PROBABILITY

MATHS

SANA WISDOM
 COIN

TWO POSSIBLE
OUTCOME
HEAD OR TAIL

OUTCOMES HEAD AND TAIL ARE EQUALLY LIKELY

 DIE
SIX POSSIBLE
OUTCOME
1,2,3,4,5,6

EQUALLY LIKELY OUTCOMES OF THROWING DIE ARE 1,2,3,4,5,6

SAMPLE SPACE= SET OF ALL POSSIBLE
OUTCOME

SAMPLE SPACE NUMBER OF

ELEMENTS IN SAMPLE
DENOTED BY S SPACE IS DENOTED BY
n(S)
 S = {H,T}
S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} n(S) = 2
n(S) = 6
 TWO COINS ARE THROWN

S = {(H,H), (T,T), (H,T), (T,H)}

n(S) = 4
 TWO DICE ARE THROWN
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
S= { (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3),
(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 1),
(4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5),
(5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
n(S)=36
EVENT
TWO COINS ARE THROWN:: HEAD
ON BOTH THE COINS

E = {(H,H)}
n(E) = 1
TWO COINS ARE THROWN:: HEAD ON
ONECOIN

E = {(H,H), (H,T), (T,H)}

n(E) = 3
TWO COINS ARE THROWN:: HEAD ON
EXACTLY ONECOIN

E = { (H,T), (T,H)}
n(E) = 2
ONE DIE IS THROWN AND OUTCOME
IS EVEN NUMBER

E = {2,4,6}
n(E) = 3
ONE DIE IS THROWN AND OUTCOME
IS ODD NUMBER LESS
THAN 5
E = {1,3}
n(E) = 2
TWO DICE ARE THROWN: SUM OF NUMBERS ON TWO
DICE ARE 4
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
E= { (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1)}

n(E)=3
PROBABILITY OF EVENT E

0≤P(E) ≤1
13. A die is thrown once. Find the
probability of getting
(i) a prime number;
(ii) a number lying
between 2 and 6;
(iii) an odd number.
4. Which of the following cannot
be the probability of an event?
(A) (B) –1.5 (C) 15%
(D) 0.7
11. Gopi buys a fish from a shop for his aquarium. The
shopkeeper takes out one fish at random from a tank
containing 5 male fish and 8 female fish (see
Fig. 14.4). What is the probability that the fish taken
out is a male fish?
12. A game of chance consists of spinning an
arrow which comes to rest pointing at one of the
numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (see Fig. 14.5 ), and
these are equally likely outcomes. What is the
probability that it will point at
(i) 8 ?
(ii) an odd number?
(iii) a number greater than 2?
(iv) a number less than 9?
16.12 defective pens are accidentally
mixed with 132 good ones. It is not
possible to just look at a pen and tell
whether or not it is defective. One pen is
taken out at random from this lot.
Determine the probability that the pen
taken out is a good one.
17. (i) A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones.
One bulb is drawn at random from the lot. What
is the probability that this bulb is defective?
(ii) Suppose the bulb drawn in (i) is not defective
and is not replaced. Now one bulb is drawn at
random from the rest. What is the
probability that this bulb is not defective ?
24. A die is thrown twice. What is the
probability that
(i) 5 will not come up either time?
(ii) 5 will come up at least once?
[Hint : Throwing a die twice and throwing two dice simultaneously are treated as the same experiment]
 IMPOSSIBLE EVENT AND
SURE EVENTS

NCERT
6. A bag contains lemon flavoured
candies only. Malini takes out one
candy without looking into the bag.
What is the probability that she takes
out
(i) an orange flavoured candy?
(ii) a lemon flavoured candy?
PROBABILITY OF EVENT ‘not E’

= 1-P(E)
SEE EXC-14.1, Q-5 & 8, PAGE 214 NCERT
DISCUSS COMPLEMENTARY EVENTS
8. A bag contains 3 red balls and 5
black balls. A ball is drawn at
random from the bag. What is the
probability that the ball drawn is
(i) red ? (ii) not red?
9. A box contains 5 red marbles, 8
white marbles and 4 green marbles.
One marble is taken out of the box at
random. What is the probability that
the marble taken out will be
(i) red ? (ii) white ? (iii) not green?
ELEMENTARY EVENTS
PLAYING CARDS
HEART
DIAMOND
SPADES
CLUBS
14. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck
of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
(i) a king of red colour
(ii) a face card
(iii) a red face card
(iv) the jack of hearts
(v) a spade
(vi) the queen of diamonds
15. Five cards—the ten, jack, queen, king and ace of
diamonds, are well- shuffled with their face
downwards. One card is then picked up at random.
(i) What is the probability that the card is the queen?
(ii) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the
probability that the second card picked up is
(a) an ace? (b) a queen?
20*. Suppose you drop a die at random on the
rectangular region shown in Fig. 14.6. What is
the probability that it will land inside the circle
with diameter 1m?
 THANKS A LOT
DO PRACTICE. IT WILL
MAKE YOU PERFECT.
 EXERCISE 14.1
1. Complete the following statements:
(i) Probability of an event E + Probability of the event ‘not E’ =
…………………. .
(ii) The probability of an event that cannot happen is
………………. Such an event is called………………. .
(iii) The probability of an event that is certain to happen is
……………... Such an event is called ……………..
(iv) The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an
experiment is………………….
(v) The probability of an event is greater than or equal to and less
than or equal to ………………
2. Which of the following experiments have
equally likely outcomes? Explain.
(i) A driver attempts to start a car. The car starts
or does not start.
(ii) A player attempts to shoot a basketball. She/he
shoots or misses the shot.
(iii) A trial is made to answer a true-false question.
The answer is right or wrong.
(iv) A baby is born. It is a boy or a girl.
3. Why is tossing a coin
considered to be a fair way of
deciding which team should
get the ball at the beginning of a
football game?
4. Which of the following cannot
be the probability of an event?
(A) (B) –1.5 (C) 15%
(D) 0.7
6. A bag contains lemon flavoured
candies only. Malini takes out one
candy without looking into the bag.
What is the probability that she takes
out
(i) an orange flavoured candy?
(ii) a lemon flavoured candy?
7. It is given that in a group of 3
students, the probability of 2
students not having the same
birthday is 0.992. What is the
probability that the 2 students
have the same birthday?
8. A bag contains 3 red balls and 5
black balls. A ball is drawn at
random from the bag. What is the
probability that the ball drawn is
(i) red ? (ii) not red?
9. A box contains 5 red marbles, 8
white marbles and 4 green marbles.
One marble is taken out of the box at
random. What is the probability that
the marble taken out will be
(i) red ? (ii) white ? (iii) not green?
10.A piggy bank contains hundred 50p
coins, fifty Rs. 1 coins, twenty Rs. 2
coins and ten Rs. 5 coins. If it is equally
likely that one of the coins will fall out
when the bank is turned upside down,
what is the probability that the coin
(i) will be a 50 p coin ? (ii) will not bea
Rs. 5 coin?
11. Gopi buys a fish from a shop for his aquarium. The
shopkeeper takes out one fish at random from a tank
containing 5 male fish and 8 female fish (see Fig.
14.4). What is the probability that the fish taken out is
a male fish?
12. A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes
to rest pointing at one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (see
Fig. 14.5 ), and these are equally likely outcomes. What is the
probability that it will point at
(i) 8 ?
(ii) an odd number?
(iii) a number greater than 2?
(iv) a number less than 9?
13. A die is thrown once. Find the
probability of getting
(i) a prime number;
(ii) a number lying between 2 and 6;
(iii) an odd number.
14. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck
of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
(i) a king of red colour
(ii) a face card
(iii) a red face card
(iv) the jack of hearts
(v) a spade
(vi) the queen of diamonds
15. Five cards—the ten, jack, queen, king and ace of
diamonds, are well- shuffled with their face
downwards. One card is then picked up at random.
(i) What is the probability that the card is the queen?
(ii) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the
probability that the second card picked up is
(a) an ace? (b) a queen?
16.12 defective pens are accidentally
mixed with 132 good ones. It is not
possible to just look at a pen and tell
whether or not it is defective. One pen is
taken out at random from this lot.
Determine the probability that the pen
taken out is a good one.
17. (i) A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones.
One bulb is drawn at random from the lot. What
is the probability that this bulb is defective?
(ii) Suppose the bulb drawn in (i) is not defective
and is not replaced. Now one bulb is drawn at
random from the rest. What is the
probability that this bulb is not defective ?
18. A box contains 90 discs which are
numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is
drawn at random from the box, find the
probability that it bears
(i) a two-digit number
(ii) a perfect square number
(iii) a number divisible by 5.
19. A child has a die whose six faces show the
letters as given below:

The die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting

(i) A? (ii) D?
20*. Suppose you drop a die at random on the
rectangular region shown in Fig. 14.6. What is
the probability that it will land inside the circle
with diameter 1m?
21. A lot consists of 144 ball pens of which 20
are defective and the others are good. Nuri will
buy a pen if it is good, but will not buy if it is
defective. The shopkeeper draws one pen at
random and gives it to her. What is the
probability that
(i) She will buy it ?
(ii) She will not buy it ?
22. Refer to Example 13. (i) Complete the following table:
Event : 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
‘Sum on 2
dice’
Probabilit
y

(ii) A student argues that ‘there are 11 possible

outcomes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.
Therefore, each of them has a probability . Do
you agree with this argument? Justify your answer.
23. A game consists of tossing a one
rupee coin 3 times and noting its
outcome each time. Hanif wins if all
the tosses give the same result i.e.,
three heads or three tails, and loses
otherwise. Calculate the probability
that Hanif will lose the game.
24. A die is thrown twice. What is the
probability that
(i) 5 will not come up either time?
(ii) 5 will come up at least once?
[Hint : Throwing a die twice and throwing two dice simultaneously are treated as the same experiment]
25. Which of the following arguments are correct and
which are not correct? Give reasons for your answer.
(i) If two coins are tossed simultaneously there are
three possible outcomes—two heads, two tails or one of
each. Therefore, for each of these outcomes, the
probability is 
(ii) If a die is thrown, there are two possible
outcomes—an odd number or an even number.
Therefore, the probability of getting an odd number is .