Dt : 21/9/2023

Summary : Object Oriented Programming features:

(a)Class

=>Class is a 'structured layout' generating Objects.

=>Based on Security:

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(i)Mutable Classes

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(ii)Immutable classes

(b)Object

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=>Object is a storage related to a class holding Instance members

of class.
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=>Based on Security,Objects are categorized into two types:

(i)Mutable Objects

(ii)Immutable Objects
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(c)Abstraction
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=>The process of hiding the background implementation which is not

needed by the EndUsers is known as 'Abstraction process'

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=>we use "Interfaces" and "AbstractClasses" to perform abstraction

process.

(d)Encapsulation

=>The process of binding all the programming components into a single

unit class is known as "Encapsulation process".

 =>Which means,Class is holding variables,methods,blocks,Constructors,

InnerClases,InnerInterfaces,InnerAbstractClasses and Exception

handling components like try,catch,finally,throw and throws.

(e)PolyMorphism

=>The process in which programming Components having more than one

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form is known as PolyMorphism.

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(i)Dynamic PolyMorphism

=>Method Overriding process

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(ii)Static PolyMorphism

=>Method Overloading process

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=>Objects will have two forms:

(i)Mutable Objects

(ii)Immutable Objects
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(f)Inheritance

=>The process of interlinking classes with "extends" keyword is

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known as Inheritance.

=>Types of Inheritances:
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1.Single Inheritance

2.Multiple Inheritance

3.Multi-Level Inheritance

4.Hirarchal Inheritance

5.Hybrid Inheritance
 =>According to realtime application development the Inheritances

are categorized into two types:

1.Single Inheritance

2.Multiple Inheritance(Using Interfaces)

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Strings in Java:

=>The sequenced collection of characters which are represented in double

quotes is known as string.

Ex:
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"nit","hyd",...

=>Each character in the string is organized based on index value.

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=>strings in java are not Arrays.

=>we use the following classes from java.lang package to create string
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objects:
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1.String class
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2.StringBuffer class

3.StringBuilder class

1.String class:

=>The Objects which are created using "java.lang.String" class are

 Immutable Objects.

=>we use the following two syntaxes to creates String-class Objects:

syntax-1 : using "String Literal process"

String s1 = "nit";

syntax-2 : using "new operator process"

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String s2 = new String("program");

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Diagrams:

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Ex : DemoString1.java
package maccess;
public class DemoString1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 = "nit";
int len1 = s1.length();
char ch1 = s1.charAt(1);
System.out.println("****s1****");
System.out.println("s1 : "+s1.toString());
System.out.println("length of s1 : "+len1);
System.out.println("char at index 1 : "+ch1);
String s2 = new String("program");

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int len2 = s2.length();

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char ch2 = s2.charAt(3);
System.out.println("****s2****");
System.out.println("s2 : "+s2.toString());
System.out.println("length of s2 : "+len2);

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System.out.println("char at index 3 : "+ch2);
}
}
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o/p:

****s1****
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s1 : nit

length of s1 : 3
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char at index 1 : i
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****s2****
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s2 : program

length of s2 : 7

char at index 3 : g

==============================================================

faq:
define toString() method?

=>toString() method is used to display the content(data) from the Object.

=>toString() method is auto-executable method and which is executed

automatically when we display object reference variable.

syntax:

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String dt = obj.toString();

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faq:

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define length() method?

=>length() method is used to find the length of String.

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syntax:

int len = str.length();

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faq:

define charAt() method?

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=>charAt() method is used to retrieve character from the string based on

index value.
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syntax:

char ch = str.charAt(index);

=================================================================

Assignment:

wap to read a String and display the reverse of String?

i/p : str = "language"

o/p : egaugnal

==================================================================

Ex-program:

wap to read a String and,display Vowels and Count of Vowels?

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i/p : str = "language"

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Vowels : a u a e

Count : 4
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Program : DemoString2.java
package maccess;
import java.util.*;
public class DemoString2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);
try(s;) {
System.out.println("Enter the String:");
 String str = s.nextLine();
int len = str.length();
int count=0;
System.out.print("Vowels : ");
for(int i=0;i<=len-1;i++)
{
char ch = str.charAt(i);//Char from index
switch(ch)
{
case 'a':

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case 'A':

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System.out.print(ch+" ");
count++;
break;
case 'e':

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case 'E':
System.out.print(ch+" ");
count++;
break;
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case 'i':
case 'I':
System.out.print(ch+" ");
count++;
break;
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case 'o':
case 'O':
System.out.print(ch+" ");
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count++;
break;
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case 'u':
case 'U':
System.out.print(ch+" ");
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count++;
break;
}//end of switch
}//end of loop
System.out.println("\nCount of Vowels :
"+count);
}//end of try with resource
}
}

o/p:

Enter the String:

java language programming

Vowels : a a a u a e o a i

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Count of Vowels : 9

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===================================================================

Assignment:

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wap to raed a String and,display Consonents and count of Consonents?
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Assignment:

Update above program displaying Vowels from the String,but display vowels

only once.
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===================================================================

faq:
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define ASCII code?

=>ASCII stands for 'American Standard Code for Information Interchange'

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and which is unique code generated for each key pressed from the keyboard.

UpperCase Alphabets(A-Z) : 65 to 90

LowerCase Alphabets(a-z) : 97 to 122

Numbers(0-9) : 48 to 57
Program : DemoString3.java
package maccess;
public class DemoString3
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("****UserCase Alphabets(A-

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Z)****");
for(int i=65;i<=90;i++)

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{
char ch = (char)i;//ASCII code to Char
System.out.print(ch+" ");

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}
System.out.println("\n****LowerCase
Alphabets(a-z)****");
for(int i=97;i<=122;i++)
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{
char ch = (char)i;//ASCII code to Char
System.out.print(ch+" ");
}
System.out.println("\n****Numbers(0-9)****");
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for(int i=48;i<=57;i++)
{
char ch = (char)i;//ASCII code to Char
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System.out.print(ch+" ");
}
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}
}
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o/p:

****UserCase Alphabets(A-Z)****

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

****LowerCase Alphabets(a-z)****
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

****Numbers(0-9)****

0123456789

===================================================================
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