nègre je rouvris mes malles
pour en sortir mes bijoux, que j'enfermai dans un coffre-fort
dissimulé dans la muraille de la chambre de Randolph.
A quatre heures, le buggy, attelé de deux bons chevaux, s'arrêta
devant le perron et, mes malles chargées, je commençai mon
voyage.
L'après-midi était splendide.
Très légèrement vêtue, je ne souffrais nullement de la chaleur. Je
passai les rênes à Jim et m'abandonnai à mes pensées. La route
était superbe, et une légère brise nous caressait agréablement.
Certes, je n'étais pas enchantée de revoir Randolph, mais j'espérais
m'amuser à Richmond, du moins mieux qu'à Woodlands.
Comme nous étions arrivés en haut d'une longue côte, et que
Jim avait mis ses chevaux au pas, pour les laisser souffler un peu, je
le fis causer et lui dit que bientôt peut-être il serait un homme libre.
Il hocha la tête, m'affirmant qu'il était bien beau de vivre à sa guise,
mais qu'il était absolument incapable de gagner sa vie et que
presque tous les esclaves pensaient comme lui.
Nous en étions là de notre conversation quand soudain quatre
hommes à l'aspect peu rassurant sortirent des bois et, braquant
d'énormes revolvers dans notre direction, nous crièrent:
—Lâchez les rênes et levez les mains en l'air.
—Par Dieu, maîtresse, les Bushwhackers, me souffla Jim à mi-
voix, puis il leva les mains, pendant que, glacée d'épouvante, je me
cachais en criant.
Deux des bandits s'approchèrent et, avec force jurons, nous
intimèrent l'ordre de descendre. Toute résistance était impossible et,
immédiatement, malgré nos terreurs, il nous fallut obtempérer à
l'ordre; les bandits s'assurèrent tout d'abord que nous n'étions pas
en état de fuir; alors les Bushwhackers remirent leurs revolvers à la
ceinture et se mirent à l'ouvrage: les traits de la voiture furent
enlevés et l'un des hommes, montant sur un cheval et tenant l'autre
par la bride, s'éloigna au grand trot.
Les trois détrousseurs qui restaient jetèrent sans façon mes
malles à terre, et les ayant brisées, commencèrent à fouiller parmi
les étoffes et les robes.
Ils furent vivement désappointés de n'y trouver ni bijoux ni
argent et l'un d'eux, s'approchant de moi, m'ordonna rudement de
lui donner ma bourse. Il n'y trouva que cinq dollars; il se mit à jurer
furieusement. Puis se tournant vers Jim:
—Vous, vieux négro, filez rapidement sans tourner la tête. C'est
compris, n'est-ce pas?
—Non Massa, répondit Jim, mo ka pas quitté maîtesse.
L'homme tira son revolver et l'appliqua sur la tempe du vieux
nègre.
—Allons, au trot, ou je vous casse la tête…
Jim n'avait pas fait un mouvement, et de ses grands yeux
tranquilles il continuait de fixer l'homme.
Je crus comprendre que les bandits voulaient me garder pour me
rançonner et je lui dis:
—Vous pouvez partir, Jim; allez mon ami, vous ne sauriez m'être
utile maintenant.
—Oh! maitesse, mo ka pas l'aimé laissé vous seule com yon
becqué, mo ka couri Woodlands.
Puis il s'en alla lentement, tournant la tête de temps à autre.
Le chef vint à moi:
—Il est déjà tard, dit-il, aussi nous allons vous donner l'hospitalité
pour la nuit. Demain matin vous trouverez probablement une voiture
qui vous conduira à Richmond.
Puis, me saisissant le bras, il me fit prendre un petit sentier à
travers bois. Nous marchâmes pendant un mille environ, et
arrivâmes à une petite cabane de bois, grossièrement construite.
Une lampe fut allumée, et je vis avec terreur le lieu dans lequel
je devais passer la nuit.
Les murs étaient faits de tronçons d'arbres, le toit de brindilles et
de branchages; le mobilier se composait de quatre lits faits en
feuillée et recouverts de peaux de bêtes; une planche servait de
table.
Au milieu de la cabane, un feu de bois se consumait lentement;
l'un des hommes y jeta une bûche, et, détachant une poêle qui
pendait au mur, y fit frire quelques tranches de lard qu'il plaça sur la
table avec un morceau de pain noir et une bouteille de whiskey.
Puis tous trois se mirent à manger, m'invitant à en faire autant.
Naturellement, je m'en abstins et rejetai dédaigneusement l'offre.
Alors, l'un d'eux prit la parole:
—Nous avons été très désappointés en ne trouvant rien dans vos
malles, ma belle enfant. Comme nous n'avons pas l'habitude de
travailler pour rien, il faut que d'une façon ou d'une autre nous
soyons payés.
—Oh! m'écriai-je vivement, si l'un de vous veut m'accompagner à
Richmond demain, mon mari, M. Randolph, vous donnera la somme
que vous fixerez.
—Non, il est inutile que vous nous fassiez une proposition
semblable. Et comme nous n'avons pu tirer d'argent de vous, nous
allons nous payer sur votre personne!…
XXVI
NUIT HORRIBLE