MSA – MAT151

Engineering Mathematics I

Lecture # 3

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❑ Inverse trigonometric
functions
❑ Exponential and logarithmic
functions
❑ Hyperbolic and inverse
hyperbolic functions

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 Objectives
1) Introduce the inverse Trigonometric,
Exponential and Logarithmic functions
which are mostly used in engineering
study.
2) Introduce the hyperbolic and inverse
hyperbolic functions. Explain their
properties and identities proofs.
3) Explain the graphs of these types.
4) Solve some problems on graphing and
solving equations.
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 Intended Learning Outcomes, ILO’s
A- Knowledge and Understanding:
A1- Quote knowledge and understanding of fundamentals and basic concepts calculus.
A2- Recognize various mathematical techniques and methods used for solving different
mathematical and engineering problems.
A3- Acquire knowledge of functions of two or more variables, partial derivatives and expansion of some
series.
B- Intellectual Skills:
B1- Recite definitions and demonstrate intuitive understanding of limits, continuity of a function and
derivatives.
B2- Find and interpret derivatives of functions; logarithmic, exponential, trigonometric, hyperbolic and its
inverse.
B3- Recognize a process whereby methods of solving problems can be employed.
C- Practical and Professional Skills:
C1- Conduct different methods and ideas of solving problems, in order to achieve effective methods
of solution.
C2- Analyze and correlate between solutions based on applying different mathematical approaches
and techniques of Calculus.
C3- Apply general and personal skills to analyze alternative solutions to mathematical problems and
selecting the optimum one.
D- General and Transferable Skills:
D1- Plan and implement efficient and effective ideas for solving different problems.
D2- Manage and arrange the workload tasks and time effectively.
D3- Search internet for different problems, ideas and applications related to the taught topics.
 Inverse trigonometric functions
(1) The Inverse sine function
sin-1x (arc sinx)
 
sin −1 (sin x ) = x , − x
2 2
sin(sin −1 x ) = x , −1  x  1

Sin-1x is the
angle whose
sine is x
By a property of
the inverse
function Important
result
−1
I f y = s in x T hen x = s in y

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 (2) The Inverse cosine function
cos-1x (arc cosx)

cos − 1 (cos x ) = x , 0 x

cos(cos −1 x ) = x , −1  x  1

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 (2) The Inverse tangent and
cotangent functions

−1   cot− 1 (cot x ) = x , 0 x

tan (tan x ) = x , − x
2 2
tan(tan −1
x ) = x, −  x   cot(cot−1 x ) = x , −  x  

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Graphs of All Inverse
Trigonometric Functions

Try to memorize
the first 3 graphs

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 Challenging examples
Prove that: ( a ) Let y = sec −1 ( x) 
1
x = sec y = 
1 cos y
( a ) sec −1( x ) = cos−1( ), x  1
x 1 1
1 cos y =  y = cos −1 ( ) 
( b ) csc −1( x ) = sin−1( ), x  1 x x
x 1
1 sec −1 ( x) = cos −1 ( )
( c ) cot −1( x ) = tan−1( ), x  0 x
x

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 The exponential function
Definition: For any positive real number a and any real
number x we define the exponential function as follows:

f(x)=a x What is the case

when: a = 1 or a = 0?

(i) a = 1, f(x) = 1x = 1
(ii) a = 0, f(x) = 0x = 0, provided x > 0

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Examples: Use the ideas of reflection and sifting to
sketch the graph of:

The graph of 4x shifted to the left by 2 units

(1) f(x) = 4x + 2

(2) f(x) = 4x + 2 The graph of 4x shifted up by 2 units

(3) f(x) = 3 - 4-x

The graph of 4x reflected on the y axis then on the x

axis followed by shifting up by 3 units

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 Special case: The natural exponential function

A very special irrational number

denoted by e = 2.71828….

1 n
e = lim ( 1 + )
We shall n→  n
prove it latter

is very useful in engineering

applications

The function: f(x) = ex is called

the natural exponential function.

Its graph is shown in the opposite

figure.
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 Properties of the natural exponential function

e2.e3 = e5 e-3 = 1/e3

(e2)3 = e6
e5 / e3 = e2
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 The logarithmic function

Hence, we say that y = logax iff x = ay

Example: If y = log232, then 32 = 2y,which implies that y = 5.

So we may look at logax as the power of a that gives x

Examples: log232 = 5, log22 = 1, and log21 = 0

The power of The power of 2 The power of 2

2 that gives 32 that gives 2 that
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gives 1
Graph of the logarithmic function

Reflection of y = 2x
on the line y = x

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 Graphs of log.
Look at the functions with
opposite different base
figure

Main conclusions:
(i) The domain of all logarithmic functions logax is (x > 0).
(ii) Loga1 = 0 for any positive base a.

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 Trail example
Sketch the graph the following function and find its domain
f(x) = 1 − log2(x + 3)
Solution:
(1) Shift to the left by
(3) Shift up by 3
1 (2) Reflect on
the x axis

y = 1-log2 (x+3)
y = log2 x y = log2 (x+3) y = -log2 (x+3)

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 Special cases
The natural logarithmic function; The common logarithmic function

(1) The natural logarithmic function

It is the logarithmic function when its base is the
number e and is usually denoted by:

f ( x) = ln x
(2) The common logarithmic function
It is the logarithmic function when its base is 10
and is usually denoted by:
f ( x) = log x
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The graph of y = lnx

y = ex
y = lnx

Very important figure

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 x
Since a is the inverse of loga x then we
have the following important results

3log35 = 5 Log335 = 5
Special cases:

e(lnx) = x, x > 0 ln(ex) = x, for all x

lne5 = 5
eln5 = 5
Commonly used
rule in applications 21
Rules of logarithms

ln xy = ln x + ln y

x
ln = ln x − ln y
y
1
ln = − ln y
y

ln x = y ln x
y
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 Can you prove the following important formula?

Change of base formula

Proof : Let y = loga x 

ln x
log a x =
x = ay 
ln x = ln a y  (by property 4)
ln a ln x = y ln a 
ln x
y= 
ln a
useful ln x
relation loga x =
ln a

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Exercises:
Solve each of the following equations:
(1) 43x−2 = 256
(2) 5 = log3(9x)
(3) log3(x - 12) = 2
(4) 2 – logx = log2
(5) log4(x - 2) + 2 log4x = 1+ log42x
(6) 3x-2 = 2-x
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Solution :
(1) 43 x − 2 = 256  43 x − 2 = 44  3 x − 2 = 4  3 x = 6  x = 2
(2) 5 = log3 (9 x)  9 x = 35  x = 33 = 27
(3) log3 ( x − 12) = 2  x − 12 = 32 = 9  x = 21
(4) 2 − log x = log 2  2 = log 2 + log x = log 2 x  2 x = 102  x = 50
(5) log 4 (x - 2 ) + 2 log 4 x = 1 + log 4 2 x 
log 4 (x - 2 ) + log 4 x 2 − log 4 2 x = 1  x≠0 why?

x 2(x - 2 ) x(x - 2 ) x(x - 2 ) 1

log 4 = 1  log 4 =1 =4 =4
2x 2 2
x 2 − 2 x = 8  x 2 − 2 x − 8 = 0  ( x + 2)( x − 4) = 0  x = −2 or x = 4
x = −2 is rejected (Why?)
Thus the only solution is x = 4.
(6) 3x-2 = 2-x  log 3x-2 = log 2-x  ( x − 2) log 3 = − x log 2 
2 log 3
x(log 3 + log 2) = 2 log 3  x =
log 3 + log 2 25
 Hyperbolic functions

sinh 0 = 0

The two basic functions

From the graphs find the

domains and ranges
of these functions cosh 0 = 1
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 − 1  tanh x  1

0  sec hx  1

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Basic identities
Try to prove
them

Use the basic

definitions of
sinh x = (ex - e-x)/2
and
cosh x = (ex + e-x)/2

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 The proof of : cosh x − sinh x = 1
2 2

LHS = cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x

e x + e− x 2 e x − e− x 2
=( ) −( )
2 2
1 2x 1 2x
= ( e + 2 + e ) − ( e − 2 + e− 2 x )
−2 x
4 4
1
= ( 2 + 2 ) = RHS
4

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Inverse hyperbolic functions

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 Challenging examples
Identities for the inverse hyperbolic functions

Prove that:

( a ) Let y = sec h −1 x 
1
x = sec hy = 
cosh y
1 1
cosh y =  y = cosh −1( ) 
x x
1
sec h −1 x = cosh −1( )
x
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 Challenging Problem

When a camera flash goes off, the batteries

immediately begin to recharge the flash’s capacitor,
which stores electric charge given by
𝑡
−2
𝑄 𝑡 = 5(1 − 𝑒 ),
If 𝑄 𝑡 is one- to- one function find its inverse and
explain its meaning.

Explanation
The inverse function gives us the time that will be taken to store the electric
charge Q

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Thank you for listening

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